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The characterization of acetone in exhaled breath reflects the internal metabolism of glucose in bloodstream and airways. This phenomenon provides a great potential for non-invasive diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and has inspired medical sodalities as an alternative diagnostic tool. This review discusses about the origination of acetone in breath,...
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ZnO has been studied intensely for chemical sensors due to its high sensitivity and fast response. Here, we present a simple approach to precisely control oxygen vacancy contents to provide significantly enhanced acetone sensing performance of commercial ZnO nanopowders. A combination of H2O2 treatment and thermal annealing produces optimal surface...
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... In addition, the exhaled breath of patients contains a higher concentration of specific VOCs or volatile sulfide compounds (VSCs) than that of healthy people. For example, patients suffering from lung cancer and diabetes are known to release high concentrations of toluene and acetone, respectively [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The establishment of highly sensitive and selective gas-sensing systems effectively prevents the VOC exposure in the living environment as well as sufficiently contributes to the realization of sophisticated non-invasive diagnostic methods for lung cancer and diabetes in the near future. ...
Porous (pr-)SnO2-based powders were synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis employing home-made polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres (typical particle size: 70 nm in diameter), and effects of the CuxO addition to the pr-SnO2 powder on the acetone and toluene sensing properties were investigated. Well-developed spherical pores reflecting the morphology of the PMMA microsphere templates were formed in the SnO2-based powders, which were quite effective in enhancing the acetone and toluene responses. The 0.8 wt% Cu-added pr-SnO2 sensor showed the largest acetone response at 350 °C among all the sensors. Furthermore, we clarified that the addition of CuxO onto the pr-SnO2 decreased the concentration of carrier electrons and the acetone-oxidation activity, leading to the improvement of the acetone-sensing properties of the pr-SnO2 sensor.
... In the medical field, there are developing swing to reduce the need for admission in hospital, and in the necessity of caretakers to monitor the patients at their homes. This idea is mainly is to focus on the improvement of patient's health conditions and to treat complications in a duly time [1,2]. This system which we have praised can reduce the cost of medical expenses and doctor's precious time so that they can save so many lives in that saved time. ...
Health monitoring systems are rapidly growing in recent times, Continuous monitoring of the patients is one of the big challenges for hospitals. Smart systems have been established to track the patient present health status; we focus on monitoring the patient’s blood pressure, body temperature, Heart rate. In this project we use Arduino Mega 2560 which is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560 comments. In this paper, Embedded C language by using Arduino is used to obtain the sensor values. IOT data cloud is used in this project. IOT is used in healthcare system to track the patients’ health condition as a monitoring device. Cloud computing develops as a platform for IoT data storage, processing and analytics because of its simplicity, expandability and affordability. Transmit sensor values to Arduino and it sends to GSM and WIFI module to monitor the parameters of the patients. In this project the notifications of patient’s health status are sent to the caretaker and nurse, simultaneously it is updated in webpages also for the doctor’s reference. Taking in account, COVID 19 Pandemic is highly infectious and spreadable disease, so to maintain the social distance, this monitoring system is needed. It reduces the need for face-to-face appointments with doctors in hospital. ECG sensor is also used to decide the heart activity of the patients. This project aims for the patients who are in continuous monitoring and bedridden. The GSM and IOT technologies give the architecture for healthcare in this project.
... H2S levels that are abnormal are linked to a variety of disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, cancer, diabetes, and ophthalmic problems. Several approaches for detecting H2S have been utilized to better understand its involvement in the pathophysiology of various disorders, including colorimetric analysis based on methylene blue test, electrochemical analysis, gas, and liquid chromatography [2][3][4][5]. Unfortunately, due to their destructive nature, these approaches are difficult to apply to live cells. ...
Green synthesized surface passivated carbon dots for detection of Citrate as biomarker for prostate cancer. The carbon sources of CQDs are passivated with L-cysteine via a one-pot hydrothermal route. The quenching in emission intensity of the synthesized carbon dots (CQDs) is observed for Citrate samples. The hydroxyl and carboxylic functional groups of Citrate showed a binding affinity with amino and free carboxyl cysteine passivated over the surface of carbon dots. The CQDs showed a high sensitivity for detection of Citrate in a continuous range of 1.0 μM-500 µM. The CQDs showed good level of selectivity, repeatability, and stability for the detection of Citrate. We successfully detected the Citrate content for prostate cancer cells using an L-cysteine passivated carbon quantum dots various incubation durations. As a result, quenching in fluorescence intensity CQDs are noted to analyze extent of cancer cells in biological samples.
