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This article proposes a novel variable-flux spoke-type permanent magnet synchronous motor (VFS-PMSM), whose air gap flux density can be adjusted by “swiveling” magnetic pole directions in permanent magnet (PM). This is distinctive from conventional methods that require a large magnetizing field to magnetize and demagnetize (or partially) rotor PM a...
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... At this point, the rare-earth PMs are prone to irreversible demagnetisation, and additional copper losses are generated by the applied continuous d-axis current component, reducing the efficiency of the machine in the high-speed region. This makes it challenging to meet the performance requirements of wide speed range, vast high-efficiency range, and high power density for the electric vehicle drive system, limiting the application of rare-earth PMSMs in the field of electric vehicles [4,5]. ...
Rare‐earth permanent magnet synchronous machines face challenges in manipulating their magnetic fields, which hinders the ability to extend the operation speed range. Moreover, this inflexibility leads to reduced efficiency in high‐speed scenarios when the machine is under flux‐weakening control and increases the risk of the magnets becoming demagnetised. The authors propose an alterable‐magnetic‐circuit variable‐flux memory machine (AMC‐VFMM) and a multi‐objective hierarchical optimisation method is conducted to optimise the machine. Firstly, the topology and alterable‐magnetic‐circuit principle of the proposed AMC‐VFMM are introduced. Then, optimisation objectives including torque production capability, flux regulation capability, and resisting unintentional demagnetisation capability are defined, and the hierarchical optimisation approach is established by stratifying the optimisation objectives and variables through the sensitivity analysis. Finite element analysis indicates that electromagnetic performances of the optimised design scheme are significantly enhanced. The bench test of the prototype demonstrates the superiority of the proposed AMC‐VFMM and validates the effectiveness of the optimisation design method.
... Electric vehicles have become a hot research and development topic for governments and scholars around the world due to their advantages of low pollution and zero emissions. However, as one of the key parts of electric vehicles, the output characteristics of the drive motor directly determine the overall performance of electric vehicles [1][2][3]. With the increasing pursuit of driving comfort and power, the development of electric drive systems with high performance, high efficiency and high torque density has become an important way to improve the power performance and driving range of electric vehicles [4,5]. ...
A new type of interior combined pole permanent magnet drive motor is proposed in this paper, which aims to improve the power and comfort of electric vehicles. In view of the complex magnetic circuit structure and rich harmonic magnetic field of the motor, the initial magnetic pole parameters of the rotor are determined by the equivalent magnetic circuit method. Then, aiming at the complex magnetic circuit and rich harmonic magnetic field, a multi-objective optimization method based on the Taguchi method and response surface method is proposed to reduce the cogging torque, high harmonic content in air gap magnetic flux density and increase the output torque. Based on the finite element analysis of the electromagnetic performance of the new type interior combined magnetic pole permanent magnet drive motor before and after optimization, it can be seen that the improved rotor structure can effectively reduce the torque ripple and increase the torque density. Finally, a prototype was developed and experiments were conducted, and experimental results verified the correctness of the proposed multi-objective optimization algorithm.
... This configuration results in a higher air gap magnetic flux density, as the cross-sectional area of the PM is significantly larger than that of the air gap. Furthermore, the radial arrangement of the PMs enables a greater number of magnets to be accommodated within the rotor space [11][12][13][14][15]. Consequently, this approach enables the attainment of over 80% performance compared to rare earth motors, offering a promising solution to the rare earth scarcity issue. ...
Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are highly affected by magnetization, which determines the magnetization level in the permanent magnet (PM). There are three main magnetization methods: single-unit, stator coil, and post-assembly magnetization. Post-assembly magnetization is widely used in PMSM mass production due to its ability to achieve high magnetization performance using a separate magnetizing yoke. However, spoke-type PMSMs with ferrite PMs face challenges when using the post-assembly method. The structural configuration of two magnets located radially hampers effective magnetized field transmission to the rotor's interior due to the narrow space between the magnets. Maximizing the magnetization rate becomes crucial, but the limited space in the spoke-type structure complicates this. This paper addresses the issue and analyzes factors influencing post-assembly magnetization characteristics. A novel yoke structure is proposed, reducing the distance between the coil and magnet, leading to more efficient magnetization. The parametric and performance comparative analysis shows an impressive 17.1% p increase in magnetization rate with the proposed yoke structure compared to the existing yoke. This outcome contributed to a solution for enhancing the magnetization performance of spoke-type ferrite PMSMs.
