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Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum, Lingzhi) has a wide range of hepatoprotective effects. Its bioactive substances include triterpenoids, polysaccharides, sterols, steroids, peptides, and other bioactive ingredients. Based on our research and other references, this chapter discusses the hepatoprotective effects of G. lucidum in different liver diseases...
Citations
... Reshi, a mushroom type of the Ganoderma genus, has been used as medicine for thousands of years in China, Korea, Japan, and other Asian regions. Its metabolites, polysaccharides, and terpenoids are functional ingredients for multiple disease prevention and treatment 12 with anticancer, blood sugar regulatory, antioxidation, antibacterial, antiviral, and liver and stomach protective properties [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] . Among the different Reshi types, only red, purple, and spruce ones are officially recognized for their medical effects with Ganoderma tsugae (GT) being the best antioxidant 20,21 . ...
Advances in modern medicine have extended human life expectancy, leading to a world with a gradually aging society. Aging refers to a natural decline in the physiological functions of a species over time, such as reduced pain sensitivity and reaction speed. Healthy-level physiological pain serves as a warning signal to the body, helping to avoid noxious stimuli. Physiological pain sensitivity gradually decreases in the elderly, increasing the risk of injury. Therefore, geriatric health care receives growing attention, potentially improving the health status and life quality of the elderly, further reducing medical burden. Health food is a geriatric healthcare choice for the elderly with Ganoderma tsuage (GT), a Reishi type, as the main product in the market. GT contains polysaccharides, triterpenoids, adenosine, immunoregulatory proteins, and other components, including anticancer, blood sugar regulating, antioxidation, antibacterial, antivirus, and liver and stomach damage protective agents. However, its pain perception-related effects remain elusive. This study thus aimed at addressing whether GT could prevent pain sensitivity reduction in the elderly. We used a galactose-induced animal model for aging to evaluate whether GT could maintain pain sensitivity in aging mice undergoing formalin pain test, hot water test, and tail flexes. Our results demonstrated that GT significantly improved the sensitivity and reaction speed to pain in the hot water, hot plate, and formalin tests compared with the control. Therefore, our animal study positions GT as a promising compound for pain sensitivity maintenance during aging.
... In China, G. sichuanense has been cultivated for over 100 years, primarily in provinces such as Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Anhui, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang. Recent studies have highlighted its medicinal benefits, including anti-tumor activity, antioxidant effects, blood sugar and lipid regulation, blood pressure reduction, antiviral activity, liver protection, and anti-aging effects (Xiao et al., 2016;Chiu et al., 2017;Rahman et al., 2018Rahman et al., , 2020Pan and Lin, 2019;Qiu et al., 2019;Wu et al., 2019;Krobthong et al., 2021). ...
Green mold disease, caused by Trichoderma spp., is one of the most devastating diseases of mushrooms in China. The application of fungicides remains one of the important control methods among the integrated pest management tools for disease management in mushroom farms. This study aimed to identify Trichoderma spp., isolated from G. sichuanense fruiting bodies displaying green mold symptoms collected from mushroom farms in Zhejiang, Hubei, and Jilin Province, China, and evaluate their in vitro sensitivity to six fungicides. A total of 47 isolates were obtained and classified into nine Trichoderma spp. namely, T . asperellum , T . citrinoviride , T . ganodermatiderum , T . guizhouense , T . hamatum , T . harzianum , T . koningiopsis , T . paratroviride , and T. virens , through morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) genes. The pathogenicity test was repeated two times, and re-isolation of the nine Trichoderma spp. from the fruiting bodies of G. sichuanense fulfilled Koch’s postulates. Prochloraz manganese showed the best performance against most species. This research contributes to our understanding of green mold disease, reveals the phylogenetic relationships among Trichoderma species, and expands our knowledge of Trichoderma species diversity associated with green mold disease in G. sichuanense .
