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![Schematic for process involved in collecting Raman spectra. A Raman spectrum for tetra(4-aminophenyl) porphyrin (TAPP) powder is shown [77].](profile/Enyoh-Ebere/publication/335226678/figure/fig4/AS:925710277427202@1597717937566/Schematic-for-process-involved-in-collecting-Raman-spectra-A-Raman-spectrum-for.png)
Schematic for process involved in collecting Raman spectra. A Raman spectrum for tetra(4-aminophenyl) porphyrin (TAPP) powder is shown [77].
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![Fig. 2. CHNS/O configuration [56].](profile/Enyoh-Ebere/publication/335226678/figure/fig2/AS:925710277419009@1597717937433/CHNS-O-configuration-56_Q320.jpg)
Microplastics are ubiquitous tiny plastic particles (< 5 mm) nonbiodegradable and have large surface area in the environment or the body of living things from anthropogenic activities or fragmentation of plastic debris. Though found in sea food and human body, their health implications are still speculative. A major reason for dearth of information...
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... and uses a scattering technique. The simple principle of this technique is measuring the wavelength and intensity of inelastically scattered light from molecules caused by a monochromatic light. The Raman scattered light occurs at wavelengths that are shifted from incident light by the energies of molecular vibrations giving out spectra (Fig. 8). A very small volume (< 1 µm in diameter) of the sample can generate the Raman spectra which allow the identification of species present in that volume ...
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... notch filter is used to block elastically scattered light which would otherwise overwhelm the weak signal from the Raman or inelastically scattered photons (~ 1/10 6 scattered photons). The Raman scattered light may be dispersed according to wavelength and detected by a CCD as shown in Figure 8. Angel et al [53] stated that when a UV laser source is used for Raman microspectroscopy (RMS), then ultraviolet microscopes and UV aided optics must be used. ...
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A collection of ancient Roman orichalcum coins, i.e., a copper-zinc alloy, minted under the reigns from Caesar to Domitianus, have been characterised using scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). We studied, for the first time, coins emitted by Romans after the reforms of Augustus (23 B.C.) and Nero (63–64 A....
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... %) dominates; followed by fragments (27.59 %), films (20.69 %), and granules (3.46 %). In terms of color in shape -as in Table 1 and Table 2 [95][96][97]. ...
Microplastic (MPs) contamination investigations have been carried out on 16 cooking oil brands, especially palm cooking oil. MPs analysis used modified fenton oxidative degradation and identification through light optical microscopy. The investigation results presented that all cooking oil brands were dirtied with MPs. The most minor abundance of MPs (0.07 ± 0.09) mL–1 particle is in the Tl. brand, a premium cooking oil. that matches imported canola oil (Ma. brand). Bulk cooking oil is contaminated with the highest MPs (0.37 ± 0.05) mL–1 particle, but the contamination can be reduced with packaging, as shown in the Minyakkita brand (0.28 ± 0.05) mL–1 particle. Red palm oil has contamination i.e., (0.23 ± 0.05) mL–1 to (0.50 ± 0.05) mL–1 particle. Investigations at three street vendors of fried food showed that the snacks were contaminated with MPs. Black fiber particles dominate the pollution in cooking oil and fried snacks. It’s suspected that MP pollution has occurred during the CPO process. Considering MPs’ harmful impacts on human health, comprehensive research should be conducted to minimize MP pollution in palm cooking oil. This action must be carried out as a campaign for healthy Indonesian palm oil cooking.
... The pyrolysis techniques are usually integrated with mass spectroscopy Characteristics of combustion of polymer and structural properties A powerful tool for identifying polymer by coupled with mass spectroscopy. However the major disadvantages of identifying the type, morphology, and number of plastics presented in the sample Wirnkor et al., 2019Zhao et al., 2018Harney et al., 2017 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Simultaneous measure of both heat flow and mass changes as a function of temperature and time under a controlled atmosphere. ...
Several research studies focused on understanding the source, distribution, fate, and impact of microplastics in the environment. This article presents the source of microplastics in the environment and the degradation process phenomena under environmental conditions. The changes in physicochemical properties of microplastics can be analysed by several techniques, such as Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), pyrolysis-gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (PyrGC/MS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) coupled with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In addition to the impact of plastic concentrations in the environment and the consequence on wildlife population and human health and development and enhancement, the usage of biopolymers under environmental aspects.
