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With the continuing growth of highway construction and vehicle use expansion all over the world, highway vehicle traffic rule violation (TRV) detection has become more and more important so as to avoid traffic accidents and injuries in intelligent transportation systems (ITS) and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Since very few works have contrib...
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Context 1
... order to meet the target of recognizing the highway TRV driving behavior, the software of the ultrasonic sensor system should include the following functions: system initialization, passing vehicle identification (including both ultrasonic ranging and GPS speed measurement), data display, data storage, and infrared communication. The schematic diagram of the system software can be shown in Figure 3, and each module contains the corresponding drives and interfaces shown in the figure. The detailed functions can be expressed as follows: ...
Context 2
... all the modules in the second and third rows of Figure 3, the GPS speed measurement module, ultrasonic ranging module and the surpassing vehicle identification module, are the key subsystems of the software design in the sensor system, thereafter the following sections will introduce the identification method of the three modules in detail. ...
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Vehicle classification (VC) is an underlying approach in an intelligent transportation system and is widely used in various applications like the monitoring of traffic flow, automated parking systems, and security enforcement. The existing VC methods generally have a local nature and can classify the vehicles if the target vehicle passes through fi...
Citations
... For example, multiple ultrasonic sensors are required to identify the vehicles' size due to the very narrow beam of the ultrasonic sensors [86]. However, ultrasonic sensors had been effectively applied for some warning automotive systems such as auto parking and detect blind spot [87], [88], vehicle's nearby conditions identifying [89], [90] and vehicle's location sensing in relation to devices and pedestrians [91]. ...
Observing the vehicles movement becomes an urgent necessity due to exponentially increasing numbers of vehicles in the world. However, to this regard, a good deal of research had been presented to estimate the exact physical positionof the vehicle. The major challenges faced vehicle localization systems are large coverage areas required, positioning at diverse environments and positioning during a high-speedmovement. However, in this paper, the challenges of employing the vehicle localization techniques, which rely on the propagation signal properties, are discussed. Moreover, a comparison between these techniques, in terms of accuracy, responsiveness, scalability, cost, and complexity, is conducted. The presented positioning technologies are classified into five categories: satellite based, radio frequency based, radio waves based, optical based, and sound based. The discussion shows that, both of satellite-based technology and cellular-based technology are emergesolutions to overcome the challenges of vehicle positioning. Satellite-based can provide a high accurate positioning in open outdoor environment, whereas the cellular-based can provide accurate and reliable vehicle localization in urban environment, it can support non-line of sight(NLOS) positioning and provide large coverage and high data transmission. The paper also shows that, the standalone localization technology still has limitations. Therefore, we discussed how the presented techniques are integrated to improve the positioning performance
... The sensors used are ultrasonic, infrared, and light sensors [27]- [29]. The ultrasonic sensor detects the distance of a vehicle from an object in front of it [30], [31]. This sensor is capable of detecting a distance in the range of 3 cm to 3 m. ...
Traffic jam that is resulted from the buildup of vehicles on the road has become an important problem, which leads to an interference with drivers. The impacts it has on cost and time effectiveness may take the form of increased fuel consumption, traffic emissions, and noise. This paper offers a solution by creating a smart traffic light using a fuzzy-logic-based microcontroller for a greater adaptability of the traffic light to the dynamics of the vehicles that are to cross the intersection. The ATMega2560 microcontroller-based smart traffic light is designed to create a breakthrough in the breakdown of congestions at road junctions, thereby optimizing the real-time happenings in the road. Ultrasonic, infrared, and light sensors are used in this smart traffic light, resulting in the smart traffic light’s effectiveness in parsing jams. The four sets of sensors that are placed in four sections determine the traffic light timing process. When the length of vehicle queue reaches the sensor, a signal is sent as the microcontroller’s digital input. Ultrasonic and infrared sensors can reduce congestions at traffic lights by giving a green light time when one or all of the sensors are active so that the vehicle congestions can be relieved.
... It is also possible to use only one type of sensor for speed detection. In the case of [15], speed detection is based on ultrasonic sensors to detect speed violations. Based on the previous work, the next subsection presents the analysis of these types of devices. ...
