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There are many biomass conversion routes to prepare energy-efficient biofuels. The conversion routes are broadly divided in 4 categories. The methods are Physical, Agrochemical, Thermochemical and Biochemical. In physical method of conversion, biomass is densified into solid briquettes while in agrochemical route of conversion, fuel is extracted fr...
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The present research proposes two scenarios for the biomass conversion into valuable products within the integrated management of bio-resources. The scenarios have been developed considering: the biomass availability, material and by-products characteristics and the comprehensive combination of the primary technologies used for the conversion of th...
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... The constituents of lignocellulose, like cellulose and hemicellulose wrapped around lignin, form a compact structure that can function as a barrier against hydrolysis, fermentation, or degradation ( Fig. 3) (Malherbe & Cloete, 2002). However, a large volume of research Table 1 Component examination of certain plant biomass samples in general (Kan et al., 2016;Ke et al., 2022;Kumar et al., 2020;Rawat, 2016;Tabil et al., 2011;Vasco-Correa et al., 2016;Zhao et al., 2017) works explored the potential role of the lignocellulosic biomass in bioethanol production, energy generation, etc. (Malherbe & Cloete, 2002). There are diverse methods reported till now to process this lignocellulosic biomass by disrupting their recalcitrant structure (Fig. 4), such as thermal conversion, (ii) thermochemical conversion, and (iii) biological conversion. ...
Lignocellulose revalorization has emerged as a major solution to mitigate the increasing energy demand of the growing population. Lignocellulosic biomass is considered the building block of plant cell walls and is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The biomass needs to be processed efficiently to produce value-added products and bioenergy. Therefore, this study aims to systematically review various conversion technologies, like thermal conversion, and biological pretreatments available to achieve this. The use of the biological pretreatment method is cost-effective and eco-friendly. Many microorganisms, different strains of bacteria, fungus, etc., are used here to exploit their cellulolytic and ligninolytic properties. It covers the life cycle assessment of lignocellulose pretreatment, downstream processing for conversion of lignocellulose to biofuel, and techno-economic analysis. The attention has also been given to the development of biorefineries to enhance the production efficiency of bioenergy from the lignocellulosic biomass.
... Biomass contributes more than 90% in the production of bioenergy worldwide (Rawat 2016;Tanger et al. 2013). The characteristics of biomass and its properties play a vital role in fuel utilization and simultaneously to examine the optimum percentage of energy conversion. ...
The utilization of agricultural wastes is an attractive and viable option to reduce the environmental pollution and reverse the over-exploitation of fossil fuels. Now-a-days, the usage of fossil fuels has increased manifold causing twin serious problems such as depletion of limited source of fossil fuels and increase in environmental pollution with major consequences. In this study, briquettes were produced using sorghum panicles (SP) and pearl millet (PM) with different ratios (100:0, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10 and 0:100) using cassava starch as a binder with a planned compacting pressure level (200 kN) by exploring hydraulic compression method. The proximate parameters such as water content, level of fixed carbon, ash and volatile matter were determined using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard procedures. The elemental analyses (SEM/EDAX) which include carbon (C), oxygen (O), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), chlorine (Cl), sulphur (S), phosphorus (P), aluminium (Al), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and sodium (K) were determined in all the briquette samples. Weight loss and optimum heating values of the samples were measured by adopting differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) respectively. In addition to that, the density and compressive strength of all the produced briquettes were determined. In comparison with pongamia–tamarind shell, sorghum panicle–pearl millet briquettes have better fuel properties. The pongamia–tamarind shell fuel has nitrogen and hydrogen whereas sorghum panicle–pearl millet has no identities on both nitrogen and hydrogen content. The occurrence of nitrogen absence is due to non-availability of NOx emissions during combustion. By the cause of more fixed carbon composition, there exists lack in hydrogen content. The sorghum panicle–pearl millet briquettes have better calorific value than pongamia–tamarind shells, and they produce better heating values. Hence, the prepared biomass briquettes are potentially good fuels that derived from agro wastes. Likewise, the determined parameters are compared with the other biomass briquettes.
... Currently, series of serious research on EC are going on adopting nanotechnology approach. Generally, the possibility and achievement of these ideas are greatly dependents on utilization of sophisticated modern biomass conversion techniques [18]- [20]. In accordance with the global sustainability strive of patronizing biomass materials, owing to their features in mitigating pollutions greenhouse gas emission [21], [22]. ...