... Liu, Wang, Pang, Yao, & Gao, 2010;Mehta, 2014;Nithya, Ambikapathy, & Panneerselvam). In addition, other pharmacological properties were reported, for example, antidiabetic (Necyk & Zubach-Cassano, 2017), anti-inflammatory (Cör Andrejč, Knez, & Knez Marevci, 2022), immunomodulator (Jl, Rh, Ps, Fz, Rjlbc, & Az, 2020;Lu, He, Sun, Zhang, Linhardt, & Zhang, 2020), antimicrobial (Savin et al., 2020), cardioprotective (Xie et al., 2016), hepatoprotective (Qiu, Zhong, & Yang, 2019), antiallergic (Das, De, Chetree, & Mandal, 2020), antinociceptive (M. F. Ahmad, 2018), antiosteoporotic (M. ...
... Preparations of G. lucidum have a beneficial effect on the liver in the case of poisoning with chemical substances, e.g., tetrachloromethane, α-amanitine, benzo(α)pyrene, and ethyl alcohol, but also in the case of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and damage caused by radiation therapy. Two groups of compounds found in this species are responsible for the activities: triterpenes and polysaccharides [35,91]. Hepatoprotective properties have been demonstrated for triterpene compounds such as ganoderic acid R and S and ganosporic acid A, which have been confirmed in an in vitro study carried out on rat hepatocytes [35,92]. ...
This paper presents the current state of knowledge on the biological activity and possible medicinal applications of selected species of the genus Ganoderma: Ganoderma adspersum (Schulzer) Donk, Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat., Ganoderma carnosum Pat., Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst., Ganoderma pfeifferi Bres., Ganoderma resinaceum Boud. These inedible, wood-decaying fungi are pathogens that cause the enzymatic decomposition of wood. They are a valued natural medicinal resource and have been used in traditional Far Eastern medicine for centuries. Research conducted on these species using modern analytical methods has led to advances in knowledge of the potential therapeutic use of compounds isolated not only from basidiocarps but also from biomass obtained by in vitro methods. Recent pharmacological studies have confirmed the known traditional uses of these species, elucidated previously unknown mechanisms of biological action, and found evidence of new biological activities, such as anticancer, cytotoxic, antiallergic, and neuroprotective activities. Furthermore, the article updated the state of knowledge on the general mycological characteristics of these species.
... Hepatitis B is an infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which can result in both acute and chronic infections. Cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually appear, having a detrimental impact on people's health, even though the majority of those with HBV infections show no symptoms [94,95]. It has been established that GAs belong to class of bioactive compounds found in G. lucidum [96], which exhibit a potential role in inhibiting the replication of HBV. ...
... The replication of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in HepG2215 cells was suppressed for eight days by GA from G. lucidum at a concentration of 8 µg/mL. The mice were also significantly protected by GAs from liver damage caused by M. bovis BCG and lipopolysaccharide (from Escherichia coli 0127:B8) [61,95]. Moreover, the liquid fermentation broth of G. lucidum was tested for anti-HBV and hepatoprotective action. ...
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) has been widely used for its health benefits as an edible and traditional medicinal mushroom for thousands of years in Asian countries. It is currently used as a nutraceutical and functional food owing to its major bioactive compounds, polysaccharides and triterpenoids. G. lucidum exhibits a broad range of hepatoprotective impacts in various liver disorders, such as hepatic cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol-induced liver disease, hepatitis B, hepatic fibrosis, and liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and α-amanitin. G. lucidum protects the liver through a broad range of mechanisms that include the modulation of liver Phase I and II enzymes, the suppression of β-glucuronidase, antifibrotic and antiviral actions, the regulation of the production of nitric oxide (NO), the maintenance of hepatocellular calcium homeostasis, immunomodulatory activity, and scavenging free radicals. G. lucidum could signify an encouraging approach for the management of various chronic hepatopathies, and its potential mechanisms make it a distinctive agent when used alone or with other drugs and applied as a functional food, nutraceutical supplement, or adjuvant to modern medicine. This review summarizes the hepatoprotective properties of G. lucidum with its various mechanisms of action on different liver ailments. Biologically active substances derived from G. lucidum are still being studied for their potential benefits in treating different liver ailments.
... Triterpenoids in GL and flavonoids in PT and HS are the main substances responsible for the hepatoprotective effects of these herbs (Qiu et al., 2019;Zhang et al., 2006;Hou et al., 2020). It is reported that the contents of triterpenoids and flavonoids in the ethanolic extracts of these herbs are higher than those in their water extracts Zhang et al., 2006). ...