... Advanced methods for monitoring and evaluating the presence and impact of MPs in terrestrial ecosystems involve a multidisciplinary approach that integrates various analytical techniques and methodologies. These include microscopy techniques such as optical microscopy, spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques [170]. Remote sensing and geospatial analysis detect changes in soil properties and map the distribution of MPs in terrestrial ecosystems [171]. ...
... Plastic particles frequently sidestep filtration units, entering and gathering in the oceanic framework, though huge plastic particles are completely taken out after sewer frameworks [10]. Numerous scientists are exploring the destiny, event, characterization, and remediation of plastic particles from streams [11][12][13][14]. Plastic waste is believed to be a critical sink with in ocean or sea, yet it likewise a huge source in freshwater frameworks and outer circumstances. ...
This review provides a comprehensive examination of the toxicological insinuations of microplastics, exploring its multifaceted impact in environment, marine ecology, and biological entities. Microplastics, pervasive in contemporary environments, pose a considerable threat to ecological balance. The assessment of environmental repercussions encompasses soil contamination, alteration of nutrient cycling, and disruptions in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In marine environments,
microplastics exert adverse effects on various life forms, influencing behaviour, reproduction, and community dynamics. Furthermore, the review delves into the complex pathways through which microplastics enter and interact with biological systems, and affects the metabolism and energy production, regulative processes, oxidation, neurological actions, cardiac
responses, cardiovascular functions, pulmonary and liver function.
... Another reason of the difference of the antioxidant enzyme response in gills and digestive glands would be the natural differences in physiology of the different organs. Gill is the first organ exposed to environmental contaminants, while the digestive gland is the major organ for the accumulation of metals and other contaminants (Wirnkor et al. 2019). In our study, CAT activity significantly increased already at lower concentration in digestive mass (at 100 μg.L −1 ) compared to the gills (at 500 μg.L −1 ). ...
The dispersed pollution caused by microplastics (MPs) represents a current and global concern. While the fragmentation of plastic debris into smaller particles occurs in rivers, little MP research is done on freshwater species and is published compared to the marine environment. The Loire River is the longest river in France and is subject to moderate to high anthropic pressure while it represents major societal and economic issues. However, there are not many studies that have been put forward with regards to the effect of environmental MPs (EMPs) on aquatic organisms and no policies have been enacted to monitor the plastic pollution. In this study, freshwater bivalves, Corbicula fluminea, were exposed for 21 days to environmentally relevant concentrations of a mixture of <200 µm MPs generated from plastic litter collected directly along the banks of the Loire River. This mixture was composed of 40% polyethylene (PE), 40% polypropylene (PP), 10% polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and 10% polyvinylchloride (PVC) (mass percentage). Ecotoxicological effects were assessed from the individual to the molecular levels on several endpoints: condition index, filtration efficiency, enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation, energy reserves and gene expression. The ingestion of EMPs caused damages at the biochemical level. Indeed, we reported an increase in catalase activity in gills and digestive mass, a decrease in TBARs in gills, a decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity in the digestive mass, a decrease of glycogen and lipid contents in the whole organisms and a significant induction of the expression of gst, cat, mp, acp genes. The current results suggest therefore that long-term exposure to realistic doses of EMPs causes toxicity towards freshwater benthic biota. The analysis of biomarker activities and the analysis of gene expression are complementary to prevent the effects of a plastic contamination at higher biological levels in aquatic organisms.
... An undoubtable advantage of RS is the fact that water does not interfere with the analysis of the samples, which makes this technique useful for researching food products. In turn, its disadvantage is its susceptibility to the disruptions of fluorescence caused by microorganisms, organic and inorganic substances (Wirnkor et al., 2019). Using RS allowed the identification of MPs in salt, in which the presence of PE and PP was confirmed (Karami et al., 2017). ...