Eichhornia crassipes (EC) is an aquatic plant with a massive growth rate. The massive growth nature made it a threat because of its negative effect to the aquatic organisms, economic activities and others. However, with the help of researchers and technology, the negative effect would be turn into economic potential, whereby the EC was being transformed fromproblematic concept to huge benefit towards sustainability of mankind. The EC was observed to be similar to fossil feedstock in terms of industrial usage but of less or no emission effect, thus considered eco-friendly. The present paper gives the insight of vital hidden opportunities from EC towards economy expansion. The EDX characterization apart from cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin indicate great potential of EC useful element, polymer, surfactant and carbonaceous strength. The EDX analysis indicated percentage values of carbon as 70.4% and 64.8% for carbon nanotubes and CMC polymer respectively. It shows good engineering properties both in mechanical strength and high young’s modulus due to the flexible hexagonal structure of the dominated carbon content. This makes it suitable in many engineering application including production of additives, electrical/electronic parts and development of microchips for telecommunication industry. With the help of nanotechnology, EC would be of high potential and predominant in the global market thereby reducing the dependent on the non -renewable material and the effect of fossil pollution will be reduced. Thus, the aqua-environment issue would be solved through steady utilization of the EC material.
... It may be used as a substrate for microbial production of products such as enzymes, organic acids, amino acids, protein rich animal feed, and as a source of carbon for the growth of filamentous fungi [8]. Filamentous fungi are useful producers of enzymes due to the high Energies 2020, 13, 5627 3 of 18 to reduce the overall cost for production because the cost of pretreatment is a significant factor affecting the selling price of the end product (e.g., ethanol) [9]. There are a variety of pretreatment techniques, and each technique has its advantages and disadvantages. ...
... Mechanical pretreatment processes result in a reduction in the particle size and an increase in pore size and specific surface area [14]. It also decreases the cellulose crystallinity and the degree of polymerization [9]. Steam explosion can be classified as a form of mechanical pretreatment, although there are also chemical actions involved. ...
Ultrasonic irradiation is known to enhance various physicochemical processes. In this work, the effect of ultrasound on the dissolution of sugarcane bagasse was studied, with the specific aims of quantifying the effect at low solids loading and mild reaction conditions, and determining whether the enhancement of dissolution by ultrasound is independent of temperature. The effects of agitation speed, reaction time, and sonication were examined on the dissolution of the biomass substrate at varying reaction temperatures during the pretreatment process. Sugarcane bagasse was mixed with a 0.3 M solution of sulfuric acid in a reaction vessel to undergo pretreatment. A kinetic model was applied to the mass dissolution of the biomass, as sonicated runs showed higher mass losses at each reaction time, compared to the non-sonicated runs. The ultrasonic enhancement in mass dissolution was seen to increase for an increase in the reaction time. It was observed that the induction period for the dissolution was eliminated by the application of ultrasound. Ultrasound was found to be more effective than temperature at enhancing mass dissolution at low solids loadings, and the effect of ultrasound was also found to be dependent on the temperature employed.
In this study, the authors have reported pyrolysis of two different waste materials, lignocellulosic biomass, Delonix regia (DR), and butyl rubber tube waste, (TW), at 600 °C temperature and 1 bar pressure using nitrogen inert atmosphere. In pursuit of obtaining high-quality products, the thermochemical reaction between 95, 85, 75, 65 and 50 mass % of DR is tested with 5, 15, 25, 35 and 50 mass % of TW, respectively. The co-feed ratio 95:5, 85:15, 75:25, 65:35 and 50:50 of DR/TW correspondingly resulted in the bio-oil yield of 22.67, 24.00, 24.34, 25.00 and 36.67 mass % and bio-char yield of 37.00, 43.77, 44.67, 45.33 and 49.52 mass %. The higher heating values (HHV) of all bio-oils are in increasing order to that of the increasing fraction of TW in co-feed where 50:50 ratio resulted in bio-oil of maximum HHV with 32.61 MJ kg−1. Further increased mass % of tube waste may increase the energy content of the final liquid product; however, the present work focuses on co-feeding and management of both these two wastes and accordingly the mass % of tube waste has been limited to maximum of 50%. The bio-oil consists of more than 85 area % of aliphatic and aromatics, whereas phenols and acids occupy only 6.72 area % and 1.24 area %, respectively. Thus, this study provides waste minimization approach along with sustainable production of bio-oil that can be upgraded to transportation fuel, or utilized as furnace oil and for process heat purposes. The co-pyrolysis of these two waste materials resulted in popular hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene and bigger fraction of C10 cut D-limonene.
