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Gas flaring is one of the major problems in the world. It consumes useful natural resources and produces harmful wastes, which have negative impacts on the society. It is one of the most tedious energy and environmental problems facing the world today. It is a multi-billion dollar waste, a local environmental
catastrophe and environmental problem w...
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... These factors contributed to our understanding of methane emissions. We reinforced this knowledge with studies like Aregbe (2016) and Anosike et al. (2016), highlighting the significant methane production from the fossil fuel sector in the Niger Delta. Additionally, we referred to reports by World Bank (2023), Obanijesu and Macaulay (2009), Thomas et al. (2014), and Kirschke et al. (2013) for insights on methane emissions from various sources, including urban areas and wetlands. ...
Methane is a significant greenhouse gas, with a global warming potential many times greater than carbon dioxide over a 20-year period. Its release from sources like landfills, agriculture, and the energy sector exacerbates climate change, making it crucial to monitor and reduce methane emissions to mitigate global warming and achieve climate goals. This research utilized the Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) method, specifically the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), to analyze the sources of atmospheric methane in Rivers State, Nigeria. It addressed the challenge of assessing the contributions of various anthropogenic sources such as fossil fuels, landfills, agriculture, wetlands, and oceans to atmospheric methane emissions. By incorporating expert opinions, literature reviews, and surveys, the study constructed a hierarchical model to prioritize these sources based on their impact. Findings identified fossil fuels and landfills as the main contributors. The study demonstrated MCDA's effectiveness in environmental analysis and provided a replicable framework for similar assessments in other regions, contributing to targeted emission mitigation and policy formulation efforts.
... Destinar el gas asociado de 12 pozos con poder calorífico de 1560 btu/ft 3 para la generación eléctrica es una opción que conlleva un mejor aprovechamiento del gas que de otra forma estaría destinado a la quema en mecheros, el mix energético de campo B49 es al 100% generación eléctrica con gas. Actualmente el volumen global de emisiones por quema de gases es de 100 billones de m 3 al año (Ojijiagwo, Odouza, & Emekwuru, 2016), y se queman 140 billones de m 3 de gas (Aregbe, 2017), con el acuerdo de París varios son los esfuerzos para disminuir las emisiones asociadas a la quema de gas, Ecuador está entre las naciones que pueden alcanzar un reducción de NDC 1 del 5 al 20% (Farina, 2011), actualmente su reducción de emisiones totales con reducción de quema de gas es del 8% (Elvidge, y otros, 2018), el campo Bermejo se suma a estos objetivos mediante el uso del gas. ...
Las estrategias enfocadas en solucionar los inconvenientes de un campo maduro deben considerar la declinación de la producción, esto es primordial a la hora de establecer futuras inversiones, para no incurrir en costos que hagan perder competitividad y rentabilidad. El Bloque 49 (B49) es un campo petrolero con casi 50 años de explotación, le aquejan los problemas típicos de un campo maduro, su producción lo sitúa como un campo marginal (< 3000 bls/día) y requiere de un conjunto de mecanismos para volverlo competitivo en las condiciones del mercado petrolero actual. Una adecuada gestión del campo y la puesta en marcha de un modelo de eficiencia energética fueron los ejes para disminuir los costos de producción y lograr un barril con un costo de producción de 5.20 USD. Problemas como la disponibilidad de gas, la limitación de la quema de gas, las facilidades para mantener la presión y la distribución del gas son temas que abordan en esta investigación.
... In the early days of petroleum exploration, natural gas was not considered a useful product because of the difficulties in transporting it to where it can be utilized or the problems associated with it storage. As a result, gas was simply burned off at the well or vented into the atmosphere, to create rooms for other operations and supposedly to save the whole system from being burnt down by gas explosion (Aregbe, 2017). Gas flaring in Nigeria could be traced to the initial exploration activities as far back as 1906 by Shell D'Arcy (Shell-BP) now SPDC, the discovery of the first oilfield and exploitation in commercial quantity of crude oil in Oloibiri, in the present Bayelsa State in 1956 and the subsequent first ever crude oil export from Nigeria in 1958 marked the official gas flaring in Nigeria (Osuoka and Roderick, 2005). ...
... Direct methane valorization could play a key role in the supply of chemicals and fuels in the future, hence the development of novel processes is highly desirable and research in this field has gained renewed interest in the past years. [1] Methane valorization processes mainly focus on the following target products: ethylene, methanol, formaldehyde, methyl halogenides and aromatics. [2] Despite over 30 years of research, the direct catalytic conversion of methane into fuels and useful chemicals remains one of the great challenges of the century. ...
Non-oxidative coupling of methane (NOCM) is a sought-after reaction that has been studied for decades. Harsh reaction conditions (T >800°C) in the face of limited catalyst stability lead to rapid catalyst deactivation and strong coking, preventing application thus far. Recent reports have shown the significance of an interplay of catalyst nature and reaction conditions, whereas metal carbides have prevailed to play a crucial role which involves incorporation of carbidic carbon in C2Hx and aromatic products. This perspective gives an overview of proposed mechanistic pathways and considerations about experiment conditions in order to foster a rational catalyst design platform for NOCM.
... The heat from the flare effect negatively to vegetation ( Nduka et al., 2016 ;Ngene et al., 2016a;Nta et al., 2016;Aregbe, 2017;Pulster et al., 2018). ...
... The prime greenhouse gases carbon dioxide from the flare contributes to climate change. The associated gas flaring is estimated to account for almost 1% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions (Aregbe, 2017;Yoro and Daramola, 2020;Ogwu et al., 2021) . ...
The gas flaring emissions have a wide range of environmental implications, both globally and locally. First, carbon dioxide, methane, and black carbon emissions contribute to climate change. Second, flaring can have a detrimental local impact, such as acidity of the soil where flaring occurs near communities. Finally, some flare components have been linked to asthma and leukemia. Most of air in Basra polluted due to industrial facilities' emissions. Anthropogenic activity, represented by industrial and commercial activities, is the primary source of air pollution, introducing various pollutants into the air. Burning fuels to produce energy for industries and domestic activities emits toxic wastes that contaminate the air.
Black carbon (BC), methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide(CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides(NOX) and nitrogen oxide (NO) were measured for six months at eight stations in Basra province at different locations. The distance from Basra city center to study area ranged from 6 km to 105 km, in which natural gas is burned, some of them are oil fields and others are power plants. The aethalometer, wintact, CO2 meter, Portable Combustion Gas Analyzer (E instrument) were used to measure the concentration of pollutant and represented on the map of Basra using GIS software. For meteorology, air velocity meter and acurate was used to measure wind speed and direction and temperature then wind rose was plotted using WRPLOT software.
The highest SO2, NOX, NO concentration was recorded at Artawi Degassing station during the fourth measurement reached 1,13,12 ppm. The concentrations of these gases are above national and WHO limits. The average concentration of all stations for methane, ethane, Propane, butane, and pentane concentrations found during the fourth measurement was 934.37, 560.62, 392.43, 336.37, and 261.62 ppm respectively. Allhais Degassing station was the highest average of methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane concentration.
Black carbon in all the sites at all measurements had concentrations higher than the recommended exposure limits (REL) by the NIOSH (1 µgm-3). BC concentration in Altuba in the first measurement, Artawi and Allhais in the fifth measurement were about seven times more than REL.
For carbon monoxide the results showed that the average concentration of CO for all stations measured in the various stations were highest on the fifth measurement at a concentration of 19.8 ppm. Shatt Al Basra power plant recorded the highest concentration of CO. The average concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) for the various stations increased in the second and sixth measurements. These measurements were characterized by high concentrations in all the study stations. Nahar Bin Omar Degassing station was recorded the highest average concentration of CO2.
