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Schematic displays of the spinneret loaded with a bioactive agent for (A) blend, (B) coaxial, and (C) emulsion electrospinning
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Electrospinning is considered a promising technology for fabricating ultrafine fibers via the application of electrostatic repulsive forces. Electrospun nanofibers produced via emulsion electrospinning are widely used as delivery systems to encapsulate bioactive compounds and drugs in food and pharmaceuticals, respectively. Emulsion electrospinning...
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The concrete relationship between the process parameters and nanoproduct properties is an important challenge for applying nanotechnology to produce functional nanomaterials. In this study, the relationships between series of process parameters and the medicated nanofibers’ diameter were investigated. With an electrospinnable solution of hydroxypro...
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... The existence of the barrier in co-axial fibers enables extended release, protecting the medicine from environmental deterioration more effectively. The existence of the barrier in co-axial fibers enables extended release, protecting the drug or active ingredients from environmental degradation more effectively [9,37]. However, co-axial electrospinning is more complicated than mono-axial electrospinning and needs the use of specialized equipment, such as a co-axial needle and two syringe pumps. ...
Drug delivery systems perform to improve the drug's efficacy and heal the affected region. Electrospun nanofibers are strong drug carriers as a scaffold due to their high specific surface area, easy processing, lightweight material. Fibrous scaffolds encapsulating functional bioactive agents are important for drug delivery applications, and they show higher encapsulation efficiency and higher drug loading capacity than various types of carrier materials such as hydrogels, micro/nanobeads, films, conventional fibers, and sponges. In comparison to conventional electrospinning, bi-component electrospinning where drug loading does not occur largely on the surface of the polymer matrix, core-shell nanofibers showed delayed release and a decrease in burst release because the drug was loaded into the core layer. The purpose of this mini-review is to investigate the production and applications of the drug-loaded bi-component nanofibers in structure core-shell, side-by-side, hollow nanofibers, and also emulsion nanofibers using co-axial nozzles. Further, the parameters which influence of these electrospinning process, such as working conditions and polymer properties, as well as drug delivery profile of the resulting nanofibers, have been outlined briefly. The limited clinical studies on the nanofibers have been discussed. Eventually, perspectives on the problems, possibilities, and new approaches for electrospinning advancements have been presented, as well.
... Emulsion electrospinning is significantly promising for applications in food, biomedicine, and pharmaceuticals, where the toxicity of organic solvents can be critical because it can encapsulate lipophilic compounds within hydrophilic polymers while avoiding the use of organic solvents. 29,30 Using essential oil-loaded nanofibrous membranes in hygiene products would enable the gradual release of essential oils encapsulated within the fiber core through the polymer matrix, allowing the sustained release of functional components while using the sanitary napkins. ...
... The formation of the core-sheath configuration of the emulsion electrospun fiber was associated with the volatility difference between the two liquid phases. 28,30 During electrospinning, the solvent of the polymer solution in the nearsurface region rapidly evaporated, leading to an increase in the viscosity of the continuous phase compared to that of the dispersed phase. The emulsified oil droplets migrated inward towards the interior of the polymer jet owing to the viscosity gradient and rapid elongation of the jet. ...
In this study, antimicrobial and deodorizing nanofibrous composite membranes based on natural substances were developed for use in feminine sanitary napkins. Plant-derived natural essential oils, such as lemongrass oil and May Chang oil, were incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers using emulsion electrospinning. The fiber morphology, oil distribution, and pore size distribution of the nanofibrous composite membranes were examined. The antimicrobial and deodorizing effects, tensile properties, and release behavior of the functional ingredients from the composite membranes were investigated to examine their use in sanitary napkins. Core–sheath nanofibers, in which lemongrass oil or May Chang oil was uniformly distributed within the fiber core, were fabricated using various oil contents. The essential oil-loaded nanofibrous composite membranes contained pores ranging from 0.130 to 1.349 µm in size. The release profiles of the essential oils from the composite membranes over an 8 h period demonstrated a continuous release of citral and limonene. Composite membranes containing either lemongrass oil or May Chang oil exhibited outstanding antimicrobial effects against vaginal pathogens, such as Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, despite their low oil content. Deodorizing effects against ammonia gas were observed at oil contents higher than that required to achieve antimicrobial effects. The composite membranes exhibited lower Young’s modulus and greater elongation at break values under wet conditions compared to dry conditions. Our findings demonstrate that antimicrobial and deodorizing nanofibrous composite membranes based on plant-derived essential oils have the potential for use in feminine hygiene products.
