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The present study investigates the performance of a pilot-scale Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) process for the treatment of wastewater quality parameters, including turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total solids (TS), nitrogen (ammonia (NH3–N), nitrite (NO2−), and nitrate (NO3−), phosphate (PO43−), the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the 5...
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... this study, pre-denitrification and post-denitrification processes were investigated in the SBR process to find the most appropriate method for the removal of pollutants. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the pilot-scale SBR system used in the present work. The system consists of a feed tank with a capacity of 700 L and a cylindrical oxidation reactor with a capacity of 300 L, which were made from inert, transparent methacrylate material. ...
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... variations of influent and effluent concentrations and removal efficiencies (RE) of NH3-N, NO3-N, and TN during the SBR pilot-scale batch experiments are shown in Figure 2. The average effluent concentrations of NH3-N after pre-anoxic denitrification scenario I (SCI) and oxic post nitrification scenario II (SCII) were found to be 2.59 ± 0.48 mg L −1 and 0.98 ± 0.86 mg L −1 , respectively. The highest NH3-N removal efficiency of 99.9% was achieved by SCII (Batch# 6-4), while SCI resulted in the lowest NH3-N removal efficiency of 77.0% (Batch# 3-1). These results reveal that more favorable conditions for the oxidation of NH3-N were provided by SCII, where the average Ta/Ttotal = 0.36, while the average Ta/Ttotal in SCI was 0.24. ...
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... primary product of nitrification during the SBR experiments was NO3-N, which accumulated up to 7.2 mg L −1 , while the NO2-N concentration was always below the quantification limit. The average NO3-N accumulation ratios (% increase) in SCI and SCII were calculated as 60.6% (±21.9) and 92.5% (±5.19), respectively. ...
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Fisheries industries produce wastewater as by-product. Based on preliminary surveys, there is no integrated wastewater management in the Southern Coast of Jember Regency where the centre fisheries industry was taken place. This study aims to find areas that are potentially polluted by fisheries industries wastewater and offer the information for pl...
Citations
... Because the capacity of each tank is controlled by the volume of waste water produced during the treatment time in the other tank, SBRs are better suited to smaller flows (Ge et al., 2015). Sequencing batch reactor was used to treat mixed pharmaceutical industrial effluent with the results depicting the percentage reductions in biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, suspended particles, ammonia and potassium to be 85%, 87%, 98%, 96% and 5% respectively (Alagha et al., 2020). ...
The progress made by pharmaceutical industries in recent decades have led to significant increase in economic growth. However, the wastes generated are linked to the degeneration of the quality of soils and water bodies. Several bioremediation strategies are being explored and proposed for the treatment of pharmaceutical waste water due to the limits of chemical methods in handling resistant xenobiotics. Many bacteria, algae, fungi and plant species have displayed promising bioremediation potential in removing drug residues from pharmaceutical effluents. To develop cost-effective and long-term treatment approaches, however, more research is required. The complete removal of pharmaceutical compounds from waste waters will encourage the industry to reuse water and help meet the world's growing demand for clean and safe drinking water. In this chapter, an overview of the characteristics of pharmaceutical wastewater is provided. Also, the various bioremediation measures currently in place or studied for eliminating pharmaceutical contaminants are reviewed.
... Over the last decade, significant research initiatives have concentrated on utilizing nitrite as a solution for the improvement of nitrogen removal. Alternative research looked at two denitrification situations, pre-anoxic and post-anoxic denitrification, to evaluate the SBR's performance, particularly in nitrogen removal (Alagha et al., 2020). In comparison of two scenarios, the results demonstrated that the post-anoxic denitrification state was more efficient in producing higher quality effluent. ...