Screen 3 view model was used to show the concentrations of gases and the dispersion at different meteorology case and flaring volume. The case of full meteorology has the highest maximum concentration in all volumes, as it predicted the worst condition affecting pollutant concentrations. The concentration of gases increased with increase in the volume of flaring gas and that increased gases reaching Basra from the flare.
From this study we conclude that some gases emitted from the flare were unburned such as hydrocarbons and some incomplete combustion such as carbon monoxide. And these gases reached Basra and polluted the air.
... Continued exposure to PM could have an adverse impact on the general well-being of plants, animals, and humans, as well as the esthetic configuration of the ecosystem (Akinfolarin et al. 2018). Extant research (Nwachukwu et al. 2012;Aregbe, 2017) shows that protracted exposure to PM was associated with an increased risk of air-related morbidities such as coronary artery disease, lung infections, cerebrospinal meningitis, bronchitis, pulmonary tuberculosis, upper respiratory tract infection, child deformities, and eye and skin disorders. However, these studies focused on medical health implications of soot contamination established through a prevalence study among residents of non-coastal cities in Nigeria. ...
... We recommend that oil-producing firms adopt global-best practices in controlling soot particles and pollution by re-injecting the gases for secondary oil recovery, liquefying the gas that emit PM and storing them in vessels as liquid gas, compressing natural gas into methane stored at high pressure, and other established measures as recommended by studies (Aregbe, 2017;Adewale & Mustapha, 2015;Orimoogunje et al., 2010). We also recommend strategies that increase risk tolerance among residents of oilproducing communities as this could boost their ability to adapt to Conditional effects of levels of soot risk tolerance on the relationship between exposure to soot and soot risk concerns adverse impacts of oil exploration and exploitation on the physical and mental health of the residents. ...
There are growing mental health concerns over soot contamination of Niger-delta communities as a result of oil exploration activities. Our study sought to understand soot risk tolerance (SRT) as a pathway through which the association between exposure to soot (ES) and perceived soot risk concerns (SRC) could be explained among residents of oil-producing communities in the Coastal region of Nigeria. Data were obtained through a survey research design with the aid of self-report measures of ES, SRC, and SRT. PROCESS macro moderation results revealed that the positive association between ES and SRC (B = 1.22, t = 2.07, p = .027) was weakened by SRT (negative moderated) (B = -2.38, t = -4.16, p = 000) such that the association was weak for residents with high SRT scores, and strong for residents with low SRT sores. The key finding implies that risk tolerance is crucial to survival in oil-producing communities with physical soot pollution. We recommend that risk tolerance should be included in measures designed to boost individual’s capacity to adapt and function in a soot-contaminated environment.
... Some restricted emissions, such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons, are reduced by using CNG. These reductions vary according on the type of vehicle and its duty cycle (Azeez et al., 2017). ...
The term “gas flaring” is referred as a combustion system that burns associated, or liquids and gases that are being released in excess during unplanned or normal operations that are over pressuring in numerous industrial procedures, including landfills, refineries, coal industry, chemical companies, and gas extraction. Gas flaring contributes greatly to greenhouse gas emissions. It generates heat, noise, and makes the environment uninhabitable. Oporoma Community is the administrative center of Southern Ijaw Local Government Area (SILGA), Bayelsa State, Niger Delta region. One of the Communities in the region of Niger Delta that produce oil is Oporoma, and its being used as a case study. The primary data was obtained through an interview with about one hundred and fifty (150) persons (both men and women) between the age of 18 - 90 years. 50 persons from the age groups of 18 – 30, 31 – 50, and 51 – 90 years which focused mainly on harmful impact of gas flaring on human health, and its environment. Every investigation and data that were gotten from Oporoma community has negative human health and environmental effect, because of burning of gas. This gas flaring practice has caused poverty to many people in the community with health, environmental, and economic challenges. The government and policy makers in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria are also contributing to the negative impacts of gas flaring on local communities and the environment. The challenges faced by people living in areas where gas is being flared, such as air pollution, water contamination, and soil degradation, are strong arguments for ending this practice. Companies that are failing to properly process the gases produced during oil extraction should be heavily fined. Instead of being wasted through flaring, these gases could be used to produce cooking and domestic gas, as well as electricity. It is time for gas flaring to be brought to an end, particularly in the Oporoma community of the Niger Delta.