Background:
A tri-herb formulation comprising Ganoderma (the dried fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum), Puerariae Thomsonii Radix (the dried root of Pueraria thomsonii) and Hoveniae Semen (the dried mature seed of Hovenia acerba) -GPH for short- has been using for treating liver injury; however, the pharmacological basis of this application of GPH is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the liver protective effects and mechanisms of action of an ethanolic extract of GPH (GPHE) in mice.
Methods:
To control the quality of GPHE, the contents of ganodermanontriol, puerarin and kaempferol in the extract were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. An ethanol (6 ml/kg, i.g.)-induced liver injury ICR mouse model was employed to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of GPHE. RNA-sequencing analysis and bioassays were performed to reveal the mechanisms of action of GPHE.
Results:
The contents of ganodermanontriol, puerarin and kaempferol in GPHE were 0.0632%, 3.627% and 0.0149%, respectively. Daily i.g. administration of 0.25, 0.5 or 1 g/kg of GPHE for 15 consecutive days suppressed ethanol (6 ml/kg, i.g., at day 15)-induced upregulation of serum AST and ALT levels and improved histological conditions in mouse livers, indicating that GPHE protects mice from ethanol-induced liver injury. Mechanistically, GPHE downregulated the mRNA level of Dusp1 (encoding MKP1 protein, an inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinases JNK, p38 and ERK), and upregulated expression and phosphorylation of JNK, p38 and ERK, which are involved in cell survival in mouse liver tissues. Also, GPHE increased PCNA (a cell proliferation marker) expression and reduced TUNEL-positive (apoptotic) cells in mouse livers.
Conclusion:
GPHE protects against ethanol-induced liver injury, and this effect of GPHE is associated with regulation of the MKP1/MAPK pathway. This study provides pharmacological justifications for the use of GPH in treating liver injury, and suggests that GPHE has potential to be developed into a modern medication for managing liver injury.
... Thus, the expression of α-SMA was inhibited. G. lucidum triterpene extract may inhibit the multiplication of PDGFβR-activated hepatic stellate cells by preventing the phosphorylation of platelet-derived growth factor, thus showing its effect against liver fibrosis Qiu et al., 2019). G. lucidum triterpenes exerts anti-fibrotic effects on liver fibrosis through several mechanisms. ...
... G. lucidum triterpenes exerts anti-fibrotic effects on liver fibrosis through several mechanisms. They inhibited HSC proliferation and upregulated collagenase expression, thus inhibiting collagen deposition; G. lucidum was anti-oxidant activity, on the other hand, is crucial to its hepatoprotective impact (Qiu et al., 2019). These two methods combined successfully to slow the development of liver fibrosis Qiu et al., 2019). ...
... They inhibited HSC proliferation and upregulated collagenase expression, thus inhibiting collagen deposition; G. lucidum was anti-oxidant activity, on the other hand, is crucial to its hepatoprotective impact (Qiu et al., 2019). These two methods combined successfully to slow the development of liver fibrosis Qiu et al., 2019). ...
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum, Lingzhi) is a well-known herbal medicine with a variety of pharmacological effects. Studies have found that G. lucidum has pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-aging, anti-liver fibrosis, and immunomodulation. The main active components of G. lucidum include triterpenoids, polysaccharides, sterols, peptides and other bioactive components. Among them, the triterpenoids and polysaccharide components of G. lucidum have a wide range of anti-liver fibrotic effects. Currently, there have been more reviews and studies on the antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-aging properties of G. lucidum. Based on the current trend of increasing number of liver fibrosis patients in the world, we summarized the role of G.lucidum extract in anti-liver fibrosis and the effect of G. lucidum extract on liver fibrosis induced by different pathogenesis, which were discussed and analyzed. Research and development ideas and references are provided for the subsequent application of G. lucidum extracts in anti-liver fibrosis treatment.
