Figure - available from: Plasmonics
This content is subject to copyright. Terms and conditions apply.
Source publication
A nanoscale structure which comprises metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide, stub resonator, and hexagonal resonator is proposed to realize plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) response. The characteristics of the device are numerically investigated with different geometrical parameters. Benefitting from the narrow transparency window and long coupli...
Similar publications
This paper proposes a compact plasmonic structure that is composed of a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide coupled with a groove and stub resonators, and then investigates it by utilizing the finite element method (FEM). Simulation results show that the interaction between the local discrete state caused by the stub resonator and the continuous...
Citations
... Wu et al. introduced the PIT phenomenon in MIM waveguide side coupled short hexagonal resonator at near-infrared frequencies and calculated its evaluation index as a nanosensor [28]. With a similar design idea, Guo et al. suggested a MIM waveguide coupled with an inverted T-shaped resonator with defects and applied it to filtering [29]. Hao et al. proposed a plasmonic structure using MIM waveguides coupled with three stub resonators to achieve PIT [30]. ...
A novel plasmonic structure is proposed to achieve plasmon-induced transparency (PIT), which is composed of a stub resonator (SR) and a square ring resonator (SRR). The research delves into the theoretical calculations and numerical simulations to explore the formation and evolution mechanisms of PIT. In this innovative structure, the evolution of PIT is notably influenced by geometric parameters, and its sensing performance in various environments is thoroughly examined. Furthermore, the study evaluates its potential applications in the domains of slow light and optical switches. Moreover, the introduction of an additional SR and SRR to the original structure leads to a multi-PIT phenomenon, and the underlying reasons for this phenomenon are elucidated. Meanwhile, the sensor sensitivity in air, alcohol, and glucose media is calculated to be improved by 12.5%, 12.7%, and 9.1%, respectively, compared with the previous work. This hybrid structure effectively enhances the overall performance of the plasmonic system in practical applications. Consequently, this proposed plasmonic structure introduces a fresh perspective for the development of multifunctional nanoscale optical devices, particularly in the realms of nanosensors, slow light technologies, optical storage, and optical switches.
... Chau et al. designed a multi-channel color filter with an optical sensor and switching functions to achieve versatility, while it worked only in the 350-700 nm range [20]. In the fabrication of slow-light devices, Wu et al. introduced the plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) phenomenon in the MIM waveguide side coupled hexagonal resonator at the near-infrared frequency band [21]. Hao et al. proposed a plasma structure using a MIM waveguide coupled with a three-stub resonator to achieve the multi-PIT phenomenon. ...
A structure is proposed in this article consisting of a stub metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide coupled with an embedded T-shaped square ring resonator (ETSRR). The transmission characteristics and magnetic field distribution of the design are analyzed in detail using the finite element method (FEM). Furthermore, the geometric parameters are optimized using an improved genetic algorithm to enhance device performance. The proposed structure is therefore an ideal candidate for realizing a refractive index sensor and slow-light device, with potential applications in various fields such as sensing and communication. Moreover, our study provides valuable insights to the design of surface plasmon polarition (SPP) waveguides with computer assistance.
... From the standing wave theorem, if the effective path length is integer multiple of the wavelength of the EM field in the resonator, then a resonance is formed and energy of the EM wave gets trapped in the resonator. The resonant wavelength [47], ...
Numerous studies have used the Drude model to optimize silver-based Metal-Insulator-Metal plasmonic sensors for some limited sensing applications; however, Lab-on-a-chip sensing for cell protein concentration measurement still needs to be accomplished. Furthermore, little study has been conducted on sensing for the salinity measurement of seawater, Bovine serum albumin concentration measurement, human tissue categorization, mitigating the oxidation issue of these sensors, and nanofabrication challenges. In this article, a Metal-Insulator-Metal based oxidation free material (gold modeled with Drude-Lorentz model) built round-edged hexagonal plasmonic refractive index sensor with nanorods embedded both in the straight waveguide and resonator has been investigated using the Finite element method (FEM) for all of the above sensing applications. This sensor achieves 19.05 nm/g/100mL and 1476.6 nm/ppm sensitivity for cell protein concentration and salinity measurement. The sensor’s max sensitivity and Sensing Resolution are 9231.7 nm/RIU and 1.083∗10−7. This sensor has also been employed as an electromagnetic interference-free temperature sensor using toluene, achieving 5.16 nm/°C sensitivity. Thus, this label-free and low-footprint sensor can be employed to study the salinity of seawater, which is linked with global warming and the earth’s hydrologic cycle, study protein concentration for nanomedicine applications, and Lab-on-chip sensing as an oxidation-free alternative to silver-based sensors.
