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... exergy rate at all states and the rate of exergy change for each component of the plant are calculated, and the results are tabulated in Table 2. The locations of the states are illustrated in the diagram of Tajoura plant shown in figure 2. The feed seawater enters the plant and the final permeate and concentrate leaving the plant are at the same dead state temperature and pressure, but at different salinities. ...
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... Due to increased consumption of fresh water in Libya and the noticed improvements of a reverse osmosis technology, it has led to increased demand of this technology locally and globally. Furthermore, identifying the future needs for desalination technology development, as well as a research and development activities that will result in cost-effective and more efficient desalination technologies that can meet the upcoming requirements [2]. In this paper Tajoura (SWRO) plant will be developed in parallel with the occurred developments of spiral wound membrane elements that permits desalination plants to be designed and operated to either lower operating cost through reduced energy consumption, or to decrease membrane replacement cost by increasing plant productivity at lower operating flux. ...
Desalination of seawater in Libya has the capability to increase the accessible resources for producing drinkable water. Desalination of seawater with reverse osmosis membrane technology is one of the most significant techniques in the field of seawater desalination, for the latter technique the membrane manufacturers had created a new advanced membranes that deliver a high output fresh water and high salt refusal that cause a decline in operating cost through lower energy consumption compared to the other thermal desalination technologies .This paper aims to compare between several membrane products developed by different companies to improve the productivity of Tajoura Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Desalination plant with high quality fresh water. The membrane type SW30HRLE-440i was selected for the next membrane replacement, which increases the plant productivity from 12,000 to 14,300 m 3 /d with decreasing the number of membrane elements from 1080 to 900 membrane elements. In addition, the suggested membrane provides a high rejection, which results in an improved water quality with a salinity of less than 100 ppm where it was almost 200 ppm, as well as it allows the plant to be designed and operated at a lower operating cost through a reduced specific energy consumption, which was 8.492 to 5.48 kWh/m 3 and can be less than 2 kWh/m 3 if a modern energy recovery device (ERD) is used with a significant modification to the plant.
... Exergy analysis interprets for the obtainable forms of energy in the system streams and energy supply with a reference environment and recognizes the major losses of energy/exergy destruction. This helps in evolving an effective desalination processes by reducing the hidden losses [4]. The exergy analysis is principally derived from second law of thermodynamics and provides a perfect basis of the inefficiencies of a MSF desalination plant. ...
... The later can be defined as ppm (parts per million on a mass basis), percentage (sal), salt mass fraction (mfs) or a salt mole fraction (xs). mfs and xs are described as [4,5]: ...
... Solutions that have a concentration less than 5 % are considered dilute solutions that behave as an ideal solution, so the effect of unlike molecules are neglected. Seawaters and saline underground waters are all ideal solutions since they have about a 4% salinity [4,5]. The enthalpy and entropy of a mixture are determined from ...
Exergy analysis is a tool that can be used to detect the sites and causes of thermodynamic inefficiencies in a thermal process, as well as to prospect the design performance of any industry plants. The practice of such an analysis in seawater desalination plants is of increasing importance to discover the sites of the biggest irreversible losses. In this paper a full exergy analysis of a brine mixing once through multi stage flash MSF-BM desalination plant was carried out to identify the component that has the largest exergy destruction. The MSF-BM desalination plant is located at 30 km northwest of Tripoli the capital of Libya. Exergy flow rates are estimated all over the plant and exergy flow diagram is prepared. The results of the exergy analysis show that the multi-stage flash unit, pumps and motors are the major sites of highest exergy destruction, where 61.48 % of the entire input exergy took place in the MSF unit, and 19.8 % happens in the pumps and motors. The second law of efficiency was estimated to be 6.24 %, which seems to be low that mean some improvements should be made to improve the plant efficiency and reduce exergy destruction, the improvement can be made to the MSF unit by increasing the number of flashing stages and to the pumps and motors by installing modern pumps with high efficiency.
... Exergy analysis interprets for the obtainable forms of energy in the system streams and energy supply with a reference environment and recognizes the major losses of energy/exergy destruction. This helps in evolving an effective desalination processes by reducing the hidden losses [4]. The exergy analysis is principally derived from second law of thermodynamics and provides a perfect basis of the inefficiencies of a MSF desalination plant. ...
... The later can be defined as ppm (parts per million on a mass basis), percentage (sal), salt mass fraction (mfs) or a salt mole fraction (xs). mfs and xs are described as [4,5]: ...
... Solutions that have a concentration less than 5 % are considered dilute solutions that behave as an ideal solution, so the effect of unlike molecules are neglected. Seawaters and saline underground waters are all ideal solutions since they have about a 4% salinity [4,5]. The enthalpy and entropy of a mixture are determined from ...
Water contamination by synthetic dyes is considered as a serious environmental issue, globally. In this study, the adsorptive removal of a very toxic cationic dye, methylene blue (MB), from aqueous solution was investigated using spinel ferrite, CoFe1.9Cr0.1O4 (CFC), magnetic nanoparticles as an adsorbent. CoFe1.9Cr0.1O4 powder was successfully synthesized via a sol-gel process and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The effect of various experimental parameters on MB removal including; contact time, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, solution pH and temperature were investigated. The results revealed that about 94 % of MB was removed under the optimal operational conditions. The adsorption kinetics showed that adsorption data were better described by pseudo-second-order model (PSO). In addition, the adsorption isotherms follow Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was found to be 11.41 mg/g. The calculated thermodynamic parameters (i.e., "∆" "G" ^"o" , "∆" "H" ^"o" , "∆" "S" ^"o" ) indicate that the proposed adsorption process of methylene blue onto CoFe1.9Cr0.1O4 nanoparticles is exothermic and spontaneous in nature. The results suggest that the synthesized magnetic nanoparticles (CFC) can be employed for the removal of toxic cationic synthetic dyes from wastewater.
Keywords: Spinel ferrites, adsorption, magnetic nanomaterials, methylene blue removal, nanotechnology, water purification.