Biofuels are becoming more and more important alternative fuels since fossil fuels are becoming less favorable due to their impact on the environment. The aim of this chapter is to provide a state of the art review on cascading bioenergy systems for sustainable biofuel production by integrating biological and thermochemical technologies. To start with, the general characterization of biomass used for biofuel production and conversion of biomass to biofuel is introduced. Moreover, different approaches toward cascading bioenergy systems such as self-sustainable Azolla biorefinery, microalgae biofuel production, and biomass-to-liquid processes are discussed. Finally, the technical challenges regarding the commercialization of cascading bioenergy systems are introduced.
Pollution is regarded as one of the global biggest challenges towards sustainability of mankind. Studies have discovered that high percentage of these pollutants are from industrial by-product source, mostly from combustion of fuels during manufacturing and other applications. The introduction and acceptance of smother burning fuels together with less harmful chemical (lubricants) began to gain ground, owing to the worldwide environmental concern. This drastically pushes into utilization of bio-materials known with potential of cellulose, phospholipid, triglycerides, hemicellulose and lignin that discovered to have similar properties with fossil, also renewable and eco-friendly, to substitute products of fossil feedstock. Apart from those listed potentials, biomass materials of high carbonaceous feature, gives suitable nanotubes characteristics including high young’s modulus and amphipathic behavior, therefore could serve as additive towards enhancement of tribological properties of lubricant. Furthermore, the utilization of biomass materials in the industry, hopefully will alter the continuous increase in Price and demand in petroleum products, also the environmental catastrophe from petroleum products will be minimize. This paper looks into the potentials of biomass in the areas of combustion and tribological applications. With the modern technologies in the industry for biomass conversion, better products of oils, chemicals and gases certainly will be generated. Continuous utilization of biomass, evidently will eliminate the global greenhouse emission and other combustible by-product challenges.
Biomass from forestry and agricultural sector provides an important contribution to encounter the government’s targets for increasing bioenergy production and utilization. Characterization of agricultural and forest wastes are critical for exploiting and utilizing them for energy purpose. In the present work agricultural and forest wastes and shrubs were sampled in two sites in north Portugal (Ave and Sabor basin) and subjected to Higher Heating Value (HHV) and chemical composition quantification. The HHV was evaluated according to the methodology described in Standard DD CEN/TS14918:2005. For the lignin content, the procedure was made by the Klason method and the extractives content was determined with the Soxhlet method. For agricultural and forest wastes the HHV values are identical with a range of 17 to 21 MJ·kg−1. However, shrubs biomass presentx slightly higher and statistically different values from agricultural and forest wastes, varying between 19 and 21 MJ·kg−1. Forest wastes contain higher levels of holocellulose compared to agricultural wastes and, with respect to extractive contents, this trend is the reverse. There is a general tendency for the woody components present thermo-chemical properties more suited for energy purposes, than the residues formed by the branches and leaves.
The depletion of fossil fuels and the environmental concerns associated with their extraction and utilisation have heightened the need for alternative sustainable energy resources. Microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) of biomass is one of the promising sustainable methods for the production of bio-oil and value-added chemicals. This conversion technique has been widely studied at lab-scale and has demonstrated good potential in producing bio-oils of high quality. The main objective of this review paper is to examine the main parameters that affect MAP yields, whilst assessing the options for optimising the identified parameters for maximum bio-oil production. The results show that factors such as pyrolysis temperature, microwave power, microwave absorbent type and catalysis greatly influence the bio-oil yield. Pyrolysis holding time, feedstock particle size, purging gas type and flowrate also affect the bio-oil yield, though to a lesser extent. It is also established that the MAP technique is highly scalable and has several environmental benefits. The review concludes that the interdependence of various factors must be studied in detail in order to optimise bio-oil yield. There is therefore a need to develop an optimised pilot scale MAP system in a bid to determine the techno-economic viability of upscaling the technology for commercialisation. The use of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) via the Central Composite Design (CCD) approach is recommended for the optimisation of MAP systems because it takes into account the interaction between the variables that affect bio-oil yield. This review could be used to guide future research related to the design, simulation, fabrication and operation of pilot scale MAP reactors.
