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Schematic drawing of the dielectric barrier charge (front view). Electrodes (dark gray), dielectric barrier (gray), and plasma volume (white).
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Plasma-assisted pretreatment (PAP) of lignocellulosic biomass has been shown to be an efficient method to decompose lignin and consequently facilitate microbial access to cellulose and hemicellulose. In the present study, PAP was tested for its suitability to enhance bioconversion of wheat straw to methane. In thermophilic batch experiments, methan...
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... Depending on the discharge parameters, the energy requirements for 50% and 95% degradation were determined to be 0.053 kWh and 0.15 kWh, respectively. Even though these studies did not involve AD, the biomass degradation observed here is encouraging and applicable to AD. Heiske et al. (2013) investigated the pre-treatment of wheat straw using PAP and observed a considerable reduction in lignin content and increased sugar availability, resulting in a 45% rise in methane yield. It was also found that increased ozone exposure leads to improved lignin removal and methane production. ...
In recent decades, biogas production from anaerobic digestion of organic fractions of municipal solid waste and agricultural residues has emerged as a promising strategy for waste management and renewable energy generation. However, due to the complexity and heterogeneity of these feedstocks, an appropriate pre-treatment is required before anaerobic digestion to maximise biodegradability and enhance biogas production. This is especially true for lignocellulosic biomass, where maximum biogas potential is often difficult to reach due to the presence of a lignin barrier, which is not easily biodegradable. Pre-treatment technologies may significantly increase biogas production, up to 360 %, from organic fractions of municipal solid waste and agricultural residues. This paper first provides an overview of the pre-treatment technologies, including mechanical, chemical, biological, thermal, plasma, and combined treatments for a wide variety of feedstocks for biogas production from anaerobic digestion. These studies indicate that the selection of a pre-treatment technology mainly depends on the waste substrate characteristics, the desired end results, and resource availability. Furthermore, most studies emphasise the significance of balancing the benefits and drawbacks of pre-treatment technologies for sustainable waste-to-energy practices. Then, the article evaluates the scalability, technical feasibility, economic viability, industrial applicability and environmental sustainability of appropriate pre-treatment methods. This review will be a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners working in the field of waste-to-energy conversion through anaerobic digestion.
... With the generation of ozone from electrical discharge, the high oxidation rate can be optimized to reduce the organic pollutant and convert them into biogas. Heiske et al. [14] reported a 45% improvement in methane yield for their DBD-assisted pre-treatment of lignocellulosic feedstock. The use of aeration in DBD treatment was also found to increase the generation of ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxy radicals [15] and confirmed that DBD-assisted aeration could increase the conversion of biomass. ...
In this study, the performance of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) integrated with the aerobic process with the input voltage of 20 and 25 kV on the production of biogas; methane (CH 4 ), hydrogen (H 2 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from palm oil mill effluent (POME) were investigated. The DBD and DBD integrated with the aerobic process (DBD + aerobic) treatment was also simulated using the theoretical stoichiometric of POME (in terms of carbohydrate) and the kinetic study using the first- and second-order kinetic model. The results showed only 0.58, 0.39, and 0.97 mol/L of CH 4 , H 2, and CO 2 , respectively, generated from the simulation model, which underperformed those experimental results. This may be due to the low concentration of carbohydrates given by the simulated stoichiometric reaction. However, both simulation and experimental results showed a rapid increase in biogas concentration in the initial reaction time in the DBD + aerobic reactor with an input voltage of 25 kV. The results showed that DBD + reactor produced CH 4 , H 2, and CO 2 thirteen, twenty-three, and three times higher than DBD alone, respectively. This suggests that good performance was observed when the DBD was integrated with the aerobic process under the optimum input voltage. The study can give information on the optimum condition in a lab scale to produce CH 4 , H 2, and CO 2 from POME.
... Most experts employed plug ow reactors . Heiske et al. (2013) investigated the properties of single-layered and multilayered bed reactors to increase the transformation of wheat straw to biogas. A single-layered reactor produced straw with a lignin content of 16.2%, while a multilayered reactor produced straw with a lignin content of 7.2% at the bottom layer. ...
