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A compact, frequency-reconfigurable dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with wideband and continuously tunable narrowband states is presented. It is intended for the application scenario in the cognitive radio system. The wideband state is the sensing state and operationally covers 3.82-8.94 GHz. The narrowband states are intended to cover communica...
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Citations
... PIN diode-based switches offer a low-cost and low-loss solution [12]. Hence, most of the reconfigurable antennas, frequency [14][15][16][17][18], polarization [19][20][21], and pattern [22][23] proposed in the literature are developed using a PIN diode RF switch. Vian and Popovicet.al. ...
PIN diodes are commonly used to design reconfigurable antennas owing to their sufficient isolation, lower cost, and ease of fabrication. This study aims to explore the effect of biasing conditions of a PIN diode radio frequency (RF) switch on a frequency-reconfigurable antenna. This approach investigates the contribution of the forward diode current and the reversed biased voltage on the shift in the operating band, the impedance matching, and the radiation efficiency of a reconfigurable antenna. The benefits and drawbacks of different approaches to modeling PIN diode RF switches are demonstrated on Ansys electromagnetic switch. The result shows a significant match between simulated and measured operating bands, impedance matching, and radiation efficiency. The proposed RF switch model can be used as a practical simulation model for implementing various reconfigurable microwave components.
... In [13], a multi-band antenna can change its operating bands based on PIN diodes. Alternatively, antennas in [14], [17]- [19] are able to alter the operation from wideband mode to single-, dual-, or tri-band mode by controlling the ON/OFF states of the PIN diodes. There are a few designs with BW reconfigurability. ...
This paper introduces a compact antenna with bandwidth reconfigurable and flexible characteristics for cognitive radio applications. The antenna consists of a monopole as a primary radiator and is excited by a coplanar waveguide to have a single-layer design. To adjust the operating bandwidth (BW) by fixing the lower frequency and varying the upper one, an additional stub is connected to the feeding line. This stub causes a disturbance in the current distribution, which significantly degrades the matching performance. By controlling its length, the rejected band can be changed and thus, the upper frequency is varied. To validate the proposed approach, two stubs are used, and they are connected to the feeding line through two PIN diodes. By switching the ON/OFF state of the diodes, three different states with different operating BW are attained. The fractional BWs for these states are 18.9, 33.2, and 64.3% respectively. Besides, it is also worth noting that the antenna achieves good performance when bent over a curved surface.
... Hence, there is a compromise between the overall size and the isolation level. In recent years, research activities have been conducted to combine UWB and frequency reconfigurable NB antennas excited by using a single port feed [3], [14]- [16]. ...
... A wideband to NB frequency reconfiguration is also possible by using a combination of PIN and varactor diodes. In [16], the frequency reconfigurable DRA with 3.82 to 8.94 GHz sensing range and 5.14-5.98 GHz communication range is presented. ...
... It is evident from the table that the communication range is limited as compared to the sensing range [3], [9], [14]- [16]. Designing a single port, compact, reconfigurable, single UWB-NB antenna with a large communication range is a challenging task. ...
... CRs employ wideband antennas to sense the occupancy of the entire spectrum (the spectrum sensing state) and are autonomously tailored to the primary transmission through narrowband antennas (the communication state). Several antennas with frequency agility [7][8][9][10][11], reconfigurable pattern [12,13] for CR applications have been proposed. However, there are two drawbacks that limit their capabilities. ...
In this communication, a tunable circularly polarized (CP) antenna with a reconfigurable integrated feed network is proposed for cognitive radio (CR) applications. The integrated feed network is composed of an ultrawideband (UWB) bandpass filter (BPF), a continuously tunable T-shaped resonator, and an L-shaped microstrip line. The feed network employs three p-i-n diodes to switch between different RF paths, resulting in three modes of operation: an UWB mode (3.5–8.5 GHz), a narrowband bandpass (BP) mode and a narrowband bandstop (BS) mode. The continuous tuning range of the BP/BS narrowband mode is realized by two dc-controlled varactor diodes. The stand-alone antenna attains a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 92.3% (3.5–9.5 GHz), while it attains an axial ratio (AR) bandwidth of 88.3% (3.1–8 GHz) in its wideband mode. The overlapped bandwidth (matching and AR) of the reconfigurable antenna is 78.2% (3.5–8 GHz). The communicating state covers 80% of the sensing spectrum while maintaining CP radiation. The measured peak realized gain values for the wideband mode range from 2 to 3.2 dBic while the maximum gain for the narrowband mode ranged from 1.95 to 3.1 dBic. The measured results show that the proposed filtenna is suitable for UWB CR systems.