In the current context of the Internet of Things, embedded devices can have some intelligence and distribute both data and processed information. This article presents the paradigm shift from a hierarchical pyramid to an inverted pyramid that is the basis for edge, fog, and cloud-based architectures. To support the new paradigm, the article presents a distributed modular architecture. The devices are made up of essential elements, called control nodes, which can communicate to enhance their functionality without sending raw data to the cloud. To validate the architecture, identical control nodes equipped with a distance sensor have been implemented. Each module can read the distance to each vehicle and process these data to provide the vehicle’s speed and length. In addition, the article describes how connecting two or more CNs, forming an intelligent device, can increase the accuracy of the parameters measured. Results show that it is possible to reduce the processing load up to 22% in the case of sharing processed information instead of raw data. In addition, when the control nodes collaborate at the edge level, the relative error obtained when measuring the speed and length of a vehicle is reduced by one percentage point.
... It measures distance by sending out a sound wave at a specific frequency and listening for that sound wave to bounce back. By recording the elapsed time between the sound wave being generated and the sound wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sonar sensor and the object [18]. The Arduino Uno (Figure 8) is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). ...
Smart parking Intelligent parking Sensors Internet of things Ultrasonic sensors Map Navigation. In the ongoing examination of metropolitan areas, the increment in population produces high vehicle density on roads. Consequently, this prompts irritating issue for the drivers to leave their vehicles as it is hard to discover a leaving space. This paper introduces web based automatic smart parking system for vehicles. In this paper we have proposed a system which can easily manage parking system through networks of different sensors. This system can easily find a parking space and check whether the user parked the vehicle or not. In addition, this system can create unlimited locations and add slots to these locations. This is multiuser parking system where a single application can work for multiple locations. This parking system will improve the probability of successful parking and minimizes the waiting time of user. Moreover, this parking management system will encourage users to track parking slots and make the parking process a hassle-free experience. Contribution/Originality: This study contributes to the existing IoT literature that uses devices to provide a better parking system. This study investigated IoT with web-based applications and finds the slots for the user with direction provided on screen using map view. This Study shows the documentation of the real time parking system.
... On the HC-SR04, only four lines require attention: VCC (Power), Trig (Trigger), Echo (Receive), and GND (Ground) (Ground). Setting up and using this sensor with your next range-finding project will be a breeze [22]. ...
The rise of the population produces an increase in the number of vehicles on the road, which creates heavy traffic in the roads and that causes many issues for the citizens and traffic cops an extra two emergency instances so it is necessary with developing technology to solve this problem. In this research, we used the Arduino UNO microcontroller board to build a new smart traffic light controller (STLC). Signal lights produce traffic congestion, and the system makes every attempt to alleviate it. In this paper, we designed a smart traffic control system by using Arduino to solve the problem of congestion at the intersection of the Dor al Moalemen in Wasit City, working to prevent traffic jam and reduce time, Using Arduino mega, ultrasonic sensor, and a camera esp32, the suggested technique analyses and manages everyday traffic at a three-line intersection. Furthermore, the suggested system achieves three-line intersection sync and implements a balance between the number of vehicles on each side and the green light. When traffic violation happens, the camera will capture the car number and send it to the database by using telegram.
... For an ultrasonic sensor, a vehicle recognizing algorithm with low computing complication and low depletion of power was presented. Jun Liu et al. [13] have developed an ultrasonic method for detecting traffic rule violations (TRV) in autos. To recognize and count vehicle violations, a two-dimensional system is proposed that uses the geographical state and time sequence states from two ultrasonic sensors. ...
Transportation systems had become systematic due to sensors and computer vision technology. These achievements are acquired through constant evolution in software, hardware, and communication technologies. At first, vehicles are counted manually on side of then comes first-generation sensors which include piezoelectric, inductive loop, and pneumatic tubes. These sensors were cheap but laborious to install also causing a disturbance during installation and repairing. The first-generation sensors are mainly used for vehicle counting and classification. The second-generation sensors comprise of infrared, acoustic, microwave radar, ultrasonic, magnetometers, and accelerometers were utilized in the counting of vehicles and calculation of their speed. It is also worth mentioning it that the first and second-generation sensors were used to find road traffic parameters of homogeneous traffic. It is now feasible to describe road traffic using video streaming and different traffic information technologies by evaluating different traffic flow parameters such as vehicle count and speed.
... An algorithm, similar to that described by Liu et al. (2015), was used to identify passing events. 202 A potential passing event was deemed to have occurred if the following criteria were met: 203 The bicycle was moving faster than 4 km/h. ...