... Chen et al. [46] 2016 Nano-disc resonator 1555 87.9 Rakhshani et al. [47] 2016 Hexagonal ring cavity 4270 22 Wu et al. [48] 2017 Hexagonal resonator 560 178 Zhou et al. [49] 2017 Trapezoidal cavity 750 65.2 Zhao et al. [50] 2017 Ring cavity and baffles 718 -Akhavan et al. [51] 2017 Elliptical ring resonator 780 -Zhou et al. [49] 2017 Trapezoid cavity 750 65.2 Tang et al. [52] 2017 Rectangular and ring resonator 1125 74 ...
Plasmonic refractive index sensors that employ metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguides are gaining popularity due to their potential to detect molecular binding and their label-free detection capabilities. In this type of sensor, changes in the refractive index of the surrounding medium induce changes in the propagation of SPPs along the MIM waveguide. These changes can be detected and utilized to deduce the properties of the medium. In this report, two sensor topologies based on MIM waveguides are proposed to satisfy the demands of label-free detection, low cost, and short reaction time for a lab-on-a-chip biosensor. A plasmonic refractive index sensor is proposed based on a square ring-type resonator with gratings, which is coupled with a straight metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide that has two triangular stubs. The sensor exhibits high sensitivity, of 3270.3 nm/RIU with a figure of merit (FOM) of 31.154. The sensor can detect change in the temperature in a broad spectral range using the wavelength-dependent refractive index of ethanol with a maximum achievable sensitivity of 1.159 nm/ ◦C. Another novel comb shaped plasmonic refractive index sensor has been propsed that employs a ZrN-Insulator-ZrN configuration. The sensor is constructed using Zirconium Nitride (ZrN), an alternative refractory material that offers advantages over traditional metals such as silver and gold, as ZrN is Standard Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible and has tunable optical properties.
... PIT is regarded as a plasmonic analogue of classical electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) [46,47]. The EIT phenomenon has been widely studied because of its potential applications in the fields of sensors [48,49], switches [50][51][52], and filters [53,54]. PIT can be observed in stub-coupled MIM waveguide systems [55,56] which have many advantages of small sizes and simple fabrication procedures. ...
Plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) in the transparent window provides new insights into the design of optical devices such as optical sensors. Therefore, in this paper, four novel structures based on the PIT phenomenon are proposed to design plasmonic refractive index sensors (RISs). The designed structures consist of metal–insulator-metal (MIM) waveguides, stub resonators (SR), and nano-disk resonators (NDRs) containing metal strips (MSs). By using an MIM waveguide, an SR, and an NDR containing MSs, the first RIS (main RIS) is designed and simulated using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. To verify FDTD simulations, the stub-coupled MIM waveguide system which is used to design the main RIS is analyzed using the transmission line method (TLM). The maximum sensitivity and FOM of the main RIS obtain 725.1 nm/RIU and 91.78 RIU−1, respectively. By coupling two SRs, two NDRs containing MSs, and two SRs and NDRs containing MSs simultaneously, the other three RIS structures are designed. Increasing Q factors of the designed RISs results in higher FOM values for these new structures. The maximum FOM values for RIS I, RIS II, and RIS III are achieved at 120.18, 144.27, and 113.07 RIU−1, respectively.
... To validate the theoretical investigation, the main structure of the device was realized using a fabrication procedure. Most plasmonic structures can be fabricated using nanofabrication technology such as electron beam lithography or focused ion beam (FIB) etching techniques, in which the FIB etching system Research Article possesses higher precision [36,37]. The fabrication steps for the device are orderly illustrated in Fig. 6. ...
A resistive switch effect-based optical memristive switch with an ultra-high extinction ratio and ultra-compact size working at 1550 nm is proposed. The device is composed of a metal–insulator–metal waveguide and a square resonator with active electrodes. The formation and rupture of conductive filaments in the resonant cavity can alter the resonant wavelength, which triggers the state of the optical switch ON or OFF. The numerical results demonstrate that the structure has an ultra-compact size (less than 1 µm) and ultra-high extinction ratio (37 dB). The proposed device is expected to address the problems of high-power consumption and large-scale optical switches and can be adopted in optical switches, optical modulation, optical storage and computing, and large-scale photonic integrated devices.
... Optical waveguide grating structures can also be considered resonance-based refractive index sensors since they exhibit resonances in their transmission spectra [5,13]. Another widely investigated option for refractive index sensing is based on mode coupling phenomena that can occur between a bus waveguide and a resonator in the resonance wavelengths in which the transmission spectra of the sensor display resonances [14][15][16][17][18][19]. In a plasmonic waveguide, since the field of optical mode, also called surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mode, is highly confined in the border of metal and an arbitrary test dielectric material [20], the circumstances for precise sensing of a material based on the mechanism of light-matter engagement are more appropriate than those of other optical sensors with less confined optical modes. ...