... The economic analysis of the plant in terms of the fixed capital, working capital, start up cost, annual revenue and profit was conducted to determine if the LGP production is profitable. When compared with result obtained by, the current plant is cheaper and more cost effective [8,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. ...
Gas flaring is associated with economic loss, health and environmental challenges, resulting from waste of valuable products, blood abnormalities and depletion of ozone layer, respectively. Therefore, there is a need for the recovery of these valuable products from gas flaring system. One of such products is the Liquefied Petroleum Gas [LPG] produced from the liquefaction of the natural gas which could be used as a source of energy. In this work, the maximization of LPG production from flare gas generated from a pretreated natural gas stream was carried out using HYSYS V8.6. Other products obtained from the process include C1, C2 and natural gasoline [C5+]. The results obtained show that the plant can recover 98.5 % LPG from the component of gas feed. This is a huge improvement on the 92 % recovery in a typical conventional plant. The result of the economic analysis show that the plant is economical and profitable. The LPG recovered can be used as a source of energy, and the process could help to mitigate climate change, minimize economic loss and health challenges.
... Methane is a major composition of natural gas co-produced in large quantity with crude oil in the petroleum upstream operations. A typical natural gas (also called co-produced gas or associated gas) comprises 70-90 wt% methane (De-Klerk, 2015;Aregbe, 2017). It was revealed in the British Petroleum (BP) Statistical Review of World Energy that the global natural gas production stood at 3.68 trillion m 3 in 2017 (Song et al., 2019). ...
Continuous flaring of natural gas remains a great environmental threatening practice going on in most upstream hydrocarbon production industry across the globe. About 150 billion m³ of natural gas are flared annually, producing approximately 400 million tons of carbon dioxide alone among other greenhouse gases. A search into a viable method for natural gas conversion to methanol becomes imperative not only to save the soul of the ever-changing climate but also to bring an end to wastage of valuable resources by converting hitherto wasted natural gas to wealth. Currently the technologies of conversion of natural gas to methanol could be categorized into the conventional and the innovative technologies. The conventional technology is sub-divided into the indirect method also called the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) method and the direct method. The major commercial technology currently in use for production of methanol from methane is the FTS method which involves basically two steps which are the steam reforming and the syngas hydrogenation steps. The FTS method is highly energy intensive and this is a factor responsible for its low energetic efficiency. The direct conversion of methane to methanol is a one-step partial oxidation and lower temperature method having higher energetic efficiency advantage over the FTS method. The direct method occurs at temperature range of 380–470 °C and pressure range of 1–5 MPa while the FTS occurs at temperature range of 700–1100 °C and atmospheric pressure. Both methods are carried out under effect of metallic oxide catalysts such as Mo, V, Cr, Bi, Cu, Zn, etc. The innovative methods which include electrochemical, solar and plasma irradiation methods can be described as an approach to either of the two conventional methods in an innovative way while the biological method is a natural process driven by methane monooxygenase (MMO) enzyme released by methanotrophic bacteria. The aim of this study is to review the current state of the technology for conversion of methane to methanol so as to make abreast the recent advances and challenges in the area.
... Due to the tremendous heat created and the acid nature of the soil pH, there is no vegetation in the areas surrounding the flare in some instances. Changes in temperature have several consequences on crops, including stunted growth, scotched plants, and wasted young crops (Aregbe, 2017). ...
Nigeria is a country blessed with vast oil and natural gas resources, due to inadequate management of resources
most of the natural gas is flared. One of the most pressing challenges today is global warming. Gas flaring has been
known to deliver carbon dioxide and other ozone depleting substances which cause unnatural weather change. This
paper focuses on gas flaring; its definition, composition, types and classifications. It also highlights the policies that
have been made in Nigeria concerning gas flaring and provides alternative solutions to gas flaring