Humankind has been grappling with wastewater treatment for centuries. To ensure optimal operation and control of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), suitable advanced control strategies are required as they are inherently nonlinear in nature and subjected to different influent conditions. This paper proposes a novel supervisory control scheme for sequencing batch reactor (SBR)-based WWTP. It integrates hierarchical fuzzy control, based on ammonia and nitrate observations, in the presence of lower-level proportional integral (PI) and fractional-order PI (FPI) controllers, with the dual goal of aeration cost reduction and effluent quality enhancement. A modified ASM2d (activated sludge model No. 2d) framework is used as a model for SBR. In the hierarchical control system, variable dissolved oxygen (DO) trajectories are generated by the supervisory fuzzy logic controller and passed to the lower-level controller, according to ammonia and nitrate profiles within SBR. It is crucial to adjust this element properly in order to maximize wastewater treatment efficiency and reduce plant costs, especially for the aeration system. A notable aspect of nitrate-based hierarchical control scheme is to curtail the fresh oxygen use since nitrate (SNO), a product of nitrification, is utilized for limiting aeration costs. Six distinct control techniques are implemented of which PI and FPI controllers for control of DO at the lower level. Four types of hierarchical ammonia and nitrate-based controllers employing intelligent fuzzy control are deployed. Addition of fuzzy controller contributes to an airflow reduction of 40.08% for ammonia control and 31.58% for nitrate control strategies. This study highlights the superiority of the ammonia-based control strategy, particularly coupled with lower-level FPI controller, based on its ability to minimize airflow without affecting effluent quality. These findings offer helpful insights for advancing the field of wastewater treatment, improving efficiency, and promoting cost-effective and sustainable practices in SBR.
... With a single basin, the sequential batch reactor fills, aerates, and settles [19]. Therefore, compared to conventional methods, space, investment costs, and maintenance costs are lower and also flexible and successful technology [20][21][22]. SBR is utilized to effectively remove Phosphorous, COD, and Nitrogen [23][24][25][26]; even a modified type of SBR effectively eliminates micro pollutants [27]. Another key benefit of SBR is its adaptability to different operating conditions, including anoxic and aerobic [28]. ...
... Meteorological data from 2004 to 2019 including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, Solar radiation, and relative humidity Meteorology data [70,71] Demands, population and household, wastewater production flow, area, and latitude Regional data [72] Waste composition Waste data [73] Recyclability percentage [74][75][76][77] MSW technology data [78][79][80][81][82] Wastewater technology data [83][84][85][86] Irrigation technologies Water data [87] Crop coefficient Food data J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f Reference Description Item [88][89][90][91][92] Herbal Plants coefficient [93] Crop yield ...
The excessive exploitation of fossil resources has induced climate change and consequently water scarcity, which jeopardizes agriculture and the sustainable development of regions. The main objective of this study is to establish a synergy among various components of the nexus model, planning, and policy-making to address the water scarcity crisis and its adverse implications for ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and employment growth in a region based on the regional constraints. This study develops a water-energy-food-waste nexus model that incorporates data on renewable energy potential, wastewater treatment, and specifically herbal plant cultivation, to determine the capacity of technologies to satisfy water and energy demand in a region with water scarcity. The model is optimized to minimize environmental emissions and maximize economic profit, and validated through sensitivity analysis, demonstrating its potential for sustainable planning and decision-making. Three scenarios were considered. By incorporating renewable technologies, improved irrigation methods, and waste-to-energy conversion, it is evident that relying only on wastewater treatment is not financially feasible without a water market. However, by adopting self-sufficiency in energy production and transitioning to less water-intensive herbal plants, reservoir withdrawals can be reduced by 16.9% and the need for wastewater treatment can be decreased by 45.9%. Additionally, the implementation of green technologies and carbon tax policies can lead to reduced emissions and increased economic profit, especially in a green state with higher carbon tax, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive approach to sustainable development that considers employment and limited resources.
... BOD 5 is the quantity of oxygen utilized by bacteria and other microorganisms in a water medium for 5 days at a standard temperature of 20°C for aerobic decomposition. As a result, the BOD 5 is an indirect measure for assessing existing organic or chemical wastes that are biodegradable in water in the presence of oxygen, expressed in mg O 2 /L (Abdulla et al., 2016;Alagha et al., 2020;Al-Sulaiman & Khudair, 2018;Lewis, 2006). The amount of 5-day dissolved oxygen (DO 5 ) in mg/L necessary for the biodegradation of organics is indicated by BOD 5 . ...
... High BOD concentrations in water (i.e., attributed to DO = 5 mg O 2 /L) reduce oxygen availability, pollute aquatic habitats (limiting aquatic life), impact ecosystem biodiversity, deteriorate water quality, and contaminate freshwater (Al-Sulaiman & Khudair, 2018;Voß et al., 2012). Topsoil leaves, woody debris, animal dung, and effluents from pulp and paper mills are all sources of BOD (Abdulla et al., 2016;Alagha et al., 2020;Al-Sulaiman & Khudair, 2018;Lewis, 2006). Anthropogenic causes of high BOD loadings to freshwater and/or watershed systems include home and livestock (animal) waste, industrial discharge, agricultural pollutants, and combined or mixed sewage overflows. ...
... In other words, the discharge of wastewater with high BOD would harm marine life in two ways: (i) organics are mostly toxic when consumed, and (ii) high BOD depletes dissolved oxygen that is required for the survival of aquatic life. Organic wastes in water can induce a surge in BOD at wastewater treatment facilities, feedlots, food-processing companies, and urban stormwater runoff (Abdulla et al., 2016;Alagha et al., 2020;Al-Sulaiman & Khudair, 2018;Lewis, 2006). ...
The limited freshwater resources and increasing demand for clean water require minimizing organic contamination in wastewater. High levels of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in water reduce available oxygen, harm ecosystem biodiversity, and degrade water quality. Here, regression-based analytical models are suggested to minimize organic contamination by estimating desired dissolved oxygen (DO) and dilution factors (df) correlated to the organic decomposition. Training datasets of defined independent inputs (i) ultimate biochemical oxygen demand (UBOD), (ii) minimum BODT (BODM), (iii) average BODT (BODA), (iv) COD, (v) O2 consumption (X), and (vi) time (T) were collected and/or calculated based on literature. Results showed that there should be specified oxygen dosing amounts dependent upon BOD5 levels, noting that BOD5 and DO5 are inversely proportional (proportionality might differ based on the microbial concentration). An increase in df is predominated by BOD5, with df≈9.2 for storm (STM), df≈12 × 10³ for industrial (IND), and df≈18.5–28.5 for domestic (DOM) wastewaters. Mixing/matching between the input features used in training regressors including medium trees (MT) and ensembles boosted trees (EBT) showed high accuracy > 94% for predictor combinations: (i) MT-[UBOD-X], MT-[UBOD-X-T-COD], and EBT-[UBOD-X-T-COD] for DO5 predictions, and (ii) EBT-[BODM-BODA] and EBT-[BODM-BODA-UBOD-X-T-COD] for df predictions, knowing the general term XX-[a-b-c-d-e-f] has XX = regressor and a,b,c,d,e,f = predictors for the training parameters used as inputs. The models are capable of predicting changes in DO5 against BOD with deviations 5–10%, whereas a suggested correction factor ±UBODiBODMiα\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\pm {\left(\frac{UBO{D}_i}{BOD{M}_i}\right)}^{\alpha }$$\end{document} further reduced this deviation to < 5%, where i = 0, 1, 2…6 refers to the BODM datapoint and its corresponding UBOD with the constant α = f(i). The optimized collective models (cubic equations derived for df and DO5 from BODM that is an exponent function in UBOD) would enable effluent quality evaluation to manage organic contamination, bridging the gap between science and industry best practices.
Graphical abstract
... The main objective of wastewater treatment is to extract pollutants, remove coarse particles, eliminate toxicants, and kill potential pathogens so that the remaining clean water, known as effluent, can be discharged back into the environment to meet various purposes [1,2]. World Vision estimates that more than 770 million people around the world have no access to clean and safe water for drinking and domestic use [2]. ...
... Rapid urbanization is also creating various water challenges, including inadequate supply of water, degradation in the quality of clean water, and damage to sanitation infrastructure, especially in the proliferation of informal settlements [49]. Only a small percentage of informal settlements are connected to the urban sewerage system [1,59,60]. According to Delanka-Pedige et al. [33], the connection to the sewerage system is the first initiative toward establishing a sustainable water resource management system. ...
