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![Schematic diagrams of the in situ synthesis of N‐doped graphene a) produced from melamine and graphene oxide via ball milling method and b) via electrochemical exfoliation of carbon‐based electrode materials. a) Reproduced with permission.[²⁹] Copyright 2017, Wiley. b) Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license.[³⁰] Copyright 2020, the Authors. Published by Frontiers Media S.A.](publication/363772168/figure/fig2/AS:11431281174330066@1689193561434/Schematic-diagrams-of-the-insitu-synthesis-of-N-doped-graphene-a-produced-from-melamine.png)
Schematic diagrams of the in situ synthesis of N‐doped graphene a) produced from melamine and graphene oxide via ball milling method and b) via electrochemical exfoliation of carbon‐based electrode materials. a) Reproduced with permission.[²⁹] Copyright 2017, Wiley. b) Reproduced under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license.[³⁰] Copyright 2020, the Authors. Published by Frontiers Media S.A.
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Carbon materials play an integral role in our everyday lives. Extensive research has been carried out on the applications of carbon materials in its various morphologies and properties. The addition of dopants in carbon materials, whether in situ or post‐treatment, has gained significant interest and has driven researchers to explore its benefits a...
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Citations
... Additionally, surface modifications of carbon cryogels, like the introduction of different types of dopants, can alter their properties and adjust them for desired applications [53][54][55]. Among possible dopants, nitrogen is frequently investigated for tuning carbon properties as it can easily incorporate into the carbon lattice and cause changes in material properties [56][57][58]. ...
Pesticides pose a significant threat to nontargeted organisms, and their pervasive use makes avoidance challenging. We employed nitrogen-doped carbon cryogels for the removal of organophosphate pesticides. The materials were synthesized and characterized using SEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and BET analysis. Results revealed mesoporous cryogels with pore diameters ranging from 3 to 13 nm. Interestingly, the specific surface area did not change systematically with increasing nitrogen content. All investigated materials have similar composition and structural disorder. Dimethoate, malathion, and chlorpyrifos removal was investigated under stationary and dynamic conditions. Stationary conditions demonstrated successful removal of aliphatic dimethoate and malathion by all investigated materials. Conversely, the materials with the lowest and highest nitrogen content proved ineffective with aromatic chlorpyrifos. Under dynamic conditions, all materials effectively removed malathion and chlorpyrifos while exhibiting suboptimal performance for dimethoate adsorption. Application of nitrogen-doped carbon cryogels to tap water spiked with pesticides yielded successful results under the same conditions. Toxicity testing of treated samples revealed a consistent decrease in toxicity, indicating that contact with cryogels reduces the initial solution's toxicity. This result also confirms that material-pesticide interaction does not lead to the formation of more toxic byproducts. The demonstrated efficacy suggests the potential application of these materials in water treatment.
... Among the elements considered for doping, nitrogen, boron, phosphorus, and sulphur-known for their relatively higher electronegativity-stand out. When incorporated into the carbon structure, these dopants introduce a positive charge density on neighbouring carbon atoms, enhancing oxygen molecules' adsorption affinity [78]. ...
... In situ, nitrogen doping methods encompass solvothermal techniques, arc-discharge methods, substituting nitrogen atoms into the carbon structure during chemical vapor deposition from a nitrogen source, and nonmechanical approaches like ball milling. Conversely, post-Technologies 2023, 11, 144 14 of 31 treatment doping methods typically involve incorporating nitrogen atoms into available sites created by defects through annealing, hydrothermal treatments, ion implantation, or plasma treatments [78]. ...
Citation: Sen, P.; Bhattacharya, P.; Mukherjee, G.; Ganguly, J.; Marik, B.; Thapliyal, D.; Verma, S.; Verros, G.D.; Chauhan, M.S.; Arya, R.K.
... Among the elements considered for doping, nitrogen, boron, phosphorus, and sulphur-known for their relatively higher electronegativity-stand out. When incorporated into the carbon structure, these dopants introduce a positive charge density on neighbouring carbon atoms, enhancing oxygen molecules' adsorption affinity [78]. ...
... In situ, nitrogen doping methods encompass solvothermal techniques, arc-discharge methods, substituting nitrogen atoms into the carbon structure during chemical vapor deposition from a nitrogen source, and nonmechanical approaches like ball milling. Conversely, posttreatment doping methods typically involve incorporating nitrogen atoms into available sites created by defects through annealing, hydrothermal treatments, ion implantation, or plasma treatments [78]. ...
Environmental pollution poses a pressing global challenge, demanding innovative solutions for effective pollutant removal.. Photocatalysts, particularly titanium dioxide (TiO2), are renowned for their catalytic prowess; however, they often require ultraviolet light for activation. Researchers had turned to doping with metals and non-metals to extend their utility into the visible spectrum. While this approach shows promise, it also presents challenges such as material stability and dopant leaching. Co-doping, involving both metals and non-metals, has emerged as a viable strategy to mitigate these limitations. Inthe fieldof adsorbents, carbon-based materials doped with nitrogen are gaining attention for their improved adsorption capabilities and CO2/N2 selectivity. Nitrogen doping enhances surface area and fosters interactions between acidic CO2 molecules and basic nitrogen functionalities. The optimal combination of an ultramicroporous surface area and specific nitrogen functional groups is key to achievehigh CO2 uptake values and selectivity. The integration of photocatalysis and adsorption processes in doped materials has shown synergistic pollutant removal efficiency. Various synthesis methods, including sol–gel, co-precipitation, and hydrothermal approaches had been employed to create hybrid units of doped photocatalysts and adsorbents. While progress has been made in enhancing the performance of doped materials at the laboratory scale, challenges persist in transitioning these technologies to large-scale industrial applications. Rigorous studies are needed to investigate the impact of doping on material structure and stability, optimize process parameters, and assess performance in real-world industrial reactors. These advancements are promising foraddressing environmental pollution challenges, promoting sustainability, and paving the way for a cleaner and healthier future. This manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of recent developments in doping strategies for photocatalysts and adsorbents, offering insights into the potential of these materials to revolutionize environmental remediation technologies.
