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Emulsified water-in-oil (W/O) systems are extensively used in the oil industry for water control and acid stimulation. Emulsifiers are commonly utilized to emulsify a water-soluble material to form W/O emulsion. The selection of a particular surfactant for such jobs is critical and certainly expensive. In this work, the impact of surfactant structu...
Citations
... Before investing in expensive in vivo trials, in vitro digestion and Caco-2 absorption models offer helpful preliminary methods to screen delivery systems by calculating bioaccessibility and intestinal transport [17]. The solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) technique dissolves a solid drug or bioactive compounds in oil and then disperses the solid-oil suspension in water [18]. S/O/W emulsions overcome the limitations of conventional W/O/W emulsions for hydrophilic drugs, providing improved stability, encapsulation efficiency, and release properties [19]. ...
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the principal catechin in green tea, exhibits diverse therapeutic properties. However, its clinical efficacy is hindered by poor stability and low bioavailability. This study investigated solid particle-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate (WPI) and sodium caseinate (NaCas) as carriers to enhance the bioavailability and intestinal absorption of EGCG. Molecular docking revealed binding interactions between EGCG and these macromolecules. The WPI-and NaCas-stabilized emulsions exhibited high encapsulation efficiencies (>80%) and significantly enhanced the bioaccessibility of EGCG by 64% compared to free EGCG after simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Notably, the NaCas emulsion facilitated higher intestinal permeability of EGCG across Caco-2 monolayers, attributed to the strong intermolecular interactions between caseins and EGCG. Furthermore, the emulsions protected Caco-2 cells against oxidative stress by suppressing intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. These findings demonstrate the potential of WPI-and NaCas-stabilized emulsions as effective delivery systems to improve the bioavailability, stability, and bioactivity of polyphenols like EGCG, enabling their applications in functional foods and nutraceuticals.
... To improve oil recovery, detailed investigations of a wide range of salinity and their impact on emulsion system formation are recommended by researchers. 45,46 Various synthetic emulsifiers are suggested in the literature due to their potential for use in industrial and experimental applications. 5 In this section, two synthetic emulsifiers, including Triton X-100 and Tween 80, were selected for forming an emulsion with the balanites oil. ...
... Desulfurization was improved using surfactants for the separation of these sulfones and its activity increases in the presence of the surfactant [30]. The surfactant molecule is composed of water-soluble (hydrophilic) and oil-soluble (hydrophobic) parts [31]. Therefore, it concentrates on the interface and contributes to interfacial tension reduction and increased mass transport [32][33][34]. ...
In this study, the combined methods using the oxidant and surfactant were utilized in reducing the sulfur content of the actual light distillate. The parameters in the oxidation of sulfur compounds were optimized statistically according to the response surface method (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). Surfactants separated the oxidized sulfur components at optimum conditions. Basra light distillate was taken as a raw material for oxidation by hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2) as an oxidant and acetic acid as a catalyst at a 2:1 ratio. The optimum conditions for oxidation and suitable surfactant type were studied. A remarkable 42.88% extent of oxidation desulfurization at optimum conditions with an oxidant percent of 19.99 wt% and a temperature of 48.6 °C at 87.8 min was achieved. The nonionic surfactant Tween
80 had higher desulfurization activity and reduced sulfur content to 68.6%. Cyclic ring sulfur compounds’ desulfurization rate increased after treatment with a surfactant. In contrast, oxidation desulfurization effectively removes non-cyclic sulfur compounds. The light distillate quality was studied by GC, and IREX tests after desulfurization steps were found less affected by the treatment.
... The inclusion of the surfactant enhanced the yield of nanocrystals from the griseofulvin powder. Surfactants can increase the solubility of a substance and also enhance the stability of dispersed systems [17]. Since a higher yield was obtained with the inclusion of the surfactant, it can be inferred that Polysorbate 80 facilitated the initial solubilization of griseofulvin in dimethyl formamide so that much of the nanocrystals could be precipitated on the addition of water (the antisolvent used). ...
Griseofulvin (GRFV1) is used in the treatment of many fungal infections, including ringworm and athlete’s foot, as well as fungal infections of the scalp, fingernails, and toenails. However, its bioavailability is limited by poor water solubility. This work was aimed at improving the aqueous solubility of the drug via Polysorbate 80 - modulated nanocrystallization. Two types of nanocrystals (GRFV3 and GRFV2) were generated, respectively, with and without the inclusion of Polysorbate 80 in the nanocrystallization process. The three forms of the drug were subjected to a flowability test, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particle size analysis, and aqueous solubility determination. The flowability of the particles was in the order GRFV3 > GRFV2 > GRFV1. The thermogram of the drug powder showed a sharp endothermic transition with a peak at 75 ºC; that of the nanocrystals GRFV2 showed a single sharp endothermic transition with a peak at 170 ºC, while that of GRFV3 showed two endotherms with peaks at 75 ºC and 164 ºC. The nanocrystallization with or without a surfactant did not result in any observable change in the chemical integrity of the drug. The mean particle size was in the order GRFV3 < GRFV2 < GRFV1. There was a significant difference (P < 0.0001) in the aqueous solubility of the three forms of the drug, with GRFV3 having the highest value. Polysorbate 80 - modulated nanocrystallization can increase the aqueous solubility of griseofulvin by 4.14 folds; it is a potential way of improving the bioavailability of the drug.