... Owing to the advancement of manufacturing technology, electric motors using a permanent magnet with a high magnetic flux density have been used in various fields [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. ...
In this paper, an analysis of electromagnetic–mechanical characteristics according to the shaft materials of a permanent magnet synchronous motor was performed. In general, the shaft of an electric motor rotating at high speed uses various materials, considering the mechanical rigidity and electromagnetic characteristics. However, because the material of the shaft has a significant influence on the electromagnetic performance according to the characteristics of the non-magnetic and magnetic materials, electromagnetic characteristics analysis was performed according to the material of the shaft. In addition, because the machine rotating at a high speed entails mechanical problems owing to the centrifugal force, the mechanical stability was secured through critical speed characteristic analysis according to each material after performing the von Mises stress analysis of the permanent magnet and sleeve.
... In contrast, since the significant loss at the low-toque-high-speed operating point is iron loss, not copper loss, the efficiency at the low-torquehigh-speed operating point can be improved by designing the Ψ f to be small, as shown in Fig. 1(b). [1]- [5] Not good Good Variable leakage flux motor [6]- [8] Good Not good MATRIX motor [9], [10] Not good Good Hybrid motor [11], [12] Good Good Proposed adjustable field IPMSM [13], [14] Good Good ...
... TABLE I shows the evaluations of continuity and independence in adjustable field methods. Memory motor introduced in the references [1]- [5] can widely control the Ψ f utilizing re-and de-magnetization of the PM. However, the magnetic flux generated from the PM changes drastically at the PM operating point near the knick point due to temperature and external magnetic field, so it is difficult to control the Ψ f continuously and accurately. ...
This paper describes a high-efficiency drive method of an adjustable field Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) utilizing magnetic saturation. The adjustable field IPMSM can control the magnetic field flux using magnetic saturation caused by a modulation current. In general, it is said that motor efficiency is high at operating points where the copper loss and the iron loss are balanced. However, the high-efficiency drive range of a conventional PMSM is narrow because the magnetic field of the PMSM is constant. On the other hand, it is possible in the proposed adjustable field IPMSM to expand the high-efficiency drive range because the field amount can freely be adjusted by the modulation current. Therefore, this paper examines an optimal modulation current for a high-efficiency operation. To derive the optimal modulation current, losses and efficiency of the proposed adjustable field IPMSM are formulated based on the measured motor parameters. In addition, it is confirmed from several experimental tests that the high-efficiency driving range can be expanded due to the optimal modulation current.
Innovative technological solutions have become increasingly critical in addressing the transportation sector’s environmental impact. Passenger vehicles present an opportunity to introduce novel drivetrain solutions that can quickly penetrate the electric vehicle market due to their shorter development time and lifetime compared to commercial vehicles. As environmental policy pressure increases and customers demand more sustainable products, shifting from a linear business approach to a circular economy model is in prospect. The new generation of economically competitive machines must be designed with a restorative intention, considering future reuse, refurbishment, remanufacture, and recycling possibilities. This review investigates the market penetration possibilities of permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance machines for mini and small-segment electric vehicles, considering the urban environment and sustainability aspects of the circular economy model. When making changes to the materials used in an electric machine, it is crucial to evaluate their potential impact on efficiency while keeping the environmental impact of those materials in mind. The indirect ecological effect of the vehicle’s use phase may outweigh the reduction in manufacturing and recycling at its end-of-life. Therefore, thoroughly analysing the materials used in the design process is necessary to ensure maximum efficiency while minimising the environmental impact.