... In recent years, high-order mode antennas have been used in multi-band antennas due to their various designability. 1 Frequency reconfigurable antennas can change the frequency range discrete or continuously while the antenna radiation characteristics remain unchanged. 2 Multi-band reconfigurable antennas are attracting increasing attentions because not only the cost and size of the system are reduced, but also the versatility can be provided. Considering the above advantages, significant research has been reported on them. ...
A dual‐band printed monopole antenna with frequency‐independent reconfiguration is proposed. Two varactor diodes are placed at the zero point of the current distribution in the third‐ and fifth‐order modes of the traditional monopole radiator. By separately regulating the reverse bias voltage of the two varactor diodes, the corresponding two frequency bands can be controlled independently. A fully functional prototype is fabricated and characterized, which exhibits a continuously dual frequency‐tunable characteristic. The designed antenna has a simple structure and compact size of 98 × 40 mm2. The antenna can be used in multi radio wireless systems, which has a good potential for use in cognitive radio.
... Ordinarily, reception apparatus works under different recurrence groups however for uncommon application assorted radio wire is required. Notwithstanding, it makes an issue with situating, incomplete space [6][7][8]. According to the automatic adaptation in a reconfigurable network we proposed MPA which is highly supported for environmental changes, antenna parameter variance and mobility of the nodes in CRN. ...
A micro strip patch antenna (MPA) is fabricated to increase the bandwidth. The communication systems want antennas with high directivity, high signal strength and gain. In this paper, spectrum underlay finite element line feeding technique (SUFELF) is proposed to design MPA's are potential for cognitive radio applications (CRA). The proposed SUFELF is designed and simulated by using HFSS-14, simulation and calculated results of SUFELF for S-band is compared. The proposed SUFELF construction can discover a lot of applications in designs for S band, efficient spectrum utilization in cognitive radio networks (CRN). To improve gain, The MPA with circular patch (CP) was fabricated through SUFELF. This design can carry out a gain of 4.21 dBi, and percentage of impedance bandwidth is 85.2% at 3.546 GHz. A SUFELF model has made-up and calculated, the results have revealed a excellent concurrence by means of the simulations. To obtain efficiency of 95.9% the Proposed Antenna (PA) is powered. We conclude this work with a discussion on the expansion to the coexistence with different patch antennas.
... Reconfiguration achieved utilizing two varactors on the grid slot array. In [26], utilized a wideband rectangular dielectric resonator element. The element fed by the microstrip feedline incorporated a reconfigurable bandpass filter to switch between a wideband-tonarrowband by selecting various RF path. ...
In this article, a frequency reconfigurable microstrip antenna array based on a defected ground structure is presented for C-band applications. The proposed antenna used the integration of two patches and the feeding network attached with a circular defected ground structure. The reconfigurable feature of the proposed antenna array is realized using a single switch inserted on the circular defected ground structure to modify the current distribution on the ground plane, which changes the resonance frequency. By switching the switch OFF, the antenna array eligible to resonate at two states and thus array centered at 4.83 and 5.36 GHz simultaneously. While switching ON, the antenna array eligible resonates at three states, and then the antenna array centered at 5, 5.52, and 5.90 GHz simultaneously. Furthermore, design steps, impedance bandwidth, and radiation patterns are introduced for the description and analysis of this antenna array. The finalized antenna array is simulated, manufactured, and measured successfully.
... This antenna is designed by ANSYS HFSS. In Ultra Wide Band (UWB) mode, antenna is capable of covering spectrum ranges from 1 to 4 GHz, while it gets frequency re-configurability over a wide range from 0.9 to 2.6 GHz [7][8][9][10]. ...
