Figure 3
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Eggshell and membranes which are largely disposed of as waste are a reserve of many bioactive compounds with high economic and monetary value which can be extracted by the efficient separation of eggshell and membrane. Hence, this study concentrates on finding a suitable method for separating the eggshell from membrane. First, the effect of microwa...
Citations
... Se utiliza un equipo de lavado cuya función es la desinfección y esterilización de la materia prima, el objetivo de esta operación unitaria es eliminar cualquier posible Salmonella sp., para lo cual se usa la dosificación de 12 ml de hipoclorito de sodio al 5 % por cada 3 litros de agua por un tiempo de 15 minutos, planteada por Ceylin et al. (2016), el agua utilizada en este lavado no debe utilizarse nuevamente, debe desechase en sifón. Otra de las funciones del lavado es permitir que las membranas se desprendan (Hussain, 2009), gracias al debilitamiento de las fuerzas adhesivas entre la cáscara y estas (Aditya et al., 2021). Los operarios deben estar atentos a la concentración de la solución y usar el equipo de bioseguridad como indumentaria. ...
... Las operaciones unitarias diseñadas para el procesamiento de la cáscara de huevo han estado enfocadas a los estándares de inocuidad en primera instancia, que parten de la selección de los lotes sin evidencia de daño, en los cuales se destacan el olor y el color (Ceylin et al., 2016), en la preparación de las soluciones para la desinfección de las cáscaras durante el lavado Hussain (2009) y Aditya et al., (2021, el uso de la indumentaria de seguridad que involucra el uso de cofia, guantes, zapatos cerrados, uniforme, delantal, tapabocas de seguridad ante las partículas del producto terminado. (Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social, 2013). ...
The municipality of Luruaco is a town known as the capital of the arepa de huevo, in its development plan strategies are proposed to safeguard the oral tradition and gastronomic culture of 200 years, because there are 2500 arepas de huevo stalls that manufacture 150 arepas daily, being activity the movement of the economy of this population. This high production of arepas associated with the deficient collection of waste and the low interest of the luruaqueros in the reuse of the product leads to an important health problem, hence, this study is based on enabling the use of the eggshell as biowaste from the design of the unitary operations of the processing of the eggshell and its respective flowchart. as an alternative solution to the environmental problems that are suffered. It is based on the physicochemical and microbiological characterization of the eggshell, by means of analytical tests that indicate the amount of calcium carbonate, a mineral with many possibilities of use. The study is carried out with the Asociación de Productoras de Arepa de Huevo de Luruaco – ASOPRAL managing to enhance their technical capacities in the program of management of usable solid waste, in particular the treatment of eggshells so that they can be reused and generate the possibility of income, a form of treatment for the solid waste that afflicts them in terms of contamination and in general for the food industry that is associated with this input.
... Eggshells are characterized by their oval, porous, bioceramic, and calcareous nature. Chicken eggs possess adequate strength to resist physical and pathogenic attacks while also facilitating the exchange of water and gases, which are critical for embryo development [21][22][23]. The nutritional profile of eggshells is complex, with approximately 70% amino acids and several polysaccharides. ...
... Some of the proteins found in eggshells are ovalbumin, ovocleidin-17, ovocleidin-116, ovocalyxin-25, ovocalyxin-32, ovocalyxin-36, osteopontin, clusterin, lysozyme, ovo-transferrin, and collagen. The carbohydrates present include uronic acids, sialic acids, chondroitin sulphate A and B, dermatan sulphate, hyaluronic acids, and keratan sulphate [22,24,25]. Of these amino acids, ovocalyxin-36 is particularly noteworthy as it is primarily responsible for the antimicrobial properties of the eggshell [26,27]. ...
Engineering research has been expanded by the advent of material fusion, which has led to the development of composites that are more reliable and cost-effective. This investigation aims to utilise this concept to promote a circular economy by maximizing the adsorption of silver nano-particles and silver nitrate onto recycled chicken eggshell membranes, resulting in optimized anti-microbial silver/eggshell membrane composites. The pH, time, concentration, and adsorption temperatures were optimized. It was confirmed that these composites were excellent candidates for use in antimicrobial applications. The silver nanoparticles were produced through chemical synthesis using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent and through adsorption/surface reduction of silver nitrate on eggshell membranes. The composites were thoroughly characterized by various techniques , including spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, scanning electron micros-copy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy, as well as agar well diffusion and MTT assay. The results indicate that sil-ver/eggshell membrane composites with excellent antimicrobial properties were produced using both silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate at a pH of 6, 25 °C, and after 48 h of agitation. These materials exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, resulting in 27.77% and 15.34% cell death, respectively.
... The outermost layer of the ES is the cuticle, which has a thickness of 10-30 μm and is insoluble in water. The cuticle layer is composed of an organic layer with a protein content of up to 90% and high levels of cysteine, glycine, glutamic acid, lysine, and tyrosine [26]. ...
The utilization of eggshell (ES) waste as a composite filler has increased significantly in the last 5 years. This increase in usage took place due to its unique characteristics, which improve the properties of the resulting composite. Adding a weight fraction of ES particles into a composite can improve its mechanical properties, although not all studies have shown this phenomenon. Studies on these composites’ thermal and tribological properties are still limited, so more in-depth studies could be carried out. The degradation of composite performance due to friction or exposure to humidity and hot temperature is another area that is worthy of further study. In this work, we discuss changes in composites’ mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties associated with the addition of ES particles, examining both untreated particles and those treated with carbonation. This work can serve as a guide for the utilization of ES particles as an environmentally friendly composite material.
... Calcareous, porous, and bioceramic in nature, eggs are the reproductive means of all birds and most reptiles. Oval in shape after years of adaptive evolution, the chicken egg is just strong enough to fight physical and pathogenic attacks from the environment and also not too hard to allow for the exchange of gas and water needed for the development of a growing embryo inside the shell [21,22] An eggshell is made up of a calcified shell and a double layer of shell membrane. It is one of the best and most abundant sources of naturally occurring calcium (Ca) and Strontium (Sr) with up to 401 mg/g of Ca and 372 µg/g of Sr [23]. ...
... Beyond the elemental and oxide composition of eggshells, investigations into their biochemical and molecular component have been of great importance. The emergence of the chicken (Gallus gallus) genome sequence in 2004 created further success in understanding these components [22,25,26]. ...
... Eggshells and their membranes can be separated by various techniques, including chemical, mechanical, steam, microwave, and vacuum processes. [22,24,32]. ...
As climate change continues to rank high among issues of global concern, industries such as agriculture and construction continue to unearth possible ways to curb carbon dioxide generation and encourage the use or reuse of a variety of by-products and waste materials fostering the implementation of cleaner technologies. Eggshells form a notable component of this waste, making up more than 7.6 million metric tonnes annually. Research works involving the calcination of eggshells have often been done by burning both shell and its constituent proteins and membrane to produce calcium oxide, CaO. This novel research investigated a cleaner means of CaO synthesis by recovering the shell membrane and some valuable chemical compounds from eggshells before calcination. Atomic absorption (AA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Ultra-performance-liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), and RGB color analysis were all employed. Acetic and Nitric acid was used to weaken the shell-membrane bond, thereby aiding membrane separation. Shell membrane was easily separated after 17 minutes of soaking time. Calcium oxide, CaO was synthesized from separated shells after calcination for 3 hours at 900 ℃. 99% CaO with an RGB value of 253 was produced. Collagen, as well as other chemical compounds, were recovered. Eggshell was successfully valorized for CaO production. The shell membrane, collagen, and other recovered compounds, which would have been burnt off and left as an impurity in the CaO, can now the put to more profitable use.
... Upon calcination of membrane sheaths, the mass reduced from 0.491 to 0.0039 g; the light sheaths must have acted as spacers without contributing much to the composition. The huge loss in mass (99.2%) is anticipated since egg membranes are predominantly composed of organic matter (mainly proteins) [39], which can be burnt on calcination. EG nil 900 was only slightly more catalytically active, with a BTME yield of 96.78%, as opposed to 95.82% with EG mem 900. ...
Upon thermal decomposition, eggshells are a reliable source of high purity CaO. Usually, the membrane sheath(s) accompanying the shells are not recognized. Although CaO is famous for its transesterification catalytic activity, upon catalysis, it is converted to another active catalyst (calcium diglyceroxide) which has limited potential for use in a typical industrial reactor. This study investigates the influence of egg membrane in the production of CaO from eggshells and several techniques for producing chemically stable calcium-based transesterification catalysts. CaO was produced from eggshells with and without membrane inclusion. In view of improving the stability of CaO catalyst, CaO-MgO-Al 2 O 3 composite catalysts were prepared via wet mixing of oxides, co-precipitation, mechanical alloying, and wet ball milling. The synthesized materials were, respectively , characterized and used as catalysts in the methanolysis of beef tallow. Inclusion of egg membrane increased the BET surface of eggshells both before (from 0.32 to 2.98 m 2 /g) and after (from 0.58 to 3.61 m 2 /g) calcination but slightly reduced the catalytic activity of synthesized CaO from 96.78% to 95.82% beef tallow methyl ester (BTME) yield. Egg membrane was found responsible for the conventional characteristic morphology of eggshell-derived CaO. While co-precipitation gave the most stable composite with 90.12% BTME yield, stable mixed oxide phases were identified in all the composite catalysts.
... Upon calcination of membrane sheaths, the mass reduced from 0.491 to 0.0039 g; the light sheaths must have acted as spacers without contributing much to the composition. The huge loss in mass (99.2%) is anticipated since egg membranes are predominantly composed of organic matter (mainly proteins) [39], which can be burnt on calcination. EG nil 900 was only slightly more catalytically active, with a BTME yield of 96.78%, as opposed to 95.82% with EG mem 900. ...
Upon thermal decomposition, eggshells are a reliable source of high purity CaO. Usually, the membrane sheath(s) accompanying the shells are not recognized. Although CaO is famous for its transesterification catalytic activity, upon catalysis, it is converted to another active catalyst (calcium diglyceroxide) which has limited potential for use in a typical industrial reactor. This study investigates the influence of egg membrane in the production of CaO from eggshells and several techniques for producing chemically stable calcium-based transesterification catalysts.
... La sphère d'eau est entourée par une couche de 0.4 mm d'épaisseur pour simuler la coquille. La permittivité diélectrique de la coquille est estimée à une valeur de = 2.7 avec un tangente de pertes de 0.02 à 10GHz (Hussain 2009). Nous avons tracé trois axes à l'intérieur de l'oeuf et nous avons simulé l'intensité du champ électrique |E| suivant chaque axe à différentes fréquences. ...
Ce travail de thèse aborde la problématique du sexage précoce des œufs, consistant à déterminer le sexe d’un embryon aviaire, dans ce cas particulier du canard mulard, à un stade précoce de développement embryonnaire. En effet il s’agit d’une problématique mondiale avec de forts enjeux sociétaux liés au bien-être animal ainsi que des enjeux économiques liés à l’agro-industrie. Pour répondre à cette problématique, les développements en cours impliquent des techniques invasives ou non, majoritairement optiques. Dans notre cas, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement d’instrumentations basées sur la technique de spectroscopie radiofréquence (RF) comme méthode de sexage précoce in et ex ovo en raison de son caractère non-invasif et sa capacité à caractériser la matière biologique par ses propriétés diélectriques. Dans une première partie de ce manuscrit, le Chapitre I, nous étudions le contexte actuel du sexage des œufs, en abordant les enjeux sociétaux et économiques ainsi que les techniques d’analyse existantes ou en cours de développement. Dans ce paysage, nous positionnons la spectroscopie RF comme technique innovante et viable pour une application à grande échelle. Ensuite, le travail de thèse a été divisé en deux axes principaux. Le premier est décrit dans le chapitre II de cette thèse avec la mise en place d’un système d’analyse RF millifluidique pour évaluer les différents liquides constitutifs de l’œuf et voir s’il est possible de trouver une source de différentiation sexuelle (mâle-femelle) ciblée dans l’œuf. Pour cela nous avons conçu puis optimisé un dispositif de spectroscopie millifluidique RF. Sa caractérisation en termes de sensibilité et de reproductibilité des mesures a été menée à l’aide de liquides de référence. Des protocoles de prélèvements et de préparation des échantillons liquides d’œufs ainsi que des méthodes de mesures ont ensuite été mis en place, appliqués à la discrimination d’œufs clairs et d’œufs fécondés puis du sexe. Le deuxième axe traite de la mise en place de l’instrumentation d’analyse RF non invasive des œufs. Pour cela une partie a été dédiée à la conception des capteurs permettant d’irradier des ondes électromagnétiques dans l’œuf et de mesurer les ondes réfléchie et transmise par et à travers l’œuf. En utilisant des outils de simulation électrique et électromagnétique, nous avons conçu différentes versions des capteurs dédiés à la mesure des œufs, et défini celui le plus adapté pour l’application visée. Un banc de caractérisation d’œufs et une méthode expérimentale ont été également mis en place pour mesurer des œufs à différents jours d’incubation. Différentes campagnes de mesure sur œuf a permis de mettre en évidence des améliorations à apporter à l’instrumentation pour une meilleure adaptabilité à la variabilité intrinsèque des œufs et une meilleure sensibilité, avec la proposition d’une nouvelle version du banc de spectroscopie RF sur œufs, adaptable à la géométrie de l’œuf. Ce travail pose donc les premières bases d’une instrumentation RF dédiée à l’analyse non invasive d’œufs, avec pour perspective une possible exploitation pour des problématiques de fraîcheur ou encore de sexage précoce, qui revêtent des enjeux économiques importants pour le secteur agricole et la filière aviaire.