... The most extensively used sensor systems are gas sensor fabricated with metal oxides, which have gotten a lot of attention as a consequence of increased pollution and health concerns [1]. Electrochemical and optical sensors, and resistive device are among the gas sensing methods now being investigated [2,3]. The effective gas sensor device are developed with high stability, selectivity and sensitivity, very attractive in terms of practical use [4]. ...
To meet future social and environmental objectives for diagnosis of human diseases has offered to develop the proficient gas sensors devices with higher selectivity and sensitivity. For the production of ZnO doped reduced graphene oxide (ZnO doped rGO) nanocomposite, a one-pot hydrothermal approach. The morphological, structural and composition of nanocomposite were investigated to confirm ZnO nanoparticle effectively doped on rGO nanosheets. The nanocomposite has exhibited a superior acetone sensing characteristics. Furthermore, the nanocomposite has a high selectivity for acetone vapour. These findings emphasise advantageous synergistic effects among ZnO and excellent rGO sheet substrate properties.
... Although research to develop a very-high-sensitivity sensor to function as a biomarker of a disease is being actively conducted, the effective high-sensitivity acetone detection sensor proposed in modern study is bulky and has several significant technical problems, such as limited operation at high temperatures. Therefore, there is a need for a sensor that can detect acetone with high sensitivity at room temperature and at a low cost [18][19][20][21]. ...
The detection and removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emerging as an important problem in modern society. In this study, we attempted to develop a new material capable of detecting or adsorbing VOCs by introducing a new functional group and immobilizing metal ions into a microfiber nonwoven fabric (MNWF) made through radiation-induced graft polymerization. The suitable metal complex was selected according to the data in “Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center (CCDC)”. 4-picolylamine (4-AMP), designated as a ligand through the metal complex data of CCDC, was introduced at an average mole conversion rate of 63%, and copper ions were immobilized at 0.51 mmol/g to the maximum. It was confirmed that degree of grafting (dg) 170% 4-AMP-Cu MNWF, where copper ions are immobilized, can adsorb up to 50% of acetone gas at about 50 ppm, 0.04 mmol/g- 4-AMP-Cu-MNWF, at room temperature and at a ratio of copper ion to adsorbed acetone of 1:10.
... This field of materials science has become particularly active and promising in creating eco-friendly and renewable composites. These polymers could be used in many areas, such as the home as well as the medical industry and other industries [1][2][3]. Although plant fibres have been successfully synthesised and applied to furniture, automobile fittings, and inshore floors, there have been relatively few studies on bio composites reinforced with natural animal fibres such as silk, wool or hair [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. ...
In recent years, biodegradable and eco-friendly composites have gained popularity. Using the hot moulding technique, biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites reinforced with waste silk fibre were fabricated in this paper. They also underwent a variety of mechanical tests like tensile strength and modulus. While not surface-treated, the waste silk fibre reinforced PLA matrix bio composites mechanical properties. The fibre content of 30 wt per cent is optimal for achieving superior properties. Owing to the reinforcing effect of silk fibres, the quasi-static mechanical properties of waste silk fibre/PLA bio composites were enhanced.
... Future medical diagnostic procedures are dependent on non-invasive breath analysis by electronic nose systems [1][2][3]. As human breath is a complex environment with several hundreds of volatile compounds in parts per billion along with the major N 2 , O 2 and CO 2 , sensitive and selective sensors have been explored all over the globe. ...
... Discretization of 3D geometries with the appropriate boundary condition and finer meshes were used to determine the flow path of exhaled breath with a constant flow (~200 ml/sec) and chamber volume (500 ml). Their flow is usually characterized by a dimensionless ratio called Reynolds number which is defined as, R e = ρdU/μ (1) where, ρ is the density of exhaled air (1.26 kgm − 3 ), d is the diameter of the measurement chamber (m), U is the mean velocity of exhaled air (m/ s) and μ is the dynamic viscosity of exhaled air (1.983 × 10 -5 kg m -1 s − 1 ) [45]. The Reynolds numbers for the designed chambers were tabulated in Table 1 The following differential equations describes the flow of exhaled breath on the finite volumes for which the flow direction was associated with X axis and chamber surfaces with Y and Z in a Cartesian coordinate system (x, y, z). ...