Pretreatment of lignocellulosic waste is one of the costliest phases in transforming cellulosic material into fermentable sugars. It represents one-third of the overall process cost, and about 90% of the dry weight constitutes cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin. Hydrogen bonds and some covalent bonds bind the carbohydrate polymers to lignin firmly. The existence of lignin in lignocelluloses barricades the plant cell against the breakdown action by fungi and bacteria. The purpose of the pretreatment procedure is to disrupt the crystalline phase of cellulose and disintegrate the lignin structure, improving the porosity of the lignocellulosic material.It further provides acids and enzymes access to hydrolyze cellulose by expanding the porosity of the lignocellulosic material so that it readily attacks to break down the cellulose. Pretreatment is therefore done: (i) to facilitate hydrolysis for the formation of sugars, (ii) to keep away the decaying or waste of carbohydrates, (iii) to prevent the creation of by-products that hinder the hydrolytic activities and fermentation that follow, and (iv) make it economical. Numerous pretreatment protocols are employed for treating biomass to overcome the problem faced during pretreatment. In this study, we have dealt with various pretreatment adopted against lignocellulosic biomass, which is a measure of their potential as feedstock for biofuels.KeywordsLignocellulosic wastePretreatmentCelluloseLignin
... Most experts employed plug ow reactors . Heiske et al. (2013) investigated the properties of single-layered and multilayered bed reactors to increase the transformation of wheat straw to biogas. A single-layered reactor produced straw with a lignin content of 16.2%, while a multilayered reactor produced straw with a lignin content of 7.2% at the bottom layer. ...
The potential of renewable energy and chemical sources is more important than ever before due to the combination of diminishing crude oil supplies and population increase. The bio-refinery concept is evolving from a fascinating notion to a viable replacement for a variety of fossil-fuel-based goods. Pre-treatment processes designed for a comprehensive bio-refinery shall show selective dissociation of each constituent of a biomass feedstock, ease of access to and detachment of the constituents after separation, high yield revival of every component, process components readily available for conversion into chemicals with negligible purification, as well as economic feasibility. These criteria are typically met by organosolv pre-treatments. To be broadly accepted by markets and the public, the generation of renewable chemicals, as well as biofuels, should be price and performance competitive employing crude oil-derived counterparts. The focus of this study is on developing a biomass conversion technique that maximizes the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into commercially viable high-value products, allowing for effective translation to an economically feasible commercial process.KeywordsBio-refineryBiomass feedstockEconomyOrganosolv technologyHigh-value products
... Most experts employed plug flow reactors . Heiske et al. (2013) investigated the properties of single-layered and multilayered bed reactors to increase the transformation of wheat straw to biogas. A single-layered reactor produced straw with a lignin content of 16.2%, while a multilayered reactor produced straw with a lignin content of 7.2% at the bottom layer. ...
Biomass-derived biorefineries seem a promising approach for the complete valorization of biomass into bioenergy and a range of bioproducts. However, the product quality and bioprocessing strategy highly depend on the nature, composition, and quality of the biomass feedstock. The source and cultivation conditions do not only affect the quality and composition of the biomass but also affect the cost of biomass. Therefore, the choice of cultivation conditions and selection of biomass suitable for its subsequent use is critically important. Accordingly, residual biomass from agricultural or industrial activities or biomass production on marginal lands using wastewater offers an opportunity to produce low-cost biomass without creating any competition with food or land for food. However, it is important to consider that how these conditions affect the nature and composition of biomass with reference to its downstream processing. This book chapter covers the desired characteristics of the biomass to consider it as a potential feedstock for biorefinery while achieving environmental and economic sustainability.KeywordsFeedstock characteristicsEnvironmental sustainabilityBioenergyBiorefinery
... Most experts employed plug flow reactors . Heiske et al. (2013) investigated the properties of single-layered and multilayered bed reactors to increase the transformation of wheat straw to biogas. A single-layered reactor produced straw with a lignin content of 16.2%, while a multilayered reactor produced straw with a lignin content of 7.2% at the bottom layer. ...
