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Non accessible cost-effective clean water and it sustainability has globally, become the most demanding problems. Wastewater purification using Nanofiltration (NF) membranes separation technique is a cost-effective way of solving these demanding problems. However, the design of an innovative material for the fabrication of a membrane is quite diffi...
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... reaction between a dianhydride and diamine The reaction between a dianhydride and diisocyanate It is possible to synthesize polyimides by polycondensation of dianhydrides and diisocyanate where by the polymer is imidized by the removal of carbon dioxide as shown in Fig. 3. A classic polyimide known as Kapton is also produced by condensation of pyroimellitic dianhydride and 4,4-oxydianiline [11]. PIs have also enticed lots of consideration as a separation membrane due to properties like: a) Elevated thermal stability because of their elevated glass transition temperature, b) Excellent chemical ...
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The investigation of porous graphene, especially experimental research, is a challenging issue in related academic and technology and has become a hot topic in recent years. It is well known that the preparation of porous graphene is a difficult problem in experimental techniques. To prepare nanoporous graphene, much attention must focus on the qua...
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... Pollution of natural water with toxic metals has increased due to the expansion of industrial growth and development (Agboola et al. 2021). This causes environmental problems, including risks to human health. ...
One of the best and most affordable ways to remove harmful metals from water is by adsorption. This study investigated the efficiency of guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) eggshells as a low-cost adsorbent for cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) removal from landfill leachate. In replicas, 100 mL wastewater was added to each of the weighed adsorbent dosages (1 g, 1.5 g, 2 g, 2.5 g, 3.0 g, and 3.5 g) in a flat-bottom flask and agitated for 60 minutes at pH of 7.82 and temperature 24 C. The adsorption efficacy of cadmium and nickel by guinea fowl eggshells were 90.5% to 96.5% and 96.1% to 99.3%, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of cadmium was 4.89 × 10-2 mg/g and an adsorption equilibrium (KL) 22.74 mg/L. The Langmuir isotherm model was better fitted to the results of the experiment than the Freundlich isotherm model.
... NF membranes are designed for the separation of multivalent ions and their molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) ranges from 200 to 1000 Da [15,16]. Polymers such as polyamide [17,18], polyetherimide (PEI) [19,20], polyimides (PI) [21,22], polysulfone (PS) [23], and poly(ether) sulfone (PES) [24,25] are the most common polymers used for the fabrication of NF membranes. Despite the fact these polymer membranes currently dominate the separation industry, they are constrained by an intrinsic trade-off relationship between permeance and separation [26]. ...
We have molecularly designed negatively charged nanofiltration (NF) membranes by chemical modification of P84 flat membranes with hyperbranched polyethylenimine (HPEI) polymers and then infiltration of sulfocalix[4]arene (SCA4) to enhance their chemical stability and molecular sieving capability. The high molecular weight HPEI polymers developed a strong cross-linked network of P84 polymer chains with extraordinary chemical stability in solvents like N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP). In addition, the amine groups of HPEI ionically bonded with the electron-accepting sulfonic acid groups of SCA4, resulting in the cross-linked membranes with a proper pore dimension and enhanced size sieving capability. The NF membrane infiltrated with SCA4 in a 0.03 wt% SCA4 solution consisting of 50/50 (wt%) water and methanol for 8 h has boron rejections of 55.37 %, 67.23 %, 87.45 %, 89.95 %, and 98.24 % at pH = 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10, respectively. These performances are comparable with or superior to literature results for membranes made from thin-film interfacial polymerization. The unique SCA4 closed-loop structure not only enhances molecular sieving capability but also achieves negatively charged NF membranes that maximize the potential for removal of toxic ions. This study may provide useful insights to design NF membranes with the aid of supramolecular macrocycles for water reuse and removal of toxic ions.
... Other commonly used NF membrane polymer materials are PEI, PSF, PES, and PVDF. Among them, PSF has received extensive attention due to its chemical stability and non-toxicity [39]. Generally, PSF is made by the reaction of diphenol and bis (4-chlorophenyl) sulphone [39]. ...
... Among them, PSF has received extensive attention due to its chemical stability and non-toxicity [39]. Generally, PSF is made by the reaction of diphenol and bis (4-chlorophenyl) sulphone [39]. The membrane prepared by PEI has high rejection of divalent cations and anions [40]. ...
Water is the material basis for living organisms and one of the primary resources to maintain the sustainable development of the earth’s ecological environment. As a water purification method, nanofiltration (NF) separation technology has been widely considered by researchers in recent years. However, most of the studies on NF in the literature focus on membrane modification, and there are only a few reviews available. In this paper, the latest research progress of NF is reviewed, and the processes of NF membrane preparation using phase inversion, layer by layer, and interfacial polymerization are described. Polymer materials used for NF membrane preparation are reviewed and the main types of nanofillers to generate thin film nanocomposite membranes, including metal organic frameworks, boron nitride, Ti3C2TX, graphene oxide, SiO2, and iron oxide are discussed. Membrane fouling is inevitable during NF operation and this paper analyzes the mechanisms of fouling and summarizes key pretreatment and cleaning methods required to remediate the long-term effects of cake layer formation. The steric hindrance effect, Donnan effect, and dielectric exclusion are analyzed, and some common characterization methods are summarized. The practical applications of NF are briefly introduced including groundwater, pharmaceutical wastewater, and textile wastewater treatment. Finally, the shortcomings and prospects of the existing research progress are put forward.
