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Schematic diagram of hardware structure. The I, II, III and IV represent the antennas of the four receivers, respectively.

Schematic diagram of hardware structure. The I, II, III and IV represent the antennas of the four receivers, respectively.

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The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is vulnerable to deliberate spoofing signal attacks. Once the user wrongly locks on the spoofing signal, the wrong position, velocity, and time (PVT) information will be calculated, which will harm the user. GNSS spoofing signals are difficult to carry out spoofing attacks in the direction of arrival (D...

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GNSS spoofing interference utilizes falsified navigation signals to launch attacks on GNSS systems, posing a significant threat to applications that rely on GNSS signals for positioning, navigation, and time services. Therefore, achieving effective localization of the sources causing spoofing interference is crucial in ensuring the secure operation...