A micro strip patch antenna (MPA) with multiple parasitic patches for Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) applications is presented to enhance the bandwidth. Multiple resonances are used for the design of antenna, with a view to broaden bandwidth. A modified Koch Fractal (KF) antenna is imprinted from micro strip radiating patch. A Parasitic Strip line helps to grasp micro hertz communication through antenna. A slotted patch energized by a gap feed was established before with a large angular coverage over a bandwidth of 13.1%. In this paper, it is proposed that multiple parasitic patches are potential for cognitive radio applications (CRA) where circular patch (CP) covers bandwidth of 85% with radiation pattern for Spectrum Utilization (SU) and CP with meander lines feeding behaves as communication antenna operating at Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) 802.11y (3.637GHz). The transceiver in a communication network is powered by Proposed Antenna (PA), to acquire improved energy efficiency of 95.7%. Thus, throughput and SU have been improved, a model of antenna has been fabricated and its radiation patterns, return losses were achieved which shows fine consistency with simulated results.
... The value of gain is good with two switching operations to achieve three resonance frequencies. The design reported in [12] also represents a compact reconfigurable design with two resonance frequencies. The third design as reported in [11] for reconfigurability has relatively large volume with a low value of gain. ...
In this work a novel miniaturized frequency reconfigurable Dielectric Resonator antenna using Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) surface is proposed.
The prototype is set to work for 5G mid-band frequencies and Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) applications.
The work consists of two parts: firstly, the miniaturization of the prototype using AMC surface and secondly using
the same AMC surface to reconfigure the frequency to another wireless application. Using AMC surface, the
DR volume is reduced by 85% percent. Connecting the AMC unit cells through ideal switches (micro-trip slabs) re-configures the DR for different frequency. The overall performance observed before switching as well as after switching in both the cases is promising. The design is fabricated for performance analysis. A close agreement is reported between simulated and measured values of the reflection coefficients, radiation pattern, gain and efficiencies. The prototype has stable radiation pattern for both the operating frequencies. The impedance bandwidth values for both the resonance frequencies are 14.2% and 16% respectively. The prototype has a maximum gain of 6.8dBi and a maximum efficiency of 88%.
... The increased number of elements and associated bias lines in [18], [19] results in complexity. In [20], a combination of three diodes achieved a narrow-band tunable response. Ravi and Manoj presented a bandwidth reconfigurable DRA, but fabricated two different samples to mimic the ON-and OFF-states of the diode individually [21]. ...
In this paper, an electronically-controlled frequency-agile hybrid dielectric resonator antenna is presented that also produces a reconfigurable circularly polarized (CP) wave over a specific frequency range. Two L-shaped metallic strips are placed adjacent to a partial ground plane that can be shorted/detached in four combinations using two PIN diodes (D1 and D2). Frequency reconfigurability is achieved by switching from both OFF to at least one ON state to yield a single and dual-band responses for the former and latter, respectively. The Eigen mode simulation reveals that the upper-band is mainly attributed to the quasi-TEδ21 mode of the rectangular dielectric resonator. The lower-band in one and two ON-states arises due to the dielectric-loaded monopole antenna and the strip-loaded partial ground plane, respectively. The ON-OFF state produces a right-handed CP wave at the lower band that can be reconfigured to a left-handed CP wave by switching to OFF-ON state. A fabricated sample is measured and simulation results are validated. The measured – 10 dB impedance bandwidths for OFF-OFF, ON-ON, OFF-ON, and ON-OFF are 13.31% (4.42–5.05 GHz), 11.30% (2.17–2.43 GHz)/27.43% (3.68–4.85 GHz), 30.64% (2.46–3.35 GHz)/17.94% (4.16–4.98 GHz), and 26.57% (2.48–3.24 GHz)/18.7% (4.12–4.97 GHz), respectively. The measured 3 dB axial ratio bandwidths are 12.20% (2.54–2.87 GHz) and 10.95% (2.59–2.89 GHz) when D1 and D2 are turned-ON alternatively.