The ubiquity of microplastics (MPs) is a more and more frequently brought up topic. The fact that such particles are present in food raises particular concern. Information regarding the described contamination is incoherent and difficult to interpret. Problems appear already at the level of the definition of MPs. This paper will discuss ways of explaining the concept of MPs and methods used for its analysis. Isolation of characterised particles is usually performed using filtration, etching and/or density separation. Spectroscopic techniques are commonly applied for analysis, whereas visual evaluation of the particles is possible thanks to microscopic analysis. Basic information about the sample can be obtained by the combination of Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy or Raman spectroscopy and microscopy or using the thermal method combined with spectroscopy or chromatography. The unification of the research methodology will allow a credible assessment of the influence of this pollution coming from food on health.
... Furthermore, there have been reports that they consist of leachable inorganic additives that are usually not covalently bonded to the plastic particles with a likelihood of getting desorbed into the ambient aqueous environment (Benson & Fred-Ahmadu, 2020;Jeong & Choi, 2020;Tanaka et al., 2019). The concerns about microplastic pollution stem from their increasing ubiquity in global ecosystems, particle toxicity, and chemical toxicity to aquatic biota and humans, as revealed in many studies Jambeck et al., 2015;Verla et al., 2019b). ...
The increase in microplastic pollution has raised concerns about environmental safety in recent years. These tiny, ubiquitous, and potentially toxic plastic particles can be discharged into the environment via weathering of plastic debris and microbeads. While microplastic research is gaining momentum in Nigeria, further understanding of microplastics’ abundance and distribution is necessary for policy decision-making. This research aimed to establish the microplastics’ occurrence in Lagos Lagoon’s surface water and sediments and highlight their characteristics. Four sampling locations (Epe, Makoko, SagboKoji, Badagry) were accessed for microplastics. Composite sampling technique was deployed in surface water and sediment collection. The physicochemical parameters (pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, specific gravity, salinity) of the surface water were recorded in situ using a handheld multimeter (HORIBA U-52). Extraction of plastic particles from the surface water was conducted using membrane ultrafiltration technique. Density floatation was utilized in separating microplastics from the sediment samples. Visual identification and polymer characterization of extracted microplastics were done with optical microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The sizes of microplastics ranging from 0.45 to 1000 μm were extracted from the surface water and sediment samples. Observed colors include black, white, red, blue, transparent, and green, with black as the predominant color. Fibers dominated other morphotypes of observed microplastics. The average number of microplastics from surface water and sediment was 65.2 particles/L and 3906 particles/kg, respectively. Nylon, foam, and other polymer types were identified. The established presence of microplastics in a lagoon of economic importance in Nigeria calls for the need to curb its continued distribution in the environment.KeywordsMicroplastic pollutionLagos LagoonSedimentSurface water
... The escalation in production levels has resulted in a corresponding surge in plastic waste generation. According to Thompson (2015) and Wirnkora et al. (2019), it was estimated that 10% of the plastic produced globally would ultimately become waste, with only approximately 3% being recycled in 2016. The widespread availability of plastic products in the market since the 1950s has led to a significant surge in global plastic production, with a notable increase from 0.5 million tons annually in 1960 to 348 million tons in 2017, as reported by Plastics Europe (2018) and Wirnkora et al. (2019). ...
... According to Thompson (2015) and Wirnkora et al. (2019), it was estimated that 10% of the plastic produced globally would ultimately become waste, with only approximately 3% being recycled in 2016. The widespread availability of plastic products in the market since the 1950s has led to a significant surge in global plastic production, with a notable increase from 0.5 million tons annually in 1960 to 348 million tons in 2017, as reported by Plastics Europe (2018) and Wirnkora et al. (2019). A significant quantity of plastic produced annually is lost and remains in the marine ecosystem, with an estimated cumulative capacity of 250 million tons by 2025 (Jambeck et al., 2015). ...
