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The inverter is known to be the nucleus of all digital designs. Evolutionary computation may be a competent implement for automatic design of digital integrated circuits (IC). In this paper, optimal switching characteristics of a CMOS inverter are realized using an evolutionary optimization approach called Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. The...
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... Therefore, the switching speed of the circuit must be approximated and optimized at an early design phase to ensure circuit reliability and performance. Here, the optimal switching characteristics of CMOS inverter are investigated using afore-mentioned evolutionary optimization techniques. The schematic diagram of a CMOS inverter is shown in Fig. 1. Rise time (t r ) and fall time (t f ) of the output voltage are shown in Fig. 2. The input and output voltage waveforms of CMOS inverter circuit are shown in Fig. ...
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... and DE have been run 50 times for each design set of all the Case studies and the resulting CF value obtained in each run has been used for box and whisker plots. Figs. 7-12 shows the box and whisker plots of the best design set of RGA and DE for all case studies, respectively. Upper and lower ends of boxes represent the 75th and 25th percentiles. Median is represented by the green colour. The whiskers are lines extending from each end of the boxes to show the ...
Citations
... Similarly, tphl is defined as the delay between the rising input voltage (from the 50% transition) and the falling output voltage (from the 50% transition). Propagation delay (De et al. 2015) is calculated using following Eq. (7): ...
This paper proposed an 8 nm N-type Double Gate MOSFET with improved characteristics. A comparative study has been done based on substrate and oxide material. The substrate and oxide material combination is Si-SiO2, SiGe-HfO2. This study discussed about which channel and oxide material is performed with better efficiency in sub-micron dimension in terms of Ioff, Ion, Ion/Ioff, Threshold Voltage (Vth), Sub-threshold Swing (SS) and Drain-Induced-Barrier-Lowering (DIBL) to obtain energy efficient and high performance circuits. All parameters are validated according to the IRDS-2020 and compare with existing literature. Based on improved performance SiGe material has been chosen for circuit level applications. In this research all the basic gates (NOT, AND, OR, XOR, XNOR) as well as universal gates (NAND, NOR) along with their performance with respect to Propagation Delay, Short Circuit power dissipation, Dynamic power dissipation, Power Delay Product (PDP), Energy Delay Product (EDP) and Noise Margin have been explored at 1 Volt supply voltage. These findings suggest that the proposed device is a suitable candidate to design high speed and low power logic circuits.
... In [25][26][27][28][29], De, Bishnu Prasad, et al., implemented different optimization techniques to obtain the symmetrical switching characteristic of CMOS inverters. In [25], the PSO with constriction factor and inertia weight approach PSO-CFIWA was used to get the optimal symmetrical switching properties of the CMOS inverter. ...
... The MA is implemented to find the optimal design parameters C L , W/L, and the t f is needed to minimize the cost function given in Equation (13). The fitness function can be written as in Equation (14) [25][26][27][28][29][30]32]. ...
... To obtain an optimal symmetrical switching response, the fall time must equal the rise time of the output voltage. The main objective, in this case, is to find the inverter design parameters, C L , (W/L) p , and (W/L) n that minimize the cost function given in Equation (15) [25][26][27][28][29][30]32]. This cost function measures the difference between the fall time and rise times of the CMOS inverter. ...
This paper presents a novel approach to designing a CMOS inverter using the Mayfly Optimization Algorithm (MA). The MA is utilized in this paper to obtain symmetrical switching of the inverter, which is crucial in many digital electronic circuits. The MA method is found to have a fast convergence rate compared to other optimization methods, such as the Symbiotic Organisms Search (SOS), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Differential Evolution (DE). A total of eight different sets of design parameters and criteria were analyzed in Case I, and the results confirmed compatibility between the MA and Spice techniques. The maximum discrepancy in fall time across all design sets was found to be 2.075711 ns. In Case II, the objective was to create a symmetrical inverter with identical fall and rise times. The difference in fall and rise times was minimized based on Spice simulations, with the maximum difference measuring 0.9784731 ns. In Case III, the CMOS inverter was designed to achieve symmetrical fall and rise times as well as propagation delays. The Spice simulation results demonstrated that symmetry had been successfully achieved, with the minimum difference measuring 0.312893 ns and the maximum difference measuring 1.076540 ns. These Spice simulation results are consistent with the MA results. The results conclude that the MA is a reliable and simple optimization technique and can be used in similar electronic topologies.
... Charged system search, colliding bodies optimization and enhanced colliding bodies optimization algorithms were selected to optimize the structure. The problem was previously solved with the differential evolution algorithm [141]. Furthermore, Khatibinia and Khosravi [142] implemented a hybrid approach based on an improved gravitational search algorithm and orthogonal crossover to attain optimal shape of concrete gravity dams incorporating the interaction effects of dam-water-foundation rock induced by an earthquake. ...
In the last decades, design optimization of structures received significant attention to reconcile economic aspects, after the recent advances in computer technology. Many solution methods have been developed in order to solve different kinds of optimization problems defined for design of structures. Concerning various types of structural loads, earthquake loading is a crucial factor influencing structural design. The procedures for analysis and design of structures to resist seismic excitations are in a progressive state of development, for which numerous optimization problems have been proposed. This article presents an overview of seismic design optimization of structures, focusing on common solution methods, types of optimization problem and goals of optimization. Past and recent developments are reviewed, and current gaps as well as some open concerns deserving more research in future studies are discussed.
... Performing such a task by hand turns out to be tedious and time consuming. Recently, to make the design more reliable and flexible, different evolutionary optimization algorithms have been used in the design of CMOS inverter with symmetric switching characteristics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. In [1,2], particle swarm optimization (PSO) was used in the design of a CMOS inverter having symmetrical waveform of output voltage with equal rise time (t r ) and fall time (t f ) and equal propagation delay times (t pHL and t pLH ). ...
... In [1,2], particle swarm optimization (PSO) was used in the design of a CMOS inverter having symmetrical waveform of output voltage with equal rise time (t r ) and fall time (t f ) and equal propagation delay times (t pHL and t pLH ). In [3][4][5][6][7][8] several nature-inspired optimization methods on the design of symmetric switching CMOS inverter. Specifically, PSO with constriction factor and inertia weight approach (PSOCFIWA), differential evolution (DE), craziness based particle swarm optimization (CRPSO), hybrid harmony search with differential evolution (HS-DE), PSO with aging leader and challenger (ALC-PSO), and firefly algorithm (FA) were applied in [3][4][5][6][7][8], respectively. ...
... In [3][4][5][6][7][8] several nature-inspired optimization methods on the design of symmetric switching CMOS inverter. Specifically, PSO with constriction factor and inertia weight approach (PSOCFIWA), differential evolution (DE), craziness based particle swarm optimization (CRPSO), hybrid harmony search with differential evolution (HS-DE), PSO with aging leader and challenger (ALC-PSO), and firefly algorithm (FA) were applied in [3][4][5][6][7][8], respectively. In each paper, it was shown that the used optimization method gives better results than those presented in [1,2] and those obtained using the real-coded genetic algorithm (RGA). ...
This paper investigates the optimal design of symmetric switching CMOS inverter using the Symbiotic Organisms Search (SOS) algorithm. SOS has been recently proposed as an effective evolutionary global optimization method that is inspired by the symbiotic interaction strategies between different organisms in an ecosystem. In SOS, the three common types of symbiotic relationships (mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism) are modeled using simple expressions, which are used to find the global minimum of the fitness function. Unlike other optimization methods, SOS has no parameters to be tuned, which makes it an attractive and easy-to-implement optimization method. Here, SOS is used to design a high speed symmetric switching CMOS inverter, which is considered the most fundamental logic gate. SOS results are compared to those obtained using several optimization methods, like particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), differential evolution (DE), and other ones, available in the literature. It is shown that the SOS is a robust straight-forward evolutionary algorithm that can compete with other well-known advanced methods.
... Rights reserved. orders in [8]. The comparative study with GA was performed and it was reported that DE has better convergence. ...
... The comparative study with GA was performed and it was reported that DE has better convergence. Further, computational time consumed by GA was reported to be 50 s against DE which took 2-3 s for 50 generations [8]. More recently, Upadhyay et al. had hybridized DE with wavelet mutation for finding the optimal coefficients of IIR filter. ...
... As a first exercise, a 2nd order IIR system [8,20,26] defined by the transfer function in Eq. (23) is considered. ...
In this work, a novel application of ant lion optimizer (ALO) has been presented for adaptive identification of infinite impulse response (IIR) filters. ALO is a nature-inspired, population-based, gradient-free meta-heuristic algorithm. It works based on the interaction between antlions and ants and uses Roulette wheel for selection of fitter antlions for catching ants. During the iterative process of optimization, performance of best antlion in each iteration is compared with elite antlion which ensured an optimum solution. To demonstrate the filter modeling efficacy of ALO, four IIR benchmark systems of different orders have been considered for equal and reduced ordered identifications. Modeling performance has been assessed using mean square error (MSE) between the actual and identified model performances, mean square deviation (MSD) between actual and identified IIR filter coefficients and rate of convergence. ALO outperformed the other two recent meta-heuristic algorithms, i.e., cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) and gravitational search algorithm (GSA), recently used for filter modeling. To further assess the robustness of obtained solutions, fifty independent identification trials were conducted and MSE and MSD values were analyzed statistically for standard deviations and means in addition to the statistical t test on MSE values. ALO offered the least standard deviations indicating the robust solutions. Further, in t test, higher positive t values again indicated the significant superiority of ALO over CSA and GSA for IIR filter modeling.