Plant biomass is an excellent lignocellulosic source that can produce renewable and environment-friendly biofuels. However, the natural physiochemical structure of plant lignocellulose has strong recalcitrance and heterogeneity, which results in low yields of biofuels, limiting its effective valorization in biorefineries. This rigidity of lignocellulose presents economic and technical challenges in biomass conversion processes. Various pretreatment methods are used separately and in combination to resolve this. Pretreatment methods change the structure and chemical composition of the plant biomass, which makes it more accessible to the conversion systems for biofuel production. This chapter will discuss the physical and chemical basis of lignocellulose recalcitrance and the biomass components contributing to it. This chapter will also explain the role of pretreatment strategies in biorefineries and their influence on the structure and composition of lignocellulosic biomass. The fundamental understanding of biomass recalcitrance and the role of pretreatment methods can aid in the efficient utilization of lignocellulosic biomass in biorefineries and the development of future pretreatment methodologies.KeywordsLignocelluloseRecalcitrancePretreatmentBiorefinery
... Most experts employed plug flow reactors . Heiske et al. (2013) investigated the properties of single-layered and multilayered bed reactors to increase the transformation of wheat straw to biogas. A single-layered reactor produced straw with a lignin content of 16.2%, while a multilayered reactor produced straw with a lignin content of 7.2% at the bottom layer. ...
Finite petro-based reserves and a surge in environmental pollution demands the valorization of waste into revenue streams like biofuels and other industrial commodities. Enzymatic technology provides an eco-friendly platform for the same with higher product yields. Enzymes act as a catalyst in the reaction, and the matter of value addition in this technology is its requirement in low quantity and reusability. They have been included in the valorization of lignocellulosic (woody, agro, and food) waste, treatment of wastewater, and degradation of non-biodegradable hazardous waste. Microbial flora has enormously experimented as well as explored in the conversion of this waste into valuable products. In addition to that, protein engineering and metabolic engineering have been seen as new biotechnological trends in the same field. In this chapter, we will focus on different classes of hydrolytic enzymes based on the structural composition of different types of biomass with special attention to their catalytic activity. The mechanistic action of these enzymes will also be discussed in lieu of their use at various stages in the transformation of waste to value-added substances. We will also shed light on the future advancement through the biotechnological revolution in the field of enzyme technology.KeywordsHydrolytic enzymesValorization of wasteLignocellulosic wasteWastewaterBiorefinery
... Most experts employed plug flow reactors . Heiske et al. (2013) investigated the properties of single-layered and multilayered bed reactors to increase the transformation of wheat straw to biogas. A single-layered reactor produced straw with a lignin content of 16.2%, while a multilayered reactor produced straw with a lignin content of 7.2% at the bottom layer. ...
In this chapter, a brief introduction to various pyrolysis processes and a detailed analysis of fast pyrolysis has been explored. A wide variety of feedstocks suitable for the fast pyrolysis process and physicochemical properties of bio-oil has been incorporated. Various types of pyrolyzers that are available in the papers are also mentioned here. Furthermore, enrichment of bio-oil using various upgradation techniques and its physicochemical properties are also discussed. This includes the processes such as steam reforming, catalytic cracking, and supercritical extraction. The application of bio-oil as a fuel requires enhancement in its properties which is achieved using blending with other fuels. Thus, this chapter also strives to explain the recent advances made in bio-oil properties enhancement. Also, a brief analysis of the techno-economic feasibility of bio-oil production and its environmental sustainability is specified. This chapter attempts to give an overview of the whole concept of bio-oil production to its application.KeywordsPyrolysisBio-oilFast pyrolysis reactor (pyrolyzer)Upgradation and enhancement of bio-oilTechno-economicsEnvironmental sustainability
... Según la literatura, se les han aplicado pretratamientos por ozonificación a diferentes biomasas lignocelulósicas, incluyendo residuos agroindustriales, residuos agrícolas, residuos leñosos, desechos forestales, biomasa herbácea y residuos de celulosa. Por ejemplo, para la obtención de biohidrógeno (Adarme et al., 2017;Wu et al., 2013), para la producción de biometano (Adarme et al., 2017;Heiske et al., 2013) y para la obtención de bioetanol (Ortega et al., 2020;Travaini et al., 2016;Barrera-Martínez et al., 2016;Panneerselvam at al., 2013;Bellido et al., 2013;García-Cubero et al., 2010;Taherzader et al., 2008). De manera general, la mayoría de las referencias de pretratamiento con ozono, están relacionadas con la degradación de lignina, optimización del consumo de ozono, composición de la biomasa pretratada, rendimiento de azúcares fermentables, formación de compuestos inhibidores en el hidrolizado enzimático y fermentación del hidrolizadoobtenido (Travaini et al., 2015). ...
