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It is well recognized by different geophysical & geochemical techniques such as Audio Magnetuteluric survey, Magnetuteluric survey, geochemical survey that Bakreswar-Tantloi area is a potential geothermal province located in eastern part of India. We have estimated that reservoir temperature lies in the range of 126 0 C-139 0 C. In this paper we mo...
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... However, this was a little bit difficult as well as complicated due to the technical coerces and geographical constraints. It is notable that Kalina cycle based binary power plant using ammonia-water mixture as working fluid (thermal efficiency: 13-53%) [47], is already proposed to be installed at the spring site [48]. Accordingly, if such type of power plant is supposed to be installed, for say, the plant would be capable of delivering the power of 4.94 MW (minimum thermal efficiency 13%) to 20.13 MW (maximum thermal efficiency 53%) only considering the radiogenic heat source. ...
Proper utilization of geothermal energy for power generation is still overlooked in India even after having enough potential as much as the equivalent to its other nonconventional energy resources. The source of geothermal energy is the decay of the radio-nuclei present inside the Earth’s crust apart from the primordial heat source. The noble gas 4He is also produced during the radioactive disintegration process. Therefore, measuring the amount of 4He gas along with some other geochemical parameters in an Indian geothermal area, the potential of the reservoir can be evaluated. Mathematical calculations relating to the radioactive disintegration to estimate the geothermal potential of Bakreswar geothermal reservoir utilizing the concept of the 4He exploration technique has been described here. The study showed that the heat (radiogenic) energy generated by the radioactive decay of 232Th, 238U, and 235U inside the reservoir was evaluated as 38 MW. This value raises to 76 MW when primordial heat is included. The detail calculations suggest that a Kalina cycle based binary power plant using ammonia–water mixture as working fluid is supposed to be installed at the identified locations with a drilling depth of about 1,100 m and the plant would be capable of delivering the power of 9.88 MW to 40.26 MW.
... However, this was a little bit difficult as well as complicated due to the technical coerces and geographical constraints. It is notable that Kalina cycle based binary power plant using ammonia-water mixture as working fluid (thermal efficiency: 13-53%) [47], is already proposed to be installed at the spring site [48]. Accordingly, if such type of power plant is supposed to be installed, for say, the plant would be capable of delivering the power of 4.94 MW (minimum thermal efficiency 13%) to 20.13 MW (maximum thermal efficiency 53%) only considering the radiogenic heat source. ...
Proper utilization of geothermal energy for power generation is still ignored in India even after having it's enough potential as much as the equivalent to the other nonconventional energy resources of the country. A major thrust is required in this field of technology. The source of geothermal energy is the decay of the radio-nuclei, such as Uranium, Thorium, and Potassium inside the Earth's crust apart from the primordial heat source. The noble gas 4He is also produced during the radioactive disintegration process. Therefore, measuring the amount of 4He gas generated in the terrestrial radioactive process along with some other geochemical parameters in an Indian geothermal reservoir, the potential of the reservoir can be evaluated without performing conventional and detailed geochemical & geophysical techniques. Mathematical calculations relating to the radioactive disintegration to estimate the geothermal potential of the Bