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The overall objective of the present work was to develop technologies to reduce freshwater consumption in a cooling tower of coal-based power plant so that one could significantly reduce the need of make-up water. The specific goal was to develop a scale prevention technology based an integrated system of physical water treatment (PWT) and a novel...
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High power, high frequency pulsed electric fields known as pulsed power (PP) has been applied recently in biology and medicine. However, little attention has been paid to investigate the application of pulse power in musculoskeletal system and its possible effect on functional behavior and biomechanical properties of bone tissue. This paper present...
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Scaling and biofouling are two major problems in the operation of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. A variety of control measures are employed in practice, including the use of pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMF), which can avoid the use of chemical anti-fouling agents (e.g. halogen-based biocides) that may be toxic to humans or the environment. This is a fairly recent and controversial technology and, from the available documentation and literature, it is clear that the scientific basis for its purported effectiveness is not yet firmly established, although some studies suggest that beneficial effects could be possible. In particular, the various conditions under which EMF technologies are likely to be effective for real world applications have not been scientifically established. This review collates the relevant literature on the problem of scaling and biofouling in RO membranes and heat exchangersystems (e.g. cooling towers), with a particular focus on the application of pulsed EMF technologies, including the broad documentation, relevant scientific studies, proposed mechanisms of action and further research directions. This review demonstrates that a lot more systematic scientific research is needed in order to validate the application and commercialization of EMF technologies as a pretreatment to control fouling in RO membrane systems.
Electrical stimulation is used in several research areas: in medicine, tissue and fluid samples are stimulated for cancer detection, in prosthetics, new devices are tested before commercial use, in genetics, for DNA manipulation, in food and water, for pathogen detection, in immunology for altered cells detection, and so on. In these research areas there is a need for a flexible and easy to use stimulation system that automates the testing and experimentation process. An autonomous, flexible, configurable, programmable and portable prototype has been developed to provide multiple stimulation signals and patterns for specific time periods and configurable tests. This work shows a programmable, configurable electric stimulator for providing outputs of up to 200Vpp in a frequency range of 1Hz to 40 kHz, in 4 different waveforms: sine, triangle, saw-tooth and square. The output voltage can be a single, dual, or superimposed signal of any combination of the 4 available waveforms, in a continuous or segmented pattern, with or without a frequency sweep.
We present a facile and scalable method for the rapid production of reduced graphene oxide (RG–O) by ionic liquid-assisted microwave chemistry. Microwave irradiation of graphite oxide (GO) in an ionic liquid (IL) enables the rapid reduction of GO within 15 s, producing RG–O containing the IL within their porous structures. The reduced graphene oxide prepared by IL-assisted microwave irradiation (mRG–O) electrodes exhibited a high specific capacitance of 135 F g−1, which can be attributed to the open architecture of the mRG–O filled with IL moieties. A supercapacitor made with mRG–O in an IL electrolyte operated at a voltage of 3.5 V and showed a high energy density (58 W h kg−1) and power density (246 kW kg−1).
