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Solar energy as a sustainable and accessible energy source can be harnessed and converted to electrical energy using photovoltaic modules. Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems show tremendous promise as sustainable, environmentally friendly and low-cost electricity sources. Solar energy can also be applied to produce potable water using solar distillati...
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... present work is a comparative study on the productivity of four solar stills with different arrangements of PV-DC heater and sea sand layer to convert lake water into clean water. Figure 1 and 2 show the schematic diagram of solar still integrated with 50 Watts photovoltaic module and 24 Volt DC heaters and a photograph of the experimental set up in this study respectively. Four types of single basin double slope solar stills were constructed with similar shapes. ...
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... (Direct current) using a Monocrystalline Photovoltaic (PV) module with an area of 0.64×0.54 cm (0.3456 m²) with a maximum capacity of 50 Watts and 15% efficiency to power a 50 Watts DC water heater with 24 Volt rating. A 30 Amps Solar charge regulator was used to control the Direct Current (DC) from PV module and conduct it to DC water heater (Fig. 1). A 24 Volt DC water heater was used to heat water inside the basin. The specifications of photovoltaic module, solar charge regulator and DC water heater are shown in Table 2. The output power of PV module as external heat energy source was calculated using Eq. (1) (María et al., 2014): The values of solar radiation intensity on the ...
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... of solar radiation and water temperature on hourly water production: Figure 10 shows the hourly water production for solar stills S1 (W h1 ), S2 (W h2 ) and S3 (W h3 ) on Day 1 corresponding to solar radiation intensities and water temperatures shown in Fig. 4, 6 and 7. It is observed that with increase in solar radiation intensity and water temperature, the hourly water production also increased during the experiment. ...
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... water production: Figure 12 shows the cumulative water production from S1, S2 and S3 on Day 1. Water produced from S1 was the least throughout the day. From 11:00 am to 1:00 pm, W C2 was higher than W C3 owing to the higher initial temperature T W2 . ...
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... showed the cumulative productivity of solar still using PV-DC heater is higher than the productivity of solar still using sea sand layer in basin and conventional solar still ( Riahi et al., 2014). Figure 13 shows the cumulative water production from S1 and S4 on Day 2. It was observed that W C4 was higher than W C1 throughout the day. The cumulative water production from S1 and S4 at the end of the day was 1.05 and 2.10 L/m² respectively. ...
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A hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) active solar still and a conventional passive solar still with single slope were designed, fabricated and experimented at three different water depths (0.05m, 0.10m, and 0.15m). For the higher production of distillate water, a nickel-chromium (NiCr) heater powered by solar photovoltaic (PV) was incorporated in t...
Citations
... However, it seems that the above treatment systems alone are not capable of producing reusable grey water that meets the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards. In contrast, solar desalination stills were reported as one of the cost-effective alternatives to treat contaminated water in order to produce safe and freshwater [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] without employing the solid-liquid separation stage in the pre-treatment system, including the septic tank and screen and filter bags, in order to decrease the number of particles, thus investigating the solar still performance in term of households urban grey water treatment and comparing its performance with the performances of each of the reported physical, chemical, and biological treatment system seems obligatory. ...
... However, it seems that the above treatment systems alone are not capable of producing reusable grey water that meets the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standards. In contrast, solar desalination stills were reported as one of the cost-effective alternatives to treat contaminated water in order to produce safe and freshwater [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63] without employing the solidliquid separation stage in the pre-treatment system, including the septic tank and screen and filter bags, in order to decrease the number of particles, thus investigating the solar still performance in term of households urban grey water treatment and comparing its performance with the performances of each of the reported physical, chemical, and biological treatment system seems obligatory. ...
... Solar still is a sealed container with different configurations of shapes, i.e., triangular [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55], trapezoidal [56][57][58][59][60], pyramid [61], tubular [62], and hemispherical [63], in which it is mainly encompassed of basin/bed to keep the contaminated water and has a transparent cover to allow the solar radiation intensities pass through it and thus to heat the basin water. ...
Treating urban grey water with physical, chemical, and biological treatment techniques and reusing it as a sustainable non-potable water source has received much attention recently, yet there is a lack of studies regarding it. In this work, a typical slum nearby an urban household area in Malaysia was selected as a source of contaminated grey water which is located on the opposite side of a building site (100°29′ E and 5°7′ N) located in an urban area in a city in the Perak state, namely Parit Buntar, where the total urban grey water was being accumulated. Poor sanitation of that slum was seen to pose various health risks to the public, and hence, the importance of treating its grey water was perceived. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a low-cost double slope passive solar still by treating the grey water from the aforementioned slum, as well as to analyze the quality, quantity, and cost per liter of the produced water. Grey water was collected and filled in the solar still basin at s depth of 1 cm. The cover and basin of the solar still were made from transparent polythene film and black-painted stainless steel trough, respectively, while the frame was made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and the solar still was named PSSG1 abbreviated. PSSG1 was exposed to Malaysia’s climate conditions for several days from 8.00 a.m. to 6.00 p.m. at Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), which was able to produce the maximum amount of water up to 4.11 L/m2·d with the cost per liter/m2 of only USD 0.0082. Water quality parameters tested showed that water produced from PSSG1 met the standards of the restricted and unrestricted reusable non-potable grey water, the World Health Organization (WHO), and the Malaysian class I drinking water standards. It was also found that the PSSG1 with higher average daily basin water temperature produced water with higher quality for the reuse applications and yielded healthier water compared to the water produced by some reported previous grey water treatment techniques. Therefore, the cost-effective PSSG1 can be used as a daily practical alternative for treating low-strength grey water collected from various urban household areas in Malaysia in order to assist pollutants removal from the drained urban grey waters.
