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Schematic diagrams of the three optional urbanization strategies based on a) lay stakeholders' willingness, b) historical landscape pattern, and c) landuse planning.
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Many cultural landscapes are undergoing inevitable urbanization. For these landscapes to attain sustainability, participatory planning processes are often required. However, different stakeholders may prefer different strategies and goals, making decision-making extremely difficult. This paper explores how three urbanization strategy options (based...
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Context 1
... addition to the endogenous urbanization process based on lay stakeholders' willingness, we modeled the strategies of guiding urbanization with historical landscape patterns and land-use planning by imposing restrictions on agents' autonomous behaviors, yielding three optional strategies (Fig. ...
Citations
... An example of research through design is offered by a recent study in Nansha, China, a traditional polder landscape undergoing rapid urbanisation (J. Liu, Zhang, Xia, Zheng, & Chen, 2022). Faced with multiple assumptions that may lead to a desirable future and the fact that their actual effects are uncertain, this study did not try to find 'the optimal' solution based on scientific analysis; instead, it used alternative 'design' proposals that reflect different stakeholder's assumptions-local willingness-based, historical landscape-based, and zoning plan-based scenarios-to conduct experiments (Figure 8). ...
... Resilience refers to a system's ability to absorb disturbance without altering its basic structure and function (Holling, 2001). Drawing from resilience theory, CAS often exhibits Figure 8. Alternative design proposals reflecting different stakeholders' assumptions were developed, simulated, and evaluated to explore desirable urbanisation strategies for a cultural landscape (Liu et al., 2022). recurring dynamics, moving through 'adaptive cycles' (involving four phases of exploitation, conservation, release, and reorganization), with cross-scale interactions and feedback (Holling, 2001). ...
Complexity notions, i.e. ideas or methods that incorporate concepts and rationales from complexity science as analogies or models, frequently appear in landscape architectural discourses. However, debates have arisen about the legitimacy and relevance of complexity notions in landscape architecture. Are complexity notions an ephemeral fashion or derived from the inherent needs of landscape architecture research and practice? What role do complexity notions play in the development of landscape architecture? To answer these questions, we conducted a three-phase review of the complexity notions in landscape architectural theories and practices since early 20th century. We concluded that complexity notions in landscape architecture are a long-standing and increasingly significant subject rather than a passing fad. Complexity notions serve as an exploratory system rather than tyrannical dogma. Addressing the increasing complexity of landscapes and inspired by up-to-date complexity theories, incorporating adaptive learning processes is becoming a new paradigm in landscape research and practice.
... While the LUMP preserves large non-built-up land patches and the polder-canal system, many low-lying croplands and ponds will be replaced by urban development zones, and the traditional linear settlement layout is disregarded. Although the UMP and LUMP were scheduled to be completed in 2025 and 2020, respectively, their goals have been far from accomplished to date (Liu et al., 2022). As a result, the most recent "14th Five-year Plan and 2035 long-term goals" for the Nansha District, released in May 2021, delayed the achievement of these goals to 2035. ...
... Since it has been proved that identifying the optimal solutions is mathematically impossible for complex nonlinear systems (Wu, 2013), multi-scenario modeling and evaluation would be crucial for decision-making regarding landscape management in the face of unpredictable changes (Moallemi et al, 2020). Instead of trying to find the optimal solution, this approach draws on design-inclusive explorations of goals and optional solutions based on different assumptions-to conduct experiments (Liu et al., 2022;Wu, 2013). The potential outcomes of the optional design proposals were then tested through model simulations and ES evaluations, and decisions can be made by identifying the proposals that reach closer to the goals . ...
Cultural landscapes provide abundant and diverse ecosystem services (ES) for human-wellbeing. However, many traditional cultural landscapes worldwide are currently undergoing rapid urbanization. In decision-making concerning sustainable urbanization, tradeoffs frequently occur between different objectives (i.e., between multiple ES) and between different pathways or urbanization strategies (e.g., following modern zoning principles or traditional landscape structures). This study aims to examine the dynamics and interactions between multiple ES under different strategies for the urbanization of cultural landscapes. A case study was conducted in Nansha, China. Three scenarios—business-as-usual, zoning plan-based, and traditional landscape structure-based—were developed to reflect the most common urbanization strategies, each parameterized with identical land-use quantities. Land-use change from 2020 to 2035 under different scenarios was simulated using the PLUS model (integrated Random Forest and Cellular Automata models). The traditional landscape structure-based scenario used the settlement pattern before urbanization to predict the chances of future urban areas’ occurrence. Eleven ES indicators were used to examine ES dynamics and interactions in the simulation outcomes. The results showed that the amount of ES provided by the landscape declined and significant tradeoffs occurred between cultural and non-cultural ES. The business-as-usual scenario resulted in the greatest decrease in ES. The zoning plan-based scenario did not offer a significant improvement over the business-as-usual scenario. The traditional landscape structure-based scenario was the most effective in limiting ES decline, which also mitigated the tradeoff between urban development and flood regulation and fostered synergy between urban efficiency and ecotourism opportunity. Based on these findings, we recommend that traditional landscape structures should be emphasized in the development of cultural landscapes.
The water-town settlements in the East River Delta of China engage with the aquatic environment, establishing a comprehensive cultural–ecological system. However, rapid urbanization challenges the structural integrity of water-town settlements. Focusing on the East River Delta as the study area, we utilized the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), settlement morphology indicators, systematic clustering, and graph classification methods. We conducted a quantitative analysis of the spatial characteristics of water-town settlements at various scales, followed by formulating a sequence encoding based on landscape factors and constructing a settlement landscape spatial map. We characterized the landscape spatial structure of water-town settlements formed through the gradual evolution of morphological water network structures, retracing a prototype of water-town settlement landscape spatial structures. Results: ① Water-town settlements exhibit distinct uniformity in the landscape spatial features. The settlement landscapes conform to water network patterns, with streets and alleys aligning with water bodies. Crucial elements, including docks, bridges, and waterside farmland, are integral to this landscape. ② Water-town settlements undergo three progressive differentiation phases based on their location. The spatial distribution of settlements reveals three distinct landscape features influenced by the delta’s dynamic interplay between water and land. ③ Various regions exhibit three typical settlement layouts: upstream settlements are mainly clustered and linear, while midstream and downstream settlements, characterized by linear and strip-like features, align with the river’s course. These research findings offer preliminary insights into landscape spatial prototypes, contributing valuable perspectives to the conservation and design of water-town settlements.
