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Schematic diagrams of four SCT formulations: Homogeneous core (single), tablet in tablet (TNT), bi-layer and tri-layer core tablets
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The present investigation concerns the development of osmotic pumps for a water soluble drug (pregabalin), using swellable core technology (SCT), that uses osmotic pressure and polymer swelling to deliver drugs to the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in a reliable and reproducible manner. The SCT formulations consisted of a core tablet containing the d...
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... various controlled release devices, osmatically driven system holds a prominent place because of their reliability and ability to deliver the contents at a predetermined rate for prolonged period of time [2][3]. In osmotic drug delivery many types of osmotic pumps are there, but in this project we used swellable core technology (SCT) in osmotic drug delivery systems showed in Figure 1. SCT was developed as a drug delivery platform that can deliver drugs with moderate to poor aqueous solubility over an 8 to 24 hours period [4][5]. ...
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Citations
... The samples were scanned at a resolution of 4 cm −1 from 400 to 4000 cm −1 . [28][29]. methylparaben in propylene glycol and the extract in ethanol before mixing them with the aqueous phase to maintain the emulsion. Separately, the oil and water phases were heated in water baths to 70°C. ...
Background: This study was to develop loratadine (LTD) emulgels to treat localized skin allergy. Method: Initially oil-in-water emulsion was prepared by 3 different types of surfactants & finally gelling agent carbopol 940 was incorporated into emulsion to produce emulgel (i.e., standard conventional method). Results: The developed formulations were characterized using various parameters including particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficacy (EE), pH, extrusion efficacy, physical stability, in-vitro drug release studies, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PS, EE, PDI, ZP and In-vitro studies ranges between 186.25 ± 6.42 mm (LE-F4) to 395.24 ± 8.64 mm (LE-F1), 62.38 ± 0.36 % (LE-F2) to 76.48 ± 0.69 % (LE-F4), 0.276 ± 0.02 (LE-F4) to 0.652 ± 0.02 (LE-F1), 16.45 ± 2.13 mV (LE-F1) to 29.46 ± 2.78 mV (LE-F3) and 21.90 ± 0.3 % (LE-F1) to 68.30±0.9 % (LE-F4) respectively. Conclusion: Based on all physicochemical properties, LE-F4 formulation was considered to be optimized with minimum PS (186.25±6.42 nm), PDI (0.276±0.02), satisfactory positive surface charge (23.15 ± 1.89 mV) and maximum EE (76.48±0.69 %). FTIR studies were confirmed that there is no physical interaction between drug and excipients and SEM studies revealed that vesicle size was spherical with smooth texture. A significantly greater rate of drug release (i.e., 68.30 ± 0.90%) was seen in the LTD emulgels that were made with cationic surfactant (i.e., LE-F4) and found to be good spreadability and extrudability.
... It has anticonvulsant (antiepileptic) properties. 7,8 PG (3-amino methyl hexanoic acid) is similar to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which is the neurotransmitter of mammals with both structural and pharmacological properties. It started to be used in the early 1990s. ...
Introduction: Pregabalin (PG) is primarily prescribed for epilepsy, painful diabetic neuropathy, post-herpetic neuralgia, and fibromyalgia. Also, it is used in clinical practice to treat general anxiety disorder due to its anxiolytic properties. Pectin is a water-soluble ionic polysaccharide. As a result of the interaction of pectin with calcium ions, a hydrophilically coated insoluble carrier system is formed by complexing between surfaces, which provides a sustained release. In this direction, floating hydrogel pellets containing PG were developed and characterized in our study. This study aimed to make a sustained release of PG, reach the optimum level in characterization, and bring a new approach to widely used oral drug therapy. Materials and Methods: PG was a gift from Ilko Pharmaceuticals (Turkey) and pectin was purchased from CPKelco (USA). The ionotropic gelation technique was used to prepare pellets. To characterize the pellets, flotation/swelling degrees, yield, drug loading capacity/encapsulation efficiency, particle size/distribution, in-vitro release/kinetics, and morphological studies have been done. Also, the structural features of pellets have determined via the Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Results: The formulations have been successfully developed without using any coating agent to prolong drug release for 24 h with an encapsulation efficiency of ~82%. Optimum results were obtained in characterization studies. As a result of BET analysis, it has been proven that the structure is porous and there is no change in the chemical and crystal structure of PG by FT-IR and XRD studies. Conclusion: We anticipate that the formulation we developed will provide an alternative to the sustained-release PG preparations in the current pharmaceutical market.
... The drug excipient compatibility study was carried out by FTIR with in the frequency range of 4000-400 cm-1 and 4 cm -1 resolution. The IR spectra for the test samples were obtained using the KBr disk method using an FTIR (Star Tech Labs Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad) [26]. ...