In Australia, cycling hospitalisations are increasing and the cycling participation rate is stagnating. In an effort to improve cyclist safety, many Australian jurisdictions have mandated a minimum passing distance that vehicles much provide when overtaking a cyclist on a public road, including the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). However, it is not currently clear how vehicle-cyclist passing distances are affected by various parameters such as the road environment, the vehicles involved, or the speed limit. This naturalistic bicycle riding study examined data from passing distance measurement devices that were installed on the bicycles of volunteer cyclists who ride in the ACT, to explore how passing distances and compliance with the minimum passing distance were affected by several parameters. Over a four-week period, 23 volunteer cyclist participants undertook 465 journeys and travelled 6531 km over a total period of 271 h. There were 10,959 passing events identified on roads zoned greater than 60 km/h (high speed roads) of which 1349 (12.3 %) were non-compliant. On roads zoned 60 km/h or less (low speed roads) there were 5517 passing events of which 153 (2.8 %) were non-compliant. Regression analyses showed that differences in passing distance and non-compliance with the minimum passing distance were associated with road classification, bike lane presence, and speed limit. The results were mixed but, in general, passing distances were greater on roads with a lower (hierarchy) classification and on motorways as well as on roads with higher speed limits. An exception to this was roads with a speed limit of 50 km/h where passing distances were closer in comparison to roads with a speed limit of 60 km/h. Bike lanes were generally associated with an increase in passing distance except on ‘trunk’ classified roads, where a bike lane resulted in closer passing events. This suggests that on trunk roads, which are assumed to carry large amounts of traffic, bike lanes may be insufficient to offer protection to cyclists and additional measures may be required.
... The system targets a wearable smart device [17] with a reduced form factor and efficient power [25], [26], worn on the patient's waist. Hence a two-dimensional state method for highway vehicle detection is required [26]. ...
Out of seven billion of the world's population, two billion and two million that amounts to 31.43% have visual impairment or blindness according to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics report. Hence, the need to develop a wearable device with reduced size, efficient power usage, and for more comfortability of the visually impaired or blind people. This work aims at designing an obstacle detection system using an ultrasonic sensor interfaced with an Arduino board to track location, alert patient, and send location messages of visually impaired patient to guardians as a feedback mechanism using a GPRS and GSM module. The C programming language was used as the instruction code to interface Arduino device to carry out given tasks. At the design level, the circuit was first tested on Proteus software for simulation purposes before its hardware implementation. The results obtained from the test show the variation of distance as the patient approaches the obstacle, and messages received when a fix was obtained. This design concept would help reduce danger across the way of those with sight defects and allow them to go to familiar places without any aid smoothly.
... Then an adaptive front light system has been developed to visualize the curved shaped roads. It utilizes a camera and an ultrasonic sensor to identify the change in environment [10][11]. Further to improve the response time of CFIS, an ultra-fast CFIS has been developed for an automotive headlight system [12][13][14]. ...
In recent days, the number of road accidents happening at night time has increased and the reasons attributing are inappropriate beam width, beam angle and light intensity from vehicle headlight. This paper addresses an intelligent light illumination system for vehicle headlights to provide better visibility to the driver, opponent and others. The proposed method dynamically varies the headlight beam width, angle and intensity. Vehicular parameters such as steering position, inclination angle and speed are considered along with ambient parameters like day/night cycle and glare from opponent headlights to vary the headlamp light illumination. Two types of fuzzy inference system (FIS) have been designed, which can encapsulate human intelligence into the proposed system. The centralized FIS (CFIS) acquires all the sensing parameters to control the headlight illumination. However, the interdependency factor makes the CFIS complex and produces an erroneous response. To reduce erroneous and complexity, a decentralized fuzzy inference system (DFIS) for each of the control parameters is proposed. A prototype for the proposed intelligent light system is also fabricated. The performance of the proposed headlight system is analyzed; simulation results illustrate that DFIS-based intelligent light illumination system has an errorless smooth variation in the beam angle and light intensity than CFIS.
... For example, it can be used for distance measurement of an object in the path of a person, equipment, or a vehicle. These sensors can also be used to detect the driving violations of slower vehicles, and especially large heavy trucks, traveling in an improper lane like the "passing lane," might cause serious negative effects on the highway traffic order, reduce highway traffic efficiency, and become a safety threat for other drivers who have to change lanes more frequently [4]. ...
Sensors have become fundamental elements in automation and industrial processes, for updating in a precise and fast way. Among the various types of sensors, there are presence sensors. They are able to perform simple detection tasks more accurately and efficiently than people. This work presented the comparison between two types of sensors: the ultrasonic and the infrared. It is also proposed a method of estimating the length of the vehicle by presence detection. The preliminary results show that the technique is interesting and cheap to distinguish and detect vehicles types.