... Much effort has been made to find alternative resources for sustainable development owing to the increased environmental awareness and the fluctuating price of crude oil (Agboola et al., 2021;Zafar et al., 2019). Biomass is considered a very attractive resource for producing sustainable materials. ...
The preparation of sustainable bio-based polybenzoxazines with multifuctional applications is highly desirable but still challenging. Here, we propose a facile strategy to address this dilemma by introducing dioxaborolane bonds into the benzoxazine network. Renewable dynamic cardanol-based polybenzoxazine networks were prepared using the renewable waste material, cardanol (a byproduct of cashew nut processing), as the starting material and fabricated by incorporating dioxaborolane bonds. The dioxaborolane-containing cardanol-based benzoxazine thermosets (PCBOz-DBs) showed excellent reprocessability, self-healing property, shape memory behavior, and antibacterial activity. PCBOz-DBs have a controllable mechanical strength in a wide range between stretchability (elongation at break: over 587%) and stiffness (tensile strength: 5.88 MPa), as well as an excellent shape memory performance, by tailoring dioxaborolane bond content without catalyst. The polymer has a strong tissue-adhesive property and can firmly adhere to a variety of substrates, such as metal, plastic, and glass. PCBOz-DBs showed inhibition rates of 95.61% and 99.98% against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Moreover, the distinct network makes PCBOz-DB recyclable over multiple times without compromising its property, showing significant and self-healing properties under relatively low temperature (100 °C) and short healing time (5 min). The prepared PCBOz-DB, which is reusable, recyclable, and renewable, can achieve the goal of cleaner production by using bio-renewable biomass and reducing petrochemical resources, production, and energy emissions.
... prepare nanofiltration membranes. (Agboola et al., 2020;Zhao et al., 2020). Zhu et al. (2019) fabricated a multifunctional thin film composite nanofiltration membrane (Fe-TFC) by cross-linking and coating renewable iron ion-tannic acid (Fe III -TA) on the surface of a polyamide base membrane. ...
Nanofiltration membranes play a crucial role in advanced water treatment, however, a number of challenges remain in their application, such as difficulties in controlling membrane fouling and membrane pore size, as well as membrane material biodegradability. An emerging trend currently underway is to develop a natural/biodegradable polymer-based membrane that is sustainable while achieving high flux and separation efficiency. Cellulose-based membrane materials are green, low-cost, and energy-saving, which offer the potential to replace traditional petrochemical-based membrane materials. This review article provides a comprehensive and critical review of the design approach in composite nanofiltration membranes, green membrane materials, and the major features and advantages in the preparation of cellulose-based composite nanofiltration membranes. The focus is on the recent developments (especially after 2015) in cellulose nanofiltration membranes based on molecular-level design approaches for advanced water treatment, with the aim of further insights into cellulose membrane pore structure-filtration performance. In addition, the applications of cellulose nanofiltration membranes in seawater desalination, drinking water softening, and oil-water separation are presented. Furthermore, a brief investigation of the industrial development and applications of cellulose nanofiltration membranes is given, as well as the current limitations and the future directions are discussed.
... Multilayered TFN membranes are often casted from nanocomposites or formed directly during the polymerization of the precursors. Nanomaterials are dispersed in thin films to generate or improve mechanical, chemical and special properties combined from different groups of materials (such as hydrophilic properties, creating interactive forces, static electricity, adsorption capacity, specific surface area, … ) [7,10,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. Therefore, multilayered TFN membranes have a diverse range of segregation, according to the purpose of use, and enhanced anti-fouling features. ...
... Polymeric membranes are more widely developed than the rest of the materials due to their low production costs, mass production and flexible applications [5,19]. Types of polymer materials commonly used to make membranes include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) [21,23], polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) [9,11,13,23], polyamide (PA) [14,15,17,19,21], polysulfone (PSF) [14,15,17,24], polyethersulfone (PES) [15,19,20], polyetherimide (PEI) [11,15,24], polystyrenes (PS) [14], polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [14,16], … Among such materials, PA based thin-film nanocomposite (PA-TFC) are commonly used as either forward osmosis (FO) or reverse osmosis (RO) membranes due to their high separation efficiency, high mechanical strength and environmental friendliness [23,24]. However, the fouling is easily caused by hydrophobicity of the active PA layer as well as uncertain retention time of components on rough walls of pores. ...