Chemical sensor technologies with appropriate chamber design influence the kinetic adsorption of exhaled breath. Moreover, emphasize on feature extraction from breathprint may improve the accuracy of e-nose system. In this work, optimization of hardware and software have been elucidated for the improvement in the accuracy of classification between healthy and Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) breathprint using a commercial sensor (MQ 135). Dimensioning the chamber to accommodate complete alveolar breath along with sensor positioning in the effective flow path of breath sample have been modeled using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) which solved Navier-stokes equation for 3D chambers. The simulation results showed the cylindrical chamber with tangential sensor position to the flow path have effective adsorption of breath sample. The average of saturation voltage of breathprint acquired from 51 hemodialysis patients using the optimized hardware was 13.1% higher than the average saturation voltage of 47 healthy subjects. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) coefficients extracted from breathprints exhibited high statistical significance between groups (p < 0.05). Susequently, the subset of features ranked by gain ratio algorithm showed highest accuracy of 85.7% for Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. These results indicated the importance of hardware and software optimization of e-nose systems for the potential applications in real time disease diagnosis.
... Th erefore, development of suitable techniques has the prospective to detect diseases in their premature stages, painlessly and noninvasively [36][37][38][39]. In addition to VOCs, a number of inorganic compounds such as nitric oxide, ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide are also emerging in exhaled breath [40][41][42][43]. Th erefore for assessing diff erent diseases in a non-invasive manner these volatile compounds are very important [44]. ...
Abstract
Our exhaled breath is known to contain several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at very low concentration (ppm-ppv) including
hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters etc. and other nonvolatile compounds. These VOCs have been correlated with various
types of diseases though the concentration level of VOCs in exhaled breath varies depending upon individual’s health status. Analysis
of breath VOCs concentrations with a satisfactory precision can give an indicator of metabolic condition, allowing a diff erence between
healthy and diseased states. Breath prints of VOCs provide fi ngerprints of diseases in discriminating healthy persons from patients and
it is necessary to establish specifi c methods of sampling, sample preparation, and sample identifi cation for every disease to get accurate
information. Therefore identifi cation of VOCs as a biomarker in exhaled breath could be useful method for assessing, diagnosing, and
monitoring of diff erent types of diseases including Covid-19. This Review presents an update on biomarkers of specifi c diseases with the
systematic studies of biochemical synthesis of VOCs and also describes conventional and advance techniques of breath analysis as well
as breath collection techniques for future prosperity in non-invasive biomedical perspectives.
Keyword: Biomarker; Breath prints; Exhaled breath; Metabolomics; VOCs
... Nevertheless, there is no general consensus among the authors and different definitions have been adopted for the PF. In several studies, the PF is defined as the ratio between the maximum concentration measured at the desorption step and the initial concentration of the injected sample [34,77,78]. In some others, PF is calculated as the ratio between either the peak areas [1,29,38] or the peak heights [1] obtained with the PC without the adsorbent and the PC packed with the adsorbent. ...
In the last years, a growing number of fields such as air quality monitoring, breath analysis or explosives and chemical warfare agents detection requiring fast, on-site, sensitive analysis has led to the development of portable gas chromatography systems. In most cases, these systems integrate a miniaturized gas preconcentrator, which provides a significant enhancement of the sensitivity enabling quantification of analytes present in the sample at trace levels. In this review, the authors have focused on recent developments in these preconcentrators integrated in portable gas chromatography systems. The main materials and fabrication techniques, designs, heating technologies, fluidic connections, adsorbents, and applications are discussed. In addition, an analysis of some factors affecting preconcentration performance is presented. A new figure of merit called Normalized Preconcentration Efficacy (NPE) is proposed to evaluate the performance of these devices in a standardized manner, making possible a more straightforward comparison between different devices.
... However, desiccants and pre-concentrators are crucially important, if the sensors do not satisfy the humidity-resistive property and selectivity, respectively. 182 Moreover, as only the alveolar breath contains information about the cellular processes, the sensor chamber should be designed in such a way to accommodate the whole of alveolar breath and avoid sharp edges to eliminate recirculation zones. There is still no standardization on the collection of sample from either oral or nasal cavity. ...
Breath analysis for non-invasive clinical diagnostics and treatment progression has penetrated the research community owing to the technological developments in novel sensing nanomaterials. The trace level selective detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath facilitates the study of physiological disorder and real-time health monitoring. This review focuses on advancements in chemiresistive gas sensor technology for biomarker detection associated with different diseases. Emphasis is placed on selective biomarker detection by semiconducting metal oxide (SMO) nanostructures, 2-dimensional nanomaterials (2DMs) and nanocomposites through various optimization strategies and sensing mechanisms. Their synergistic properties for incorporation in a portable breathalyzer have been elucidated. Furthermore, the socioeconomic demands of a breathalyzer in terms of recent establishment of startups globally and challenges of a breathalyzer are critically reviewed. This initiative is aimed at highlighting the challenges and scope for improvement to realize a high performance chemiresistive gas sensor for non-invasive disease diagnosis.