... Recently, the needs of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is increasing due to the high demand of the usage for biomaterial development such as hydroxyapatite for dental and bone tissue application. Synthesis of calcium carbonate was obtained from various method and source to become hydroxyapatite [1][2][3][4]. ...
To overcome the increased processing of eggshell waste in East Java, Indonesia, the important solution is to synthesize chicken eggshells into calcium carbonate. The process of synthesizing eggshells into calcium carbonate is carried out by a mechanochemical process using a ball milling machine for 10 h and the sintering time for 120 min at a temperature of 900, 1000, 1100, and 1200 °C. The results of the eggshell synthesis were characterized using X-ray Diffraction, SEM, Raman spectroscopy and FTIR. Those characterizations aimed to obtain the result of phase identification, morphology, physicochemical, and functional group of calcium carbonate. From the phase identification, calcium carbonate obtained from eggshell sintered 1000 °C shows the single-phase triangular structure with agglomeration and spherical morphology. The physicochemical results show that phonon interaction of calcium carbonate obtained from eggshell sintered at 1200 °C has the highest intensity at Raman shift 1083 cm ‒1 which indicates the C‒O symmetric stretching band. The functional group of calcium carbonate shows from FTIR results at 3642, 2987, 2508 cm ‒1 for O‒H bond, and 1790, 1507 cm ‒1 for C‒H bond, and 874, 712 cm ‒1 for calcite bonds respectively.
... Upon calcination of membrane sheaths, the mass reduced from 0.491 to 0.0039 g; the light sheaths must have acted as spacers without contributing much to composition. The huge loss in mass (99.2 %) is anticipated since egg membranes are predominantly composed of organic matter (mainly proteins)[165], which can be burnt on calcination. EGnil900 was only slightly more catalytically active, with BTME yield of 96.78 %, as opposed to the 95.82 % with EGmem900. ...
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... This is because every eggshell has a membrane layer and it is divided by two types of the layer which lie beneath the shell, outer and inner shell membranes [11]. Both of the membranes are made up of protein fibres; exactly lie parallel to the surface of the egg [12]. The membrane of the eggshells holds the bond between the molecules exists in the bioplastic. ...
The extensive production of polymer plastics and their use in different commercial applications had burdened the municipal in cost and operation of the waste management system. This unwanted waste had also posed a significant threat to the environmental surroundings which destroyed biota. Hence, alternatives called bio-plastic evolved as the development of renewable resource by utilizing agricultural, eggshells and exo-skeleton seafood (chitosan) wastes instead of petroleum sources. The aim of this research is to use the eggshells and chitosan as fillers in potato starch to overcome the inherent drawbacks of bio-plastic. The experimental study was done on tensile strength, water absorption and biodegradability for potato starch-based bio-plastic with eggshells or chitosan. The results showed that by adding the eggshells into the potato starch-based bio-plastic had increased the tensile strength by 4.94% compared with chitosan only 1.28%. The reduction of water absorption by 10.95% was determined using eggshells as fillers. Meanwhile, the used of chitosan resulted in 27.59% reduction in water absorption. In eggshells, the weight loss in biodegradability test was 21.06% compared to chitosan of 7.9% within 20 days. It can be concluded that eggshells as fillers performed much better that chitosan in potato starch-based bio-plastic. It also can be deduced that adding fillers in starch-based bio-plastics can improve the bio-plastic performance.