... e Huangjia Ruangan granule is a pure Chinese medicine compound preparation, which is composed of Hedysarum Multijugum Maxim (Huangqi, HQ), Trionyx sinensis Wiegmann (Biejia, BJ), Radix Puerariae (Gegen, GG), Radix Bupleuri (Chaihu, CH), Ganoderma (Lingzhi, LZ), Radix Paeoniae Rubra (Chishao, CS), Radix Salviae (Danshen, DS), Panax Notoginseng (Sanqi, SQ), Abri Herba (Jigucao, JGC), and Phyllanthus urinaria L (YeXiaZhu, YXZ). HQ and CH are used to ameliorate liver injury [14,15]; BJ can soften and disperse knots; LZ, CS, DS, and SQ can promote the blood circulation and have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects [16][17][18][19]; GG, JGC, and YXZ can detoxify damp-heat residual toxins [5,20,21]. e combination of these drugs exerts a variety of pharmacological effects, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrosis while protecting the liver and relieving depression. ...
The Huangjia Ruangan granule (HJRG) is a clinically effective Kampo formula, which has a significant effect on liver fibrosis and early liver cirrhosis. However, the mechanism underlying HJRG in treating liver fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was used to induce liver fibrosis in rats to clarify the effect of HJRG on liver fibrosis and its mechanism. Using network pharmacology, the potential mechanism of HJRG was initially explored, and a variety of analyses were performed to verify this mechanism. In the liver fibrosis model, treatment with HJRG can maintain the liver morphology, lower the levels of AST and ALT in the serum, and ameliorate pathological damage. Histopathological examinations revealed that the liver structure was significantly improved and fibrotic changes were alleviated. It can effectively inhibit collagen deposition and the expression of α-SMA, reduce the levels of the rat serum (HA, LN, PC III, and Col IV), and inhibit the expression of desmin, vimentin, and HYP content in the liver. Analyzing the results of network pharmacology, the oxidative stress, inflammation, and the related pathways (primarily the TNF signaling pathway) were identified as the potential mechanism of HJRG against liver fibrosis. Experiments confirmed that HJRG can significantly increase the content of superoxide dismutase and glutathione and reduce the levels of malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase in the rat liver; in addition, HJRG significantly inhibited the content of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) and reduced the expression of inflammatory regulators (Cox2 and iNOS). Meanwhile, treatment with HJRG inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB P65, IκBα, ERK, JNK, and MAPK P38. Moreover, HJRG treatment reversed the increased expression of TNFR1. The Huangjia Ruangan granule can effectively inhibit liver fibrosis through antioxidation, suppressing liver inflammation by regulating the TNF/MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, thereby preventing the effect of liver fibrosis.
... G. lucidum is called "fairy grass" and has a medicinal history of more than 2000 years [5]. G. lucidum can enhance anti-inflammatory activity of the body and effectively treat chronic liver disease [6,7]. Nucleoside compounds are the basic constituents of living organisms, and they are found in both A. roxburghii and G. lucidum. ...
Compound Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. (A. roxburghii) oral liquid (CAROL) is a hospital preparation of A. roxburghii and Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), which have hepatoprotective effects. Eight active components (five nucleosides/nucleobases and three triterpenoid acids) in CAROL, A. roxburghii, and G. lucidum were simultaneously detected by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was applied for the detection of analytes. These eight compounds were separated well within 12 min and quantified using the internal standard working curve method. The method showed good linearity (R2 > 0.9935) and high sensitivity (limit of detection = 0.29 ng/mL). The analyte recovery ranged from 85.07% to 97.50% (relative standard deviation < 3.31%). The content of the target analytes in four batches of CAROL, and the raw materials of G. lucidum and A. roxburghii from the five regions was determined using this method. The contents of guanosine and ganoderic acid A in four batches of oral liquid were high and stabilized and could be recommended as quality markers (Q-marker) for CAROL. Simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of nucleosides and triterpenoid acids in CAROL, A. roxburghii, and G. lucidum by LC–MS/MS based on the MRM model was reported for the first time. The proposed method provides a sensitive, rapid, and reliable approach for the quality control of Chinese medicinal products.
... After many years of research in modern medicine, it has been found that G. lucidum shows many physiological and pharmacological activities. According to the results of recent clinical reports, G. lucidum is mainly used in the clinical treatment of cancer, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, liver injury, neurasthenia and other diseases [2][3][4][5][6]. G. lucidum contains a variety of bioactive molecules, such as triterpenes, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, fatty acids, sterols, proteins and polysaccharides, among which polysaccharides and triterpenes are considered the main medicinal components of G. lucidum [1]. ...