... Khatibina and Khosravi [10] proposed a hybrid approach based on an improved gravitational search algorithm (IGSA) and orthogonal crossover (OC) in order to efficiently find the optimal shape of concrete gravity dams. Deepika and Suribabu [11] used the differential evolution technique for the optimal design of gravity dam. Recently, Kaveh and Zakian [12] have presented the shape optimization of a gravity dam imposing stability and stress constraints. ...
... In IGSA, a new moving strategy in the searching space was proposed by obeying the law of gravity and receiving guide of memory as follows [11]: ...
This study focuses on the shape optimization of concrete gravity dams considering dam–water–foundation interaction and nonlinear effects subject to earthquake. The concrete gravity dam is considered as a two–dimensional structure involving the geometry and material nonlinearity effects. For the description of the nonlinear behavior of concrete material under earthquake loads, the Drucker–Prager model based on the associated flow rule is adopted in this study. The optimum design of concrete gravity dams is achieved by the hybrid of an improved gravitational search algorithm (IGSA) and the orthogonal crossover (OC), called IGSA–OC. In order to reduce the computational cost of optimization process, the support vector machine approach is employed to approximate the dam response instead of directly evaluating it by a time–consuming finite element analysis. To demonstrate the nonlinear behavior of concrete material in the optimum design of concrete gravity dams, the shape optimization of a real dam is presented and compared with that of dam considering linear effect.
... Salmasi [4] employed genetic algorithm for design optimization of gravity dam. Deepika and Suribabu [5] used differential evolution algorithm for optimal design of concrete gravity dam [2] based upon the Indian design criteria. There are also numerous researches on optimum design of arch dams678. ...
... This study presents shape optimization of a gravity dam imposing stability and principal stress constraints. The dam was already analyzed by Kshirsagar [2] and was then optimized by Deepika and Suribabu [5] as mentioned before. Here, three recently proposed meta-heuristics are applied to optimize this structure. ...
... denote downstream and upstream face slope angles of the dam, respectively. Other parameters are outlined in Tables 2 and 3 and more details can be found in [2, 5]. ...
This study presents shape optimization of a gravity dam imposing stability and principal stress constraints. A gravity dam is a large scale hydraulic structure consisting of huge amount of concrete material. Hence, an optimum design gives a cost-benefit structure due to the fact that small changes in shape of dam cross-section leads to large saving of concrete volume. Three recently developed meta-heuristics are utilized for optimizing the structure. These algorithms are charged system search (CSS), colliding bodies optimization (CBO) and its enhanced edition (ECBO). This article also provides useful formulations for stability analysis of gravity dams which can be extended to further researches.
... In each step, the DE mutates vectors by adding weighted, random vector differentials to them. If the cost of the trial vector is better than that of the target, the trial vector replaces the target vector in the next generation [11,12,13]. The variant implemented here was the DE/rand/3/bin, which involved the following steps and procedures [3]. ...
... For a system with V generators, the population is represented as a vector of length V. If there are L members in the population, the complete population is represented as a matrix as below: 11 ...
In this work, novel swarm optimization algorithm based on the Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm called Enhanced Artificial Bee Colony (EABC) algorithm is proposed for the design and optimization of the analog CMOS circuits. The new search strategies adopted improve overall performance of the proposed algorithm. The performance of EABC algorithm is compared with other competitive algorithms such as ABC, GABC (G-best Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm) and MABC (Modified Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm) by designing three CMOS circuits; Two-stage operational amplifier, low-voltage bulk driven OTA and second generation low-voltage current conveyor in 0.13 μm and 0.09μm CMOS technologies. The obtained results clearly indicate that the performance of EABC algorithm is better than other mentioned algorithms and it can be an effective approach for the automatic design of the analog CMOS circuits.
VLSI and nanocomputing has become the most desirable feature of any integrated chip. Computers are also becoming more portable. ICs are being introduced everywhere. This huge implementation of IC has also opened a scope of research. Size of IC has become an issue to think about. Power dissipation is also another important consideration as performance of VLSI chip design. Low-power high-speed CMOS circuit design methodologies will be elaborated in this paper.