... The distillate output was 3330 mL/m 2 /d. This is in good agreement or even higher than those previously reported [14,25,26] where productivity of 3300, 3250, 1500 ml/m 2 /d respectively was declared. The quality insurance of the purified water was carried out chemically and biologically. ...
Seawater is the most abundant source of drinking water and for industrial use in many parts of the world. Desalination of seawater became an urgent need to compensate the shortage in fresh water. It was aimed in this research to fabricate a convenient water treatment modern technology by designing a gold/activated carbon/polyvinyl alcohol (Au/Ac/PVA) polymer sheet for water desalination using the AuNPs (1–10 nm) synthesized by bacteria. This was carried through several steps; fabrication and characterization of Au/Ac/PVA polymer sheet, examining the cytotoxicity of the Au/ Ac nanocomposites used throughout this research, and finally, measuring the quality insurance of desalinated seawater. The highest cells’ toxicity (79.119 % of viability) was observed using 25 µg/ml of Au/Ac nanocomposite. Analysis of the resulted water revealed its purity and potability.
... However, the PSS had lower fabrication cost of RM 82.05 compared to GSS fabrication cost of RM 416.00. In this study, GSS and PSS yielded a higher water production compared to the passive solar stills previously investigated in Malaysia [4,14,40,41], India [8,11], Italy [9], Jordan [42], Saudi Arabia [10], and Turkey [43]. The relationships between calculated (M cn ) and experimental (M cexp ) cumulative water production of GSS and PSS are shown in Figures S8 and S9 (Supporting Information), respectively. ...
Solar stills are very cost-effective technologies used in producing potable water. This work aims to investigate the productivity of two passive double sloped solar stills fabricated with different cover materials with similar shapes; polythene film (PSS) and glass (GSS). The first solar still was made of a transparent polythene film, PVC pipes and a black painted stainless steel trough as cover, frame and basin, respectively. The second one was fabricated using glass as cover, with similar basin material. Experimental outputs indicated that GSS had 1%–5% higher yield than PSS throughout the experiment. The fabrication cost of PSS was 5 times less than the cost of the GSS. The thermal energy efficiencies of PSS and GSS were obtained as 34.05% and 35.50%, respectively. A mathematical model for each solar still was developed using the relationships of heat and mass transfer and their calculated and experimental productivities were in good agreement. Water quality parameters tested showed that water produced from both solar stills met the WHO standards for drinking purposes. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2017
Enhancing renewable energy systems is a prerequisite to securing a successful energy transition. In this study, we document how sand, a low-cost, naturally occurring, widely available material, can play multiple roles in improving the performance of solar thermal technologies. Sand can store heat harnessed from solar energy and subsequently supply it, on-demand, to be used for space and water heating, drying, distillation, gasification, cooking, and electricity generation. While some types of sand can be used as an insulating material for solar ponds and pits/tanks thermal energy storage, others can be used as a heat transfer material for particle-to-fluid heat exchangers and borehole thermal energy storage. Sand can also be used as an evaporative medium in evaporative cooling systems. In addition to providing an overview of the current state of research, the study also highlights the technologies that have been commercialized or are in the process of being commercialized.
Desalination is a very effective method for eliminating contaminants from contaminated water. To ensure that purification operations are effected favorably, a thorough understanding of thermodynamics and heat and mass transfer principles is essential. These developments would benefit hydrologists, membrane technologists, environmentalists, and industrialists engaged in the field of water purification technologies. The current study focuses on global energy data and the principles of operation of various desalination facilities. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent published studies on a variety of solar-based desalination techniques. The technology improvement in water purification management is significant when compared to other energy-intensive combined solutions in water purification methods.
This work investigated the performance of two solar stills with similar polythene film cover and black painted stainless steel basin. One was a passive solar still and the other named active solar still was augmented with an external heat source of a photovoltaic module with output power of 45.9 W and a direct current heater. The maximum daily water production of active solar still and passive solar still was 4.36 and 3.21 L/m², respectively. The estimated cost per L/m² for active solar still and passive solar still was USD 0.045 and 0.015, respectively. The quality of water produced from both solar stills met World Health Organization drinking water standards.