... Polymeric membranes are more widely developed than the rest of the materials due to their low production costs, mass production and flexible applications [5,19]. Types of polymer materials commonly used to make membranes include polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) [21,23], polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) [9,11,13,23], polyamide (PA) [14,15,17,19,21], polysulfone (PSF) [14,15,17,24], polyethersulfone (PES) [15,19,20], polyetherimide (PEI) [11,15,24], polystyrenes (PS) [14], polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) [14,16], … Among such materials, PA based thin-film nanocomposite (PA-TFC) are commonly used as either forward osmosis (FO) or reverse osmosis (RO) membranes due to their high separation efficiency, high mechanical strength and environmental friendliness [23,24]. However, the fouling is easily caused by hydrophobicity of the active PA layer as well as uncertain retention time of components on rough walls of pores. ...
Nylon 66, which is an important membrane class used in manufacturing of chitin and chitosan, have a number of features that can be improved by surface functionalizations into a novel composite structure with support of ultrasound and silica gel (SiG) catalyst in a doubled amidation reaction. Firstly, nylon 66/para-phenylenediamine thin film composite (NP-TFC) is prepared from commercial nylon 66 membrane in an ultrasound assisted hydrolysis-amidation reaction. Secondly, carboxylic functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-COOH) are grafted on the NP fiber in an ultrasound assisted/SiG-catalyzed amidation reaction, where para-phenylenediamine (pPD) role is cross-linking. As an excellent result confirmed by either Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman spectrometry or scanning electron microscopic (SEM), bundled MWCNTs bridges are easily built in SiG-catalyzed ethanol media to connect nylon 66 fibers at distances of 0.3–1 μm. The vacuum filtration test confirmed that as-prepared nylon 66/pPD/MWCNTs structure has superior Ca²⁺ rejection efficiency to that of original nylon 66.
... Pollution of natural water with toxic heavy metals is expanding step by step as a result of industrial development and growth [3]. This incident has become a striking worldwide concern since it poses a health risk to human life [9]. ...
This study explores the kinetic and equilibrium performance of eggshell as an adsorbent for hexavalent chromium and cadmium ion removal from wastewater. The experimental removal of the two metal ions was performed batch-wise and the influence of variables like initial metal loading, pH, contact time, and adsorbent dose. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectra reveals that chromium and cadmium ion interact with carbonyl, carboxylic, hydroxyl functional groups in eggshell. The best pH is 6, and the adsorption capacity improves with increasing initial concentration of adsorbate, pH, contact time and adsorbent dosage for chromium and cadmium ion. Pseudo-second-order kinetics is the most suitable model for the removal of chromium and cadmium ion, while the equilibrium agrees with Freundlich isotherms. These outcomes reveal that eggshell is a promising cheap adsorbent for adsorption of toxic heavy metals like chromium and cadmium ion from aqueous solution.
This review covers recent developments and progress in synthetic peptide-based polymer blending with other polymers and /or biopolymers as new materials. Considerable sequences of tropoelastin, such as poly(GVGVP), poly(GVGIP), poly(AVGVP), poly(AVGIP), poly[0.8(AVGVP), 0.2(AEGVP)], and other analogous polymer poly(γ-benzyl-L-glutamate), have been considered. The various blend materials of peptide-based polymers need to be summarized as they are necessary for academic and industrial applications, and this review showcases the expansions in the last ten years. The latest publications regarding the preparation and properties of polypeptides and their blends with different polymers have been assessed. A critical comparison of the accessible knowledge in the polypeptide blends domain has been performed.
In this study, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polycarbonate (PC) were electrospun in a blended form at different PC contents (10–50 wt.%) to serve as nanofiber membranes. The morphological studies done by SEM images demonstrated that the nanofiber membranes were electrospun without any bead defects in all conditions and the diameters of the nanofibers were in the range of 140–580 nm. The FTIR test also revealed the presence of all characteristic peaks of the polymers in the blended membrane. Further, contact angle (CA) tests showed that the increase of the PC content improved the hydrophilic properties of the membranes with the decrease of contact angle from 129° to 80°. The mechanical tests also revealed that TPU served a significant role in the elastic behavior and tensile strength of the membranes. The tensile strength and strain of electrospun nanofiber membranes (ENFMs) were in the range of 3.5–10.3 MPa and 41–56%, respectively. The filtration efficiency of ENMs was evaluated using the submerged system with the humic acid (HA) solution. The obtained results showed that the more porous structure (PC content: 10 wt.%) had higher initial permeation flux (110 L.m−2.h−1), but all samples reached a constant flux (16.44 L.m−2.h−1) after 240 min. Measurement of the fouling parameters also revealed that the irreversible fouling ratio (IFR) of the membranes was improved by increasing the PC content. The results also demonstrated the better antifouling performance for the blended membrane with 50 wt.% of polycarbonate (flux recovery ratio, FRR = 92.6%). The HA rejection measurement also exhibited the enhanced rejection of the foulants (99.3%) by the membrane containing a higher PC content (50 wt.%). The results showed that the PVC/TPU/PC nanofiber membrane at PC content of 50 wt.% had an excellent filtration performance and could be used as a candidate for water treatment purposes.