... ranges are more suitable for W/ O emulsions, while those of O/W are in the range of 8−18. 17 Combining two surfactants is therefore helpful for achieving a stable emulsion. The stability of the emulsions was investigated under varied HLB and volume ratios between a surfactant and oil. ...
This study employs a low-energy emulsification method to prepare caffeine-containing emulsions, denoted as Caf-EM. Three different oils, including coconut, sesame, and grape seed oils, are utilized along with the surfactants Span 80 and Tween 80. We investigate the influence of various factors, including (i) the hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) and surfactant ratio, (ii) the chemical composition of the oils, and (iii) the presence of caffeine, on the stability and size of emulsions. The results indicate that the HLB value and surfactant ratio are the most crucial factors affecting the emulsions’ stability. The most stable Caf-EM formulation is achieved by combining mixed surfactants of Span 80 and Tween 80 with an optimal HLB value of 6.4 at a concentration of 15% (S15 to 6.4) across all oil types. This specific ratio also leads to significantly smaller emulsion droplet sizes than other ratios and is the only ratio that produces stable emulsions even without caffeine (denoted as EM). Notably, formulation S15–6.4 additionally causes a phase inversion from oil-in-water (O/W) to water-in-oil (W/O). Furthermore, the presence of caffeine in the water phase contributes to the formation of smaller and more stable emulsions. The particle size of Caf-EM is approximately 1.5 times smaller than that of EM. Regarding the oil’s chemical composition, while there is a discernible trend in emulsion droplet size (coconut oil > grape seed oil > sesame oil), the differences within this sequence are insignificant, suggesting that the oil’s chemical composition does not have a pronounced effect.
... Thus, emulsifiers are required to decrease the IFT of phases, stabilize droplets, and prevent coalescing. [83] In this sense, IL-based surfactants could be used to form stable microemulsions by creating protective layers with steric and electrostatic interactions. [81,84] As it is well known, head groups with polar nature stay in aqueous phase and tails with nonpolar nature in oil phase when forming O/W emulsions, whereas this orientation becomes reversed for a W/O emulsion. ...
Ionic liquid (IL)-based surfactants exhibit prominent properties in adsorption and aggregation, providing strong influence on interfacial properties of phases. This review overviews the main characteristics of IL-based surfactants and their versatility in different processes particularly those dealing with the stabilization of immiscible liquids and solids for the aim of producing microemulsions and micelles. Applications in separation processes for chromatographic and extraction techniques and in the petroleum industry for augmenting the oil recovery, separation of asphaltene and paraffin deposits and crude oil separation are precisely studied by describing the mechanisms as well as qualitative and quantitative comparison to conventional surfactants everywhere relevant. These are particularly highlighted with respect to the importance of selecting/tailoring the desired IL-based surfactants in relation to the influence of operating parameters. Moreover, challenges and directions of the future outlooks on specific topics are discussed.
... Direct visualisation of the solutions shows that both DES solutions form a very limited emulsion which disintegrated after 30 minutes of being placed in the oven at 60 °C . This happened due to the macroemulsions being thermodynamically unstable, therefore, causing the emulsion to disintegrate and separate within 30 minutes of observation [16]. Upon leaving the samples overnight in the oven, both oil and DES solution were separated into two distinct layers, the top being the crude oil and the bottom being the DES solution. ...
With the rise in demand for energy, comes the need to extract oil from not only primary and secondary stages, but also from tertiary recovery methods to keep up with the current market. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has become more prevalent within maturing reservoirs. Ionic liquids (IL) were highly regarded for chemical EOR until researchers raised concerns about their expensive cost, toxicity, and environmental impacts. Recently, deep eutectic solvents (DES) were discovered as a potential replacement for ILs due to their non-toxic nature, being biodegradable, non-flammable, and cheaper. In this study, the effectiveness of DES is investigated by observing its ability to promote oil recovery through wettability alteration. Spontaneous Imbibition tests along with emulsion and thermogravimetric tests (TGA) are used to achieve the objectives. Results indicated that both DESs can recover oil that was not recoverable using brine only. At higher temperatures, the effectiveness of DES was higher, which allowed for more oil to be imbibed out. The effect of concentration suggested that at high concentrations, DESs exhibit self-destructive properties by increasing interfacial tension (IFT), which reduced the imbibition rate and recovery factor. TGA studies indicate that the thermal stability of DESs is highly dependent on the thermal stability of their hydrogen bond donor (HBD).