Objective: The main objective of the research work is to develop a single unit non-effervescent drug delivery system of Loratadine (LTD) by direct compression process to prolong the gastric residence time (GRT). Methods: LTD non-effervescent tablets were prepared with different polymers like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K15M, HPMC K100M (i.e.: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) as release retardants. Glyceryl behenate (Compritol 888 ATO) and Glyceryl palmitostearate (Precirol ATO 5) were used (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) as low-density lipids to impart buoyancy for longer period. Results: The drug (LTD) and excipient (i.e. HPMC, low-density lipid aids, etc.,) interaction studies were carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and there was no likely interaction involving them. The developed LTD floating matrix tablets were characterized by pre and post-compression parameters and all results were, found within the pharmacopoeial limits. The cumulative percentage of drug release ranges from 56.87±0.25 % (F12) to 99.87±0.09 % (F2). The drug release profiles of the all formulations (F1 to F12) were subjected to various pharmacokinetic parameters and the optimized formulation (F3) followed the Korsmeyer Peppas (R2=0.996) model with non-Fickian diffusion (n>0.5). The obtained data by radiographic images of F3 formulation showed the GRT is 6±0.5 h (n=3). Conclusion: Hence, from all evaluation studies, it was evident that F3 formulation was optimized (99.82±1.63 % drug release in 12 h).
... The different physical properties were evaluated for powder blend of ZMT formulations (F1-F12) [16]. ...
Background: Zolmitriptan is an artificial tryptamine, employed for the acute cure of migraine attack with or exclusive of aura and cluster headaches. Objective: It is an attempt to develop the extended release (ER) of Zolmitriptan matrix (ZMT) tablets to treat migraine safely and effectively. Methods: All formulations were prepared with natural polymers or gums like guar gum, xanthan gum, karaya gum through direct compression method using 6mm punch. Results: Powder blend of all formulations (F1 - F12) using different ratios of the above mentioned gums (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) were characterized with pre-compression parameters (angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, hausner ratio, compatibility studies) and post-compression parameters (weight variation, thickness, friability, hardness, assay, in vitro dissolution studies). F1 - F4 formulations were prepared with gum karaya and compared with remaining gums; gum karaya shows more retardance capacity. F9 - F12 (with guar gum) formulations were unable to produce the desired release, whereas F5 - F8 formulations containing with xanthan gum exhibited more retarding effect with increasing concentration of polymer. Conclusion: All prepared formulations (F1 - F12) were characterized and F3 formulation was optimized (97.3% drug released in 8 hours). All prepared formulations (F1 - F12) showed good flow properties and release patterns. Hence, formulations of ZMT matrix tablets have a promising delivery system which will enhance bio-availability and achieve greater therapeutic efficacy.
... The powder mixtures of all ALPN formulations were evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index and Hausner's ratio [9]. ...
Objective: The main objective of the research work is to develop and characterize allopurinol (ALPN) solid dispersions with different polymers to enhance solubility, enrich dissolution profile and improve patient compliance.Methods: ALPN solid dispersions were prepared by solvent evaporation technique using various grades of polyethelene glycol (PEG) such as PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 with different ratios like 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:1.5 and 1:2 and after formation of solid dispersions all physicochemical properties were examined.Results: All the formulations were found within the permissible pharmacopoeial limits for various physicochemical parameters. The pre-formulation studies, like Fourier, transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed the absence of drug-excipient interactions. The solubility and dissolution profiles of the sample were increased with increasing the concentration of ALPN solid dispersions. Solvent evaporation was proved to be a successful technique for the development of stable solid dispersion of ALPN. The dissolution amount percentage of ALPN formulations was found between 39.58±2.5 to 94.95±1.8 % within 60 min.Conclusion: Hence, from the all evaluation studies, it was evident that F1 formulation was the better formulation. F1 formulation (ALPN: PEG 4000 in the ratio of 1:0.5), 94.95±1.8 % drug released within 50 min.
Topical Emulgels of Pregabalin were formulated using Carbopol 940 in combination with (PVP k90, PEG 200, PEG 1000, HPMC K15M) to obtain the optimal formula in terms of drug release rate. Physical appearance, pH, viscosity, stability, drug content, In-vitro drug release, Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, were tested in all formulas and evaluated to determine the best one. All formulations had good physical properties and stability, F2 which contains Carbopol 940 0.4% and HPMC K15M 0.4% gave the best drug release rate: (30% in 20 min and 93% in 360 min). But F3 which contains Carbopol 940 0.4% and PEG 200 10% showed the less release rate at 360 min: (64%). F2 showed Korsmeyer–Peppas model Kinetic release. So F2 was the best formula because it released drug since 10 min and still to 360 min (6 hours), thus F2 can be used to obtain rapid analgesic effect and avoid CNS-mediated side effects of Pregabalin.