... Tri-axial electrospinning is another subset that leads to three-layered nanofibers with better control over the initial spontaneous release [9]. Melt electrospinning, gas jet electrospinning, and emulsion electrospinning are other well-established techniques used in several controlled-release applications [10][11][12]. Embedding of active biomolecule in nanofibers by adding them in a suitable solution (e.g. polyvinylpyrrolidone) can improve their stability and biological activity [13] ( figure 1(B)). ...
Electrospinning technique converts polymeric solutions into nanoscale fibers using an electric field and can be used for various biomedical and clinical applications. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived small lipid vesicles enriched with biological cargo (proteins and nucleic acids) potential therapeutic applications. In this review, we discuss extending the scope of electrospinning by incorporating stem cell-derived EVs, particularly exosomes, into nanofibers for their effective delivery to target tissues. The parameters used during the electrospinning of biopolymers limit the stability and functional properties of cellular products. However, with careful consideration of process requirements, these can significantly improve stability, leading to longevity, effectiveness, and sustained and localized release. Electrospun nanofibers are known to encapsulate or surface-adsorb biological payloads such as therapeutic EVs, proteins, enzymes, and nucleic acids. Small EVs, specifically exosomes, have recently attracted the attention of researchers working on regeneration and tissue engineering because of their broad distribution and enormous potential as therapeutic agents. This review focuses on current developments in nanofibers for delivering therapeutic cargo molecules, with a special emphasis on exosomes. It also suggests prospective approaches that can be adapted to safely combine these two nanoscale systems and exponentially enhance their benefits in tissue engineering, medical device coating, and drug delivery applications.
... Due to their industrial viability, simplicity of operation, and high separation efficiency, electrospun membranes are frequently used for water purification. Depending on pore size and structure, ultrafiltration membranes have garnered considerable interest for the removal of proteins, bacteria, viruses, silica, pigments, polysaccharides, colloids, and emulsified oils from feed products, as well as for the purification of pharmaceutical products (Nikmaram et al. 2017). Nil 20-60μm (Hao et al. 2010) Many studies focus on polymer blends with natural rubber to improve their morphology and mechanical properties, such as PVC/ENR, ABS/NR, PVDF/ENR, PCL/ NR and many more (Othman et al. 2013;Sithornkul and Threepopnatkul 2009;Salaeh et al. 2014;Maria et al. 2013). ...
This study created membrane nanofibres using the electrospinning method and newly studied a mixture of ENR and ABS. The two-level complete factorial designs with centre points were used to characterise the functionality of the constructed membrane. The variables considered for experimental design were the polymer concentration, materials ratio (ENR concentration), applied voltage and distance between the needle tip and collector. According to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), the concentration of solution and distance were statistically significant parameters that affected the tensile properties of the ENR/ABS electrospun membrane. A mathematical model of the tensile property of polymer fibres was created using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). This model was built based on essential process factors. The mechanical properties of the electrospun ENR/ABS membrane compromised with 25wt% of solution concentration, 30% ratio of ENR, the voltage at 22.5kV and 15 cm of distance create an excellent tensile strength with desirability of 0.94. The influence of ENR on the morphology of ENR/ABS fibres was characterised by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The result showed beaded fibre and decreased fibres due to the low concentration of the solution and high ratio of ENR (50%). The contact angle measurements indicated that the electrospun fibre membrane was hydrophobic with a water contact angle of 136°. The addition of ENR showed a reduction in contact angle to 119°. The existence of ENR will change the features of the membrane, and investigations have demonstrated that RSM has been efficiently developed to acquire the interaction effects of processing parameters.
... Emulsion electrospinning is a facile method to fabricate core-shell fibrous structure via stable oil-in-water (o/w) or water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions [30], in which the content of core material could be controlled to a high level via a high internal phase emulsion [31]; furthermore, the shell material could be removed to obtain pure core material fibers [32]. Based on that, we think that it is feasible to obtain electrospun POC fibers by fabricating an o/w emulsion with the pre-POC solution as oil phase, an electrospinnable polymer aqueous solution as water phase, and a non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable emulsifier as oil/water interface stabilizer. ...