Keywords: photocatalysts; adsorbents; doping; environmental remediation; pollution; co-doping; metal doping; non-metal doping; carbon-based adsorbents; nitrogen doping; visible light photocatalysis; pollutant removal; sustainability; industrial applications
... There exists a wide range of carbon materials with different properties, such as activated carbon, graphite, graphene, fullerene, carbon black, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), etc., and most of them have been tested as ORR catalysts [8][9][10]. In particular, doped carbon materials have attracted much attention since it has been demonstrated that the doping of carbon materials with more electronegative atoms, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, creates a positive charge density on adjacent carbon atoms that facilitates oxygen adsorption and charge transfer [10][11][12]. Nitrogen, in particular, has been widely studied due to its suitable atomic size and electronegativity [9,13,14]. Nitrogen-doped carbon materials Surfaces 2023, 6 228 usually contain different nitrogen species, which are expected to present a different ORR activity. ...
The search of active, stable and low costs catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is crucial for the extensive use of fuel cells and metal–air batteries. The development of metal-free catalysts, instead of platinum-based materials, can dramatically reduce the cost and increase the efficiency of these devices. In this work, carbon nanohorns (CNHs) have been covalently functionalized with N-containing heterocycles by the Tour reaction protocol and tested as metal-free ORR catalysts. The insertion of N-functionalities favored the complete reduction of oxygen to hydroxyl ions, while their absence favored the production of hydrogen peroxide. With the aim of determining the N-species responsible for the ORR activity of CNHs, photoemission and electrochemical measurements were combined. Results suggest that protonated N is the main species involved in the ORR process, facilitating the adsorption of oxygen, with their consequent reduction to neutral hydrogenated N species.
... Nitrogen-doped carbons have attracted much attention in the development of environmentally advanced functional materials. Among the most recent applications, we highlight CO 2 capture and energy conversion and storage [4] but also these materials acting as supports of metals [5,6] or even metal-free catalysts [7]. Compared with undoped porous carbons, the N-doped carbons are clearly the preferred supports for both metal and metal oxides. ...
... During the process, Co-Ph infiltrated inside the MOF while decomposing to produce CuN 4 and CoN 4 sites embedded on the N-doped carbon matrix with a hierarchical porosity when the KCl-KBr was removed (partial Zn removal took place at high temperatures). The best catalytic performance observed for the CuN 4 /CoN 4 @NC catalyst may have been due to both metal sites, namely CoN 4 Wang et al. [171] also reported an interesting example consisting of single Ru atoms supported on N-porous carbons that were highly active dur quinoline hydrogenation in the presence of H2 at 100 °C, affording tetrahydroquinoline with both high conversion and selectivity rates (99%). The developed methodology allowed the authors to selectively prepare relevant biologically active heterocycles such as 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-or 8hydroxyquinolines. ...
Among the vast class of porous carbon materials, N-doped porous carbons have emerged as promising materials in catalysis due to their unique properties. The introduction of nitrogen into the carbonaceous matrix can lead to the creation of new sites on the carbon surface, often associated with pyridinic or pyrrolic nitrogen functionalities, which can facilitate various catalytic reactions with increased selectivity. Furthermore, the presence of N dopants exerts a significant influence on the properties of the supported metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, including the metal dispersion, interactions between the metal and support, and stability of the metal nanoparticles. These effects play a crucial role in enhancing the catalytic performance of the N-doped carbon-supported catalysts. Thus, N-doped carbons and metals supported on N-doped carbons have been revealed to be interesting heterogeneous catalysts for relevant synthesis processes of valuable compounds. This review presents a concise overview of various methods employed to produce N-doped porous carbons with distinct structures, starting from diverse precursors, and showcases their potential in various catalytic processes, particularly in fine chemical synthesis.
Functionalization of nanocarbon materials with heteroatoms is of paramount interest as doping of carbon with electron withdrawing groups results in change of electrochemical properties of the potential catalyst. Adding fluorine, as the most electronegative element into the doping process next to boron is expected to have significant effect on the design of novel nanocarbon‐based electrocatalysts. In this paper boron and fluorine co‐doped reduced graphene oxide/few‐walled carbon nanotube (BF‐rGO/FWCNT) catalyst are synthesized via simple and low‐cost direct pyrolysis method using boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BTDE). Composition analysis confirmed that boron and fluorine have been grafted onto the carbon support. Rotating disk electrode (RDE) measurements revealed that BF‐rGO/FWCNT has remarkable electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) both in alkaline and acid media. The onset potential of the best BF‐rGO/FWCNT catalyst was 50 mV more positive in alkaline and 600 mV more positive in acidic media compared with un‐doped rGO/FWCNT. The half‐wave potential was 100 mV more positive in alkaline media and 700 mV more positive in acidic media in comparison with un‐doped rGO/FWCNT.
Amines are formed with surprisingly similar efficiency when mixed ices of NH 3 and either C 2 H 4 or C 2 H 6 are irradiated with electrons. This process is thus more versatile for introducing nitrogen into carbonaceous materials than previously thought.