The issue of pollution caused by microplastics (MPs) is a growing concern on a global scale. Given the significant proportion of time that individuals spend indoors. The contamination in question has the potential to directly impact the human population through exposure to indoor dust and air. This study examined MPs' existence, origins, and potential health effects in indoor environments. Stereomicroscope, μRaman, and SEM-EDX were used to identify MPs in indoor environment samples. Fibers, fragments, films, lines, foam, and pellets were commonly identified as MPs with different shapes, colors, and sizes. Experiments carried out to reduce contamination during sample
preparation anad analysis. Prefiltering solutions, thermally treating filters and washing glassware found to reduce contamination. Sample preparation should be carried out in laminar flow hood. The most typical MP encountered was fibers. PTFE, PP, PA 12,
HDPE, PS, PE, LDPE, PET, PA 6, and PS were common MPs discovered in the study. These MPs included most elements: C, O, Ca, Al, Si, K, Fe, and Mg. A year later, virgin MPs indoors and outdoors exhibited physical changes indicating aging, including cracks, broken edges, ridges, grooves, and rough and uneven surfaces. It was noted that deteriorated MPs lost weight and underwent chemical characterization alterations. According to the study's findings, indoor environments are a substantial source of MPs, and further investigation is necessary to establish how they affect human health and air quality. Individuals' levels of MP exposure varied depending on their lifestyle choices, and the number of textiles and plastics found in indoor environments.
... Along with the previously mentioned methods, also CHN (Carbon-Hydrogen-Nitrogen) analyzers and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (PyrGC/MS) were mentioned [21] and also used in Poland for commercial analyses by accredited laboratories. CHN Analyser can measure the concentration by combustion. ...
... PyrGC/MS, a shorthand for pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy is an analytical method based on decomposing the sample into smaller molecules using heating. Then, separated by gas chromatography, detection is led through mass spectroscopy [21]. More recent techniques used for NPs particles join atomic force spectroscopy with FTIR as AFM-FTIR [19]. ...
... More recent techniques used for NPs particles join atomic force spectroscopy with FTIR as AFM-FTIR [19]. Sources: [17], [19], [21] ...
Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) detection is a rapidly developing subject relevant to environmental protection, food quality, and human health in terms of toxicity and potentially harmful impact. Having a high surface-to-volume ratio, MNPs particles are known to adsorb significant quantities of external hazardous chemical compounds. Microplastics were detected in many organisms, including the human
body (with tissues of the lungs, brain, and blood), which shows a need for regular monitoring of air, food, and drinking water. The ability to accumulate microplastic in the trophic chain makes it is an important ecological issue to monitor the particles in marine environments as well as freshwater. Considering the ubiquity of MNPs, regulated environmental monitoring of those particles is needed.
To enable regulated environmental monitoring of microplastic, unified official guidelines for sampling, preparation, and methodology should be established.
The lack of a unified methodology makes it impossible to compare research results. In this review, currently used methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis of MPS in the water are discussed, with proposed standards and improvements.
Keywords: microplastic pollution, research methods, sample treatment, water quality standards
Full text in PLOS: http://bitly.pl/zaHWR (pages 16-26)
... Plastics of varied sizes, shapes and properties are used for diverse purposes by many industries, such as the construction engineering, agriculture, medicine, recreation, automobile, food (packaging), telecommunication, textile and the aquaculture industry, among others. In the past decades till present, the production and patronage of plastic materials have intensified due to their extensive benefits, like flexibility, durability, low-cost alternatives, versatility, lightweight, and resistance, among others (Verla et al., 2019). Based on the many attributes of plastics, it could be said that they are ubiquitous, and have become quite relevant in human daily life (EPA, 2016(EPA, , 2017Weithmann et al., 2018). ...
Aquaculture largely contributes to aquatic products and consequential dietary protein for many households. Aquaculture, just like every other food sector, is faced with enormous challenges such as unfavorable climatic events, environmental stressors and contaminants. Microplastics (MP) are emerging contaminants in aquaculture following their perturbing occurrence in cultured fish, fishmeal and aquafeed. Several MPs pathways into aquaculture facilities include wastewater, pipe-borne water, dilapidated aquaculture facilities, fish gears, and aquafeed stuff (fishmeal). Techniques for the digestion, identification and characterization of MPs are critical to understanding their pathways, bioavailability and bioaccumulation patterns in aquaculture species. The impacts of MPs on cultured fish species are identified as impaired growth, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, immunotoxicity, embryotoxicity, and histopathology. Bioaccumulation of MPs in tissues and biological systems have been evidenced in several cultured fishes. Mitigation efforts cum strategies such as upgrade of wastewater treatment facilities, screening of inlet pond water, screening of aquafeed stuff, regular maintenance and repair of culture facilities, could be effective to eradicate MP contamination in aquaculture. Additionally, regulatory policy on the use of plastics is key to mitigating the impact of MPs and ensure cleaner and sustainable aquaculture.