... Emulsion electrospinning is a facile route to fabricate core-shell nanofibers [30]. Compared with the traditional emulsions, Pickering emulsions use nanoparticles as stabilizers instead of synthetic organic surfactants, which offers clear advantages such as avoiding the use of toxic organics, bringing new functions coming from nanoparticle stabilizers. ...
Poly(octamethylene citrate) (POC) is a promising bioelastomer material in tissue engineering field. However, its thermosetting characteristic reveals a big challenge to manufacture fibrous membranes via electrospinning. Herein, an Pickering emulsion, with dimethyl carbonate solution of POC prepolymer (pre-POC) as a dispersed oil phase (o), Pullulan (Pull) aqueous solution as a continuous water phase (w), and chitin nanocrystal (ChiNC) as a particle-type emulsifier, was successfully constructed and electrospun to form POC/Pull core/shell structured fibers, in which the ChiNCs did not merely reside on the core/shell interface, but moved into the POC core layer to reinforce the POC matrix. On the one hand, the core/shell structured fiber mat could be used as a double-layer drug release system to release hydrophilic drugs from outer layer and hydrophobic drugs from core layer. On the other hand, after washing off the Pull shell layer, a pure POC elastomer fiber mat was obtained, of which the mechanical properties were comparable to that of the ChiNC reinforced POC dense films.
... However, the high lipophilicity (log P 6.06) and poor aqueous solubility (0.00462 mg/mL) of BAK render it poor penetration through the different layers of skin, demanding its suitable encapsulation in nanoformulations, of which nanoemulsions emerge as the best kinetically stable systems possessing attributable features like droplet size of 500 nm, high surface area, high solubilization power, low surfactant quantity, and easy scale up procedure (Fatima et al. 2022, Salim et al. 2016. Furthermore, loading of nanoemulsions in a suitable matrix that resembles extracellular matrix (ECM) has attracted interest of both biomedical industry and scientific community working on wound healing applications, resulting in fabrication of nanofiber (NF) mats (Nikmaram et al. 2017). NF mats offer advantages such as high specific surface area, enhanced bioavailability, bioaccessibility, porous structure, extraordinary surface, chemical, mechanical and physical characteristics that are capable of building a moist surroundings encompassing the wound area, resulting in wound alleviation ((Ricaurte et al. 2020, Liu et al. 2017. ...
The present work aims to develop and evaluate the wound healing potential of bakuchiol nanoemulsion loaded electrospun scaffolds. Since oxidative stress and microbial burden leads the burn wounds to become chronic and fatal to patients, a phytoconstituent, bakuchiol (BAK), was screened on the basis of antioxidant and antimicrobial potential which also defined its dose. Furthermore, BAK was incorporated into a nanoemulsion to enhance its therapeutic efficacy, reduce its dosage frequency, and maximize its stability. The present study is inclined towards the collaborative interaction of natural products and novel drug delivery systems to develop safe and therapeutically efficient systems for burn wound healing. The optimized nanoemulsion showed excellent antioxidant and antimicrobial potential against wound susceptible pathogens, i.e., Candida albicans and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus which was further loaded into gelatin based hydrogel and nanofibrous scaffold system. The mesh structure of scaffolds was chosen as a suitable carrier system for wound healing process not only because it offers resemblance to skin’s anatomy but is also capable of providing uniform distribution of wound biomarkers across the skin. The prepared nanofibers were assessed for their analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and wound healing potential which was observed to be significantly better than its gel formulation.
... Antimicrobials and antibiotics can be administered locally, allowing a slow-release system to deliver antibacterial drugs to the site of infection over an extended period of time, eliminating the toxic side effects of long-term systemic administration. Their efficacy in enchaining the clinical outcomes can be demonstrated by evaluating parameters such as reduction in probing depth and increase in clinical attachment level (CAL) [121,122]. ...