... Emulsion stability is an important consideration in environmental applications of biosurfactant [14]. Biosurfactants such as ethoxylated amides-2, amine acetates-3, polyethylene glycol-2 ether, polyethylene glycol-3 ether [15]; novel biosurfactant producing strains such as bacillus licheniformis STK 01, bacillus subtilis STK 02 and pseudomonas aeruginosa STK 03 [14]; Aeribacillus pallidus YM-1 [16]; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa RB 28 [17] commonly have the advantages of biodegradability, low toxicity, selectivity and biocompatibility over chemically synthesized surfactant [16]. ...
Surfactants are used to lower the interfacial tension by adsorption process at the interface between oil and water. Chemical surfactants pose detrimental effects to equipment used and the environment as it consists of toxic compound. Environmentally friendly surfactant such as biosurfactant nowadays is the most sought after as perceived to be biodegradable, less toxic, high selectivity and biocompatible over chemical surfactant. In this study, stability of water-in-oil
emulsion was observed using A-MeG (chemical surfactant) and Hylocereus undatus foliage (biosurfactant) at varying concentrations (samples A, B, C) via several measurement methods namely; droplet size, surface tension, rheology and creaming index. Results revealed that sample A with A-MeG and sample C with Hylocereus undatus foliage had smaller droplet sizes at 7.844 μm and 8.032 μm, respectively; lower average interfacial tension at 29.0 mN/m and 29.2 mN/m, respectively; higher average viscosity at 0.004061 mPa.s and 0.004171 mPa.s, respectively; which indicated that both were the most stable emulsion samples. Sample A with A-MeG had high creaming index, however, no water separation was recorded. While, sample C with Hylocereus undatus foliage recorded lower creaming index which indicated high stability. In conclusion, it is proven that there is a possibility of using Hylocereus undatus foliage in stabilising the water-in-oil emulsion.
... Surfactants are substances that reduce the surface tension between oil-water or wateroil, increasing emulsification and emulsion stability, and are widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries [11]. These compounds have lipophilic and hydrophilic properties in the same molecule [12]. ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the feed quality of reconstituted corn grain silage (RCGS), treated with chemical additives and stored for 15, 30, or 60 d in 5-L plastic buckets. Dry ground corn was rehydrated to 350 g·kg−1 and treated with either polysorbate 80 (2 L·t−1) (POL), propionic acid 28% (2 L·t−1) (PRO), Mycoflake™ (2 L·t−1-blend polysorbate 80 and propionic acid) (MYC) or nothing (CON). The effect of the length of storage was combined in a factorial arrangement with the additives. Ammonia-N increased from d-15 of storage. A treatment × storage length interaction was observed for ethanol content at d-60 of storage, and all treatments had lower ethanol concentration than CON. There was an interaction for butyric acid content at d-30 and d-60 of storage; CON showed higher butyric acid concentration than treated silages. Aerobic stability increased from d-15 to d-30. At d-15 of storage, the PRO and MYC treatments decreased the DM losses. The length of storage increased the ruminal in situ degradability of starch, and DM and MYC increased the DM degradability in 3.6 percentage units at 12 h of incubation, compared with POL. In conclusion, increasing the length of storage of the RCGS from d-15 to d-60 improved the starch and DM degradability. Mycoflake increased the availability of nutrients, and the length of storage enhanced the aggregation of particles; further, polysorbate 80 (Tween 80) might be further studied as a potential antimicrobial agent in silages.
... FT-IR was used to confirm the formation of the novel IL; the spectra are shown in Fig. 2(a). Bands recorded at 3441 cm − 1 were assigned to stretching vibration bands of hydrogen-bonded H 2 O molecules [98,99]. It seems that in the 3155-3102 cm − 1 wavelength range, the novel investigated IL compound show maxima of absorbance attributed to the stretching bands of aromatic C--H. ...
The goal of this study is to improve the performance of lead-acid batteries (LABs) 12V-62Ah in terms of electrical capacity, charge acceptance, cold cranking ampere (CCA), and life cycle by using novel ionic liquid (IL) based on the imidazole nucleus. The working electrode was a lead-calcium (Pb-Ca) alloy. The IL compound (1-octyl-3-propyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium tetrafluoroborate) was chosen, for the first time, as a battery electrolyte additive. The electrical capacity increased from 78.95 to 100.98 % in the presence of IL inhibitor. Furthermore, by increasing the current from 14.06 to 16.12 at a given temperature and voltage, the battery's ability to receive and store energy increased. Also, a rise in the (CCA) by not having the voltage collapse and falling below 7.2 volts after 30 seconds of exposure to the discharge current at 255 K. The number of charging and discharging cycles increased from 113 to 133, extending the life of the battery. Several studies, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM), potentiodynamic polarization (PP), and cyclic voltammetric (CV) analysis, were used to characterize the cells' electrochemical properties. The mechanism for corrosion reduction was adsorption of the IL inhibitor particles on the lead alloy’s surface, forming a layer that covered the surface and closed the centers, preventing the sulfate anion attack.