... Once the materials are removed, they are either buried or burned. The environmental issues associated with burning have often led to burying as the preferred method for disposing of solid materials [1,3,19]. However, even burying is not environmentally friendly, since it allows chemicals and non-decomposing materials such as plastics to pollute the soil. ...
Wastewater treatment involves the extraction of pollutants, removal of coarse particles, and elimination of toxicants. Moreover, wastewater treatment kills pathogens and produces bio-methane and fresh manure for agricultural production. The connection between waste management and sustainability created the basis for this research. Wastewater treatment is part of the efforts to minimize water waste, minimize pressure on natural sources of water, and create a pathway for clean energy. A systematic literature review was selected for this study to evaluate and synthesize the available evidence in support of wastewater treatment for both economic and environmental sustainability. The articles were evaluated using the PRISMA framework to identify the most appropriate articles for inclusion. A total of 46 articles were selected based on their content validity, relevance to the research question, strength of evidence, year of publication (2000–2023), and relevance to sustainable resource management. The findings indicate that wastewater treatment enables sustainable resource management by improving the supply of clean water, and minimizing pressure on natural resources, energy recovery, and agricultural support. Wastewater treatment provides one of the most sustainable approaches to water conservation, energy production, and agricultural productivity.
... Most municipal WWTPs adopt the pre-anoxic BNR process (AO configuration), where the anoxic zone precedes the aerobic zone. A high mixed liquor recycle (MLR) flow rate is necessary to supply nitrate from the aerobic zone to the anoxic zone [23,24]. While enhanced TN removal can be achieved through this setup, some drawbacks exist, such as increased MLR pumping energy costs, the potential for DO carryover from the aerobic zone, and a dilution of the influent carbon. ...
Conventionally, nitrification in biological nitrogen removal (BNR) requires high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (>2 mg L −1), making the process energy intensive. Recent studies have shown that efficient ammonium removal and energy reduction can be realized by operating the nitrification at low DO concentrations (<1 mg L −1). In this study, the low-DO oxic anoxic (low-DO OA) process was operated in a pilot-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) over 218 days to evaluate the feasibility of nitrogen removal from low chemical oxygen demand-to-nitrogen ratio (COD/N) tropical municipal wastewater. The results revealed that the low-DO OA process attained high removal efficiency for ammonium (97%) and total nitrogen (TN) (80%) under an average DO concentration of 0.6 mg L −1. The effective TN removal efficiency is attributed to the occurrence of simultaneous nitrification-denitrification (SND) under low DO conditions. Further batch tests revealed that slowly biodegradable COD (sbCOD) in tropical wastewater can support denitrification in the post-anoxic phase, resulting in a high TN removal rate. Compared with high DO concentrations (2 mg L −1), low DO conditions achieved 10% higher TN removal efficiency, with similar ammonium and COD removal efficiency. This study is crucial in promoting the energy efficiency and sustainability of wastewater treatment plants treating low COD/N wastewater.
... Due to their excellent process control capabilities and operational flexibility, SBRs are widely used to treat wastewater, but future research on SBR control strategies and the development of intelligent control systems can make SBRs more adaptable to changing environmental conditions and changing wastewater quality in order to maintained optimal and reliable effluent quality. Alagha et al. [63] investigated the performance of a pilot-scale SBR process for the treatment of municipal wastewater quality parameters in terms of two scenarios, namely, pre-anoxic denitrification and a post-anoxic denitrification scenario. Their results confirm that the post-anoxic denitrification scenario was more efficient for higher qualify effluent, which is why the suitability of using this technology in remote areas in arid regions with a high reusability potential is suggested. ...