In this paper, a method for sensing the mass densities of CO2 and CH4 gases is proposed based on the theoretical index–density relation of Lorentz–Lorenz using a resonance-based plasmonic refractive index sensor. Metal–insulator–metal (MIM) plasmonic bus waveguide, known for its very high mode confinement, is utilized for the propagation of plasmonic mode between input and output. An edge-coupled disk resonator and two of its modifications are investigated to find the desired operational parameters like refractive index sensitivity and free spectral range (FSR) of resonances. The introduced mechanism translates any deviation in the resonance wavelength of the sensor to specified variations in the mass density of test gases. The achieved mass density sensitivities are 118nm/gr/cm3 at the range of 0-0.21gr/cm3 for CO2 gas, and 319.8nm/gr/cm3 at the range of 0-0.08gr/cm3 for CH4 gas. Also, in a 2D modal analysis, the achieved waveguide sensitivities in a MIM waveguide, whose insulator is treated as a functional material for the concentration of CO2 gas, in the two cases of applying or ignoring the refractive index of gas in simulations are compared. Hence, a rigorous method in 3D simulations for achieving gas sensitivities based on Lorentz–Lorenz formula is proposed.
... To further analyze transmission responses of the coupled-cavity system, a coupled mode theory (CMT) is introduced. According to the CMT, 28,29 transmission spectra of the single-and double-stub structures are derived as, respectively, ...
Tunability is an important feature for the filter. As a special electromagnetic medium, the plasma has its permittivity being altered in a wideband range. In this work, based on the surface plasmon polaritons of plasma–dielectric–plasma waveguides, we propose a double-stubs structure submerged in a gaseous discharge plasma medium to realize tunable filtering properties in the giga-hertz (GHz) regime. The finite element method is applied to numerically compute filtering properties. The coupled mode theory and orthogonal design method are introduced to verify simulation results and estimate the effect of simulation parameters on the filtering properties. It is shown that the height of two stubs has the most important influence on filtering performance. Although once the filter is fabricated, its size cannot be modified, one can, nevertheless, vary the plasma frequency to effectively adjust the plasma frequency for the best filtering. Thus, such a plasma-modified filter provides a feasible scheme to dynamically adjust the filtering frequency.
... The metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguide (WG) coupled with a resonator (or cavity) is considered one of the most prospective nanophotonic devices based on surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) between the interface of dielectric and metal nanoparticles (MNPs) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Recently, MIM resonator-based WGs have received considerable interest and attention [9][10][11][12][13][14]. The leading aims in this aspect are to fulfill a functional integrated optical circuits (IOCs) platform and their outstanding features, such as simple fabrication, compact footprint, long propagation, strong light confinement, tunable working wavelengths, and low power consumption [15][16][17][18][19]. ...
We designed a high sensitivity plasmonic sensor based on a metal–insulator–metal bus waveguide coupled with a triangular ring-shaped resonator (TRSR) containing silver nanorods working in the mid-infrared region having multiple modes. We applied the two-dimensional finite element method (FEM) for transmittance, electric and magnetic fields, plasmon modes, and sensing performance investigation. The highest sensitivity for aqueous solutions (1.31≤n≤1.41) is relevant for extended applications to biosensing, while geometrical optimization is still possible for higher sensitivity. The developed structure receives the high sensitivity and figure of merit ranging in 1000∼6000 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) and 11.67∼66.67 1/RIU for modes 1–7, respectively. Moreover, the designed structure can serve as the refractive index biosensors, significantly enhancing the sensitivity by 300% compared to its common one.
... In the case of periodic structures, the electromagnetic wave with a certain frequency is allowed to pass, while if the frequency is in the forbidden band, the reflection will occur. Many PhCbased devices such as switches [4], couplers [5,6], logic gates [7,8], flip-flops [9], demultiplexers [10][11][12], acoustic demultiplexers [13], solar cells [14], low cross-talk [15], biomedical devices [16], and sensors [17,18] have been proposed during recent years. In addition, various types of defects in PhC lattices and Bragg grating were introduced in [19]. ...
A tunable high transmission optical bandpass filter based on a plasmonic hybrid nanostructure, composed of a periodic array of nanocircles and nanoholes combining two isolated waveguides is introduced in this paper. The presented design improves the coupling, which results in a higher transmission peak. To study the filtering operation, different topologies are investigated. The transmission properties and the resonance wavelengths are adjusted by sweeping various geometrical parameters. A multimode spectrum for each of the topologies is obtained. A tunable bandgap and bandwidth can be obtained by adjusting the refractive index of the periodic nanostructure. We have reached a maximum quality factor and a small full width at half-maximum bandwidth with the maximum transmission values greater than 80%. The advantages of the presented structures which include the benefits of both plasmonic and periodic nanostructures are tunability, high detection resolution, and integrability at the nanoscale for optical applications.
