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![Figure 1. Passive optical network (PON) evolution [1,11-16].](publication/342827372/figure/fig1/AS:911602018689026@1594354266456/Passive-optical-network-PON-evolution-1-11-16_Q320.jpg)
It is 21 years since the first passive optical network (PON) was standardized as an asynchronous transfer mode passive optical network (APON) with same optical distribution network scheme as we know in current networks. A lot of PON networks were standardized in the following years and became an important part of telecommunication. The general prin...
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... the periodic structure is made with a phase shift in its middle. This structure is essentially the direct concatenation of two Bragg gratings with optical gain within the gratings (see Figure 5). The device has multiple axial resonator modes, but there is typically one mode which is favored in terms of losses. ...
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... Gb/s DS and US bandwidth. GPON networks have spanned millions of subscribers as the most widely used PON networks up to date having a maximum splitting ratio and a maximum reach of 1:64 and 20 km [10]. ...
Huge traffic and high bandwidth requirement of 5G and beyond networks call for holistic planning to establish seamless and cost-efficient transmission. Current and future passive optical networks (PON) will undoubtedly play an active role in actualizing a high-speed and cost-efficient networks through integration with 5G radio access networks (RAN) architecture. In doing this, fast speed modulation at each connection in the 5G xhaul architectures is required to cope with the strict latency and bandwidth requirements at each section. In this chapter, PON evolution up to the current and future PONs is reviewed to study different modulation approaches, their limitations, and complexities. We further reviewed different PON architectures and proposed usage possibilities for 5G and beyond networks.
... PONs are gaining in popularity as a result of the increasing need for greater capacity. PONs not only save energy but also provide high-speed service at a low cost and with less complexity (Kumari et al. 2020;Horvath et al. 2020). PONs are now regarded as the most exciting kind of fibre access networks in the world (Shao et al. 2020). ...
... The L-band (1565-1625 nm) wavelength array, on the other hand, provides relief to C-band and creates a new window for communication systems. Due to their high speed, coexistence with backward PON standards such as Gigabit-PON (GPON), NG-PON1, and symmetrical capacity in upstream/downstream (Horvath et al. 2020), next generation PON2 (NG-PON2) systems are attracting a lot of attention ). FTTx provides a massive increase in bandwidth while also posing some severe issues, including as fault detection and monitoring in PONs (Park et al. 2007). ...
With the propelling high capacity demands, long band (L-Band) passive optical networks (PONs) are getting extra consideration nowadays and fault detection/Monitoring is becoming crucial because of high capacity PONs. Fault detection using reflective Fiber Bragg gratings and an additional amplified spontaneous noise (ASEN) source in conventional band (C-Band) are widely reported. However, ASEN and transmitter signals in the same wavelength band cause interference and incorporation of additional ASEN sources increases overall cost. Therefore, an economical, complexity reduced fault detection system is required in PONs. In this work, a fault detection/monitoring system is proposed for L-Band PON using C-Band ASEN from inline erbium doped fiber amplifier and dual purpose FBG i.e. (1) ASEN reflection for fault monitoring and (2) Pulse width reduction. A 4 × 10 Gbps L-Band PON is investigated over 40 km feeder fiber (FF) which serve 32 optical network units (ONUs)/λ at different input powers, PWB, laser linewidths, chirping profiles of FBG in terms of reflective power of FBGs, eye opening factor, correct bit reception rate and pulse width reduction efficiency (PWRE) respectively. Reflective power from FBG and correct bit reception rate, decrease with the increase in input power and laser linewidth respectively. Moreover, FBG after FF provide PWRE of 60%, 75.8%, 73.06%, 72.41% and 65.5% in case of no chirping, liner, quadratic, square root and cube root respectively. Proposed system can detect fault without affecting data rate in optical distribution network and ONU, also compensate PWB effects.
... Passive optical components cause the data to be sent using broadcasting for downstream communication (from the root to leaves). Each communication participant must be correctly synchronized to avoid transmission collisions, which is achieved by forcing leaves to use the activation process when they want to join the network [19]. This process uses physical layer operations, administration and maintenance downstream (PLOAMd) messages located in the header of the downstream transmission frame. ...
This paper discusses the possibility of analyzing the orchestration protocol used in gigabit-capable passive optical networks (GPONs). Considering the fact that a GPON is defined by the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication sector (ITU-T) as a set of recommendations, implementation across device vendors might exhibit few differences, which complicates analysis of such protocols. Therefore, machine learning techniques are used (e.g., neural networks) to evaluate differences in GPONs among various device vendors. As a result, this paper compares three neural network models based on different types of recurrent cells and discusses their suitability for such analysis.
Optical fibers are a key inventive discovery that contributed to the digital revolution, although cost becomes a major factor for long-distance communication. Whereas passive optical networks (PONs) offer reduced costs and cater to multiple users; hence, they are becoming more common in LANs, densely inhabited areas, and backbone networks. Numerous experiments on PON systems have been authored in the last couple of years, with results expressed in terms of BER, eye openings, quality of received bits factor, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and burst blocking, which demands a vast review of PONs based on these parameters. So, a comprehensive review of PONs is extensively researched to identify the methods’ limitations. Along with long-reach(LR)-PON systems, power conservation in PONs and burst contention are also addressed. To demonstrate the performance of PON architectures, the findings are provided in terms of delay, energy efficiency, and operations intensity.
Mobile wireless communication has seen tremendous growth over the years. The user experience with the communication systems has been improved through the progression of mobile generations. The fifth-generation (5G) cellular technology is similar to the fourth-generation long-term evolution (4G LTE) systems with advanced features. 5G networks impose stringent requirements on the fronthaul segment such as high data rates, large bandwidth, and low latency rates. The infrastructure requirements for the widespread deployment of the 5G networks are huge. It is beneficial to use the already existing fiber-based networks, which are widely deployed. The NGPON2 is the successor to the GPON and XG-PON networks. The infrastructure of the NGPON can be utilized for the coexisting 5G deployment. This concept can reduce the deployment cost as well as the time. The service providers are looking for fiber-based solutions for the 5G deployment. In this chapter, the various passive optical network technologies have been reviewed. After a thorough literature review, the design architecture of the NGPON-2 capable of supporting coexisting 5G fronthaul has been explained. The performance evaluation of the system is carried out, and acceptable BER levels justify the coexistence concept.KeywordsWireless communication5GPONTDM-PONWDM-PONNGPON-2
Long band (L-Band) passive optical networks (PONs) are attracting a lot of attention these days, thanks to rising capacity demands. Because of PONs requesting more and more channels, fault detection/monitoring is critical. Fault detection in the conventional band (C-Band) employing reflecting Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) and a probe signal integrating an additional amplified spontaneous noise (ASEN) source has been frequently demonstrated. However, interference occurs when ASEN and transmitter signals are in the same wavelength band, and adding additional ASEN sources to the network raises the overall cost. So, in L-Band PONs, a cost-effective, low-complexity fault detection/monitoring system is required. Therefore, in this work, a fault detection/monitoring system for L-Band PON using C-Band ASEN from inline erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) and dual purpose FBG, i.e. (1) ASEN reflection for fault monitoring and (2) dispersion compensation is proposed. A 4 × 10 Gbps L-Band PON is investigated over 40 km feeder fiber (FF) and 1 km drop fibers (DFs) that serve 32 optical network units (ONUs)/different input powers, dispersion values, and laser linewidths in terms of reflective power of FBGs, eye opening factor, and bit error rate (BER), respectively.
