Figure - available from: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
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Schematic diagram illustrating the mechanism that how AO and ENSO alter snow cover fraction over TP, as well as the fractional anomalies of snow cover over TP averaged from C18, JASMES, and NSIDC‐0046, as well as a large ensemble AGCM simulation (HIST). Anomalies are computed as the average of the cases applying a threshold of ±0.5 based on AO index and Niño 3.4 index between 1982 and 2010. The positive values mean TPSCF’s deviations in El Niño and positive AO in comparison to La Niña and negative AO, respectively. The black arrow denotes the water vapor flux, and the box represents the area where the zonal mean specific humidity in the vertical cross section is computed considering the difference between El Niño and La Niña applying ±0.5 of the Niño 3.4 index. Observed AO and Niño 3.4 indices were obtained from NOAA (https://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov).
Source publication
This study investigated the factors controlling the interannual variability of Tibetan Plateau snow cover (TPSC) in winter using large‐ensemble simulations. Composite analysis reveals that years with high TPSC are associated with a positive Arctic Oscillation (AO)‐like pattern in which a strengthened subtropical westerly enhances zonal water vapor...
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Citations
The spring snow cover (SC) over the western Tibetan Plateau (TP) (TPSC) (W_TPSC) and eastern TPSC (E_TPSC) have displayed remarkable decreasing and increasing trends, respectively, during 1985–2020. The current work investigates the possible mechanisms accounting for these distinct TPSC changes. Our results indicate that the decrease in W_TPSC is primarily attributed to rising temperatures, while the increase in E_TPSC is closely linked to enhanced precipitation. Local circulation analysis shows that the essential system responsible for the TPSC changes is a significant anticyclonic system centered over the northwestern TP. The anomalous descending motion and adiabatic heating linked to this anticyclone leads to warmer temperatures and consequent snowmelt over the western TP. Conversely, anomalous easterly winds along the southern flank of this anticyclone serve to transport additional moisture from the North Pacific, leading to an increase in snowfall over the eastern TP. Further analysis reveals that the anomalous anticyclone is associated with an atmospheric wave pattern that originates from upstream regions. Springtime warming of the subtropical North Atlantic (NA) sea surface temperature (SST) induces an atmospheric pattern resembling a wave train that travels eastward across the Eurasian continent before reaching the TP. Furthermore, the decline in winter sea ice (SIC) over the Barents Sea exerts a persistent warming influence on the atmosphere, inducing an anomalous atmospheric circulation that propagates southeastward and strengthens the northwest TP anticyclone in spring. Additionally, an enhancement of subtropical stationary waves has resulted in significant increases in easterly moisture fluxes over the coastal areas of East Asia, which further promotes more snowfall over eastern TP.