Wastewater treatment is a process that reduces pollution to those quantities and concentrations at which purified wastewater is no longer a threat to human and animal health and safety and does not cause unwanted changes in the environment. Municipal wastewater is classified as biodegradable water. Special importance should be given to wastewater with a high content of organic matter (COD), phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N). MBBR technology, developed on the basis of the conventional activated sludge process and the bio filter process, does not take up much space and does not have problems with activated sludge, as in the case of conventional biological reactors, and has shown good results for the removal of organic matter, phosphorus and nitrogen. The aim of this paper is to optimize the wastewater treatment process in the municipality of Dojran, North Macedonia. Three alternative solutions for improving the capacity for wastewater treatment in the municipality of Dojran were analyzed. The shortlist of variants was made on the basis of several criteria, including: analysis of the system in the tourist season and beyond, assessment of the condition and efficiency of the existing wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in combination with a new treatment plant, treatment efficiency when using different wastewater treatment technologies, the size of the site needed to accommodate the capacity, as well as the financial parameters for the proposed system. The selection of the most favorable solution for the improvement of the wastewater treatment system was made using the AHP (analytic hierarchy process) method. In order to select the optimal solution, a detailed analysis was conducted, considering several decision-making criteria , namely the initial investment, operating costs and management complexity. Based on the obtained results, Variant 3 was recommended, that is, the construction of a completely new station with MBBR technology, with a capacity for 6000 equivalent inhabitants.
... In this condition, the weaker microorganisms could die due to lacking food (carbon source) and oxygen. Therefore, only powerful microorganisms survived [18]. In this phase, the sludge was darker than in the first phase. ...
... 150 mL/g, or even up to 180 mL/g [18]. Low SVI meant the sludge could be settled well. ...
This study aims to investigate, the effect of organic loading rates (OLRs), nutrient ratio addition, and sludge retention time (SRT) on treating dairy wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system. This investigation is verified by experiments conducted in 3 phases at 3 different OLRs (1.8, 1.2, and 0.9 kg/m 3 d, respectively). Urea ((NH2)2CO) is added to make a suitable (COD:N:P) ratio of (100:5:1) in dairy wastewater. The SRT is adjusted from 50 days to an appropriate value of 18 days. The obtained results show that the COD, TN, and TP removal efficiencies are increased with decreasing OLRs. Sludge concentration in the SBR tank is stable at 1100 mg/L after adding (NH2)2CO. In addition, the SBR operated at a suitable SRT (i.e. 18 days) helps the biomass stably, resulting in enhancement of COD, TN, and TP removal. The results are helpful to the design of SBR for treating dairy wastewater.
... Greywater (GW) is usually associated with reuse after treatment due to its low contaminant content [4]. In remote and sensitive areas, various decentralized wastewater treatment solutions can be employed, such as (1) composting toilets with or without urine source separation [5,6], (2) sequence batch reactors [7], (3) anaerobic baffled reactors [8], (4) biofilters [9], or (5) constructed wetlands (CW) [10]. Practical applications of decentralized and/or separation systems in remote/sensitive areas showed that several factors influence their performance, such as environmental conditions (e.g., low temperatures and water accessibility), seasonal peaks in tourist visits, and maintenance requirements. ...
Sensitive and remote areas have come under pressure from growing populations and tourism, often resulting in improper wastewater management. Efficiency, durability, the use of renewable construction materials, and the minimization of environmental impacts must be conformed to a sustainable paradigm. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was applied to compare three different decentralized wastewater treatment systems built at tourist facilities: a source separation sanitation system with a hybrid constructed wetland (S1), a sequential batch reactor (SBR) with a hybrid constructed wetland (S2), and a solar-powered composting toilet (S3). Benchmarking showed that S1 was preferred over S2. The differences were up to a factor of two, except for eutrophication, which was significantly higher for S2 (10×). S3 had the lowest environmental impact, but S3 treated only the blackwater fraction, i.e., urine, faeces, and toilet paper, and excluded greywater treatment, i.e., handwashing and/or kitchen wastewater. The scenario analysis showed that the environmental performance could be improved by installing solar panels, but this would increase the impact on the abiotic depletion of elements by 83% for S2. The LCA indicated the advantages, disadvantages, flexibility, and potential for design improvements to meet the environmental sustainability and market demands for system diversity.