La vida de los seres humanos y animales se ve afectada cada día por el calentamiento global ya que la tierra se está calentando rápidamente. Este cambio en el clima amenaza con perturbaciones graves e incluso catastróficas para la sociedad y el entorno natural del cual se depende para obtener alimentos y otros recursos vitales. Esto se debe principalmente a la acumulación de los conocidos gases de efecto invernadero que son liberados por las actividades humanas, en particular la quema de combustibles fósiles (carbón, petróleo y gas), la deforestación y ciertos tipos de agricultura. Esta preocupación por el cambio climático derivado del calentamiento global ha hecho que muchos países y organizaciones tomen carta en el asunto. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) aprobó la Agenda 2030 con la finalidad de impulsar el Desarrollo Sostenible a nivel mundial, mediante el cumplimiento de 17 Objetivos entre los que se encuentran la eliminación de la pobreza, la lucha contra el cambio climático, la educación, la igualdad de la mujer, así como la defensa del medio ambiente, entre otros. Dentro de esta agenda dos recursos importantes y que tienen influencia en el cambio climático son el agua y la energía, y una parte importante es que estos dos recursos se interrelacionan. El nexo agua-energía se refiere a los múltiples puntos de dependencia mutua del agua y la energía para uso social, desde la extracción hasta el procesamiento, pasando por el punto de uso. Los componentes de la red de agua incluyen el suministro de agua, punto de uso y tratamiento de aguas residuales. El nexo se interpreta internacionalmente como un proceso para vincular ideas y acciones de diferentes partes interesadas de diferentes sectores para lograr el desarrollo sostenible.
... The cold plasma instigated the O 3 release which increases the delignification capacity and makes the anaerobes to utilize the quantity of cellulose and hemicellulose for the anaerobic digestion [153]. Heiske et al. [154] studied that controlled PAP made for wheat straw with the 0.6-1.2 % O 3 concentration gas flow rate of 12 at atmospheric pressure for 1 h duration. ...
Biomethane is one of the cleaner energy alternatives to replace natural, fossil fuels and has emerged incredibly along the years for its wider implementation in most parts of the globe. This review outlook the works which were made effectively to stabilize the biogas production via anaerobic digestion (AD) for the lignocellulosic biomass with an effective pre-treatment method. This review is eloquent in the wider acceptance of the pre-treatment methods applied on lignocellulosic feed-biomass for the biomethane production with AD process, which relies on the complete structural breakdown of the lignocellulosic biomass. Pre-treatment can be classed as physical, chemical and biological methods. The physical methods such as mechanical and liquid hot water could increase the biomass properties whereas irradiation and steam explosion methods could able to enhances the hydrocarbons in the biomethane during anaerobic digestion process. The chemical pre-treatment methods basically eliminate the toxic metals in the biomass and therefore improve the energy value in the produced biomethane. The biological methods could increase the process stability by completely degraded the biomass to biomethane. The environmental and economic impact over the biomethane production and its pre-treatment methods is briefed to understand the importance and the need for anaerobic biomethane production system in the future. This study would open new insight for various pre-treatment methods employed in the production of sustainable green energy from lignocellulosic biomass through the AD process. Thus, leading to cheaper and eco-friendly production of green energy.