Periodontitis is a global, multifaceted, chronic inflammatory disease caused by bacterial microorganisms and an exaggerated host immune response that not only leads to the destruction of the periodontal apparatus but may also aggravate or promote the development of other systemic diseases. The periodontium is composed of four different tissues (alveolar bone, cementum, gingiva, and periodontal ligament) and various non-surgical and surgical therapies have been used to restore its normal function. However, due to the etiology of the disease and the heterogeneous nature of the periodontium components, complete regeneration is still a challenge. In this context, guided tissue/bone regeneration strategies in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have gained more and more interest, having as a goal the complete restoration of the periodontium and its functions. In particular, the use of electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds has emerged as an effective strategy to achieve this goal due to their ability to mimic the extracellular matrix and simultaneously exert antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and regenerative activities. This review provides an overview of periodontal regeneration using electrospun membranes, highlighting the use of these nanofibrous scaffolds as delivery systems for bioactive molecules and drugs and their functionalization to promote periodontal regeneration.
... Besides, these electrospun nanofiber mats can be tailored to modulate water vapor transmission, creating the optimal moisture level in the wound environment. The high surface area of nanofibers is particularly an advantageous feature for loading and delivering drugs, natural compounds, or other therapeutic molecules, which can be effectively absorbed onto the nanofiber surface or encapsulated within the nanofiber matrix, allowing for controlled and sustained release [20,21]. Moreover, the nanofiber structure could bio-mimic the extracellular matrix of tissue at the nanometric scale, creating a favorable environment for the regeneration of the target region and enabling healing mechanisms [22]. ...
... In the health and wellness world of today, people are interested in food with high nutrition and functional properties (Carvalho Barros et al., 2020;Nikmaram et al., 2017). The importance of some medicinal plants, which have been used as spices, additives, and flavors in culinary preparations, shows their vital role in advancing national, regional, and global goals to achieve health, medicinal self-sufficiency, job creation, and even economic development (Ur Rehman et al., 2021). ...
Iris germanica rhizome known as orris root, has been used as flavoring, tea, spice and also herbal drug, around the world. The more terpenoid irone structures considered as the better quality in orris aroma. In this research, a multivariate analysis showed a high diversity in the essential oil (EO), total content of phenol (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), tannin (TTC) and carotenoid (TCC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP assays) of 33 samples of Iris germanica, released in a breeding project including parents and hybrids, along with one commercial sample. Based on the results of GC-MS analysis, 59 compounds were identified, 17 of which were major compounds. Among the studied samples, the highest amount of α-irone (25.52%) and β-irone (37.98%) compounds was observed in P5, one of the parent sample. Mean comparison of phytochemical characteristics showed that OPRC104, a hybrid sample which is the richest source of TPC (173.29 mg GAE/g DW) and TTC (6.12 mg TA/g DW) and antioxidant activity (DPPH: 282.20 mg TBHQ/g DW) among all samples. The results of the present study showed that in breeding programs of Iris germanica, parent 5 (P5) can be used to increase irone structures and hybrid 104 (OPRC104) can be used to achieve the highest amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity.
... Emulsions are prone to break down with time due to several physicochemical factors such as Ostwald ripening, creaming, coalescence, and gravitational separation. Thus, surfactants are generally added to emulsion for increasing emulsion stability (Li et al., 2009;Nikmaram et al. 2017). The surfactants can form microemulsion. ...
In this study, carotenoid microemulsion was encapsulated in zein nanofibers via emulsion electrospinning. Optimization study was applied to determine optimum parameters by response surface methodology. The voltage, flow rate and distance as optimum conditions were determined as 23 kV, 1.7 mL/h and 12.75 cm, respectively. Lycopene, β-carotene, encapsulation efficiency, encapsulation yield and zeta potential of zein nanofibers in optimum conditions were estimated as 4.054 mg/kg, 0.649 mg/kg, 77.78%, 41.76% and -29.73 mV, respectively. The addition of microemulsion affected nanofibers diameter and morphologies. Diffusion coefficient of zein nanofibers decreased with addition of microemulsion under optimum conditions. The electrospinning improved thermal stability of microemulsion. The carotenoid microemulsion could be entrapped into the zein fibers according to ATR-FTIR spectrum. Model foods were fortificated with zein nanofibers. The addition of nanofibers changed color of the foods during the storage. Carotenoid compounds were more stable in nanofibers followed by olive oil, milk and water.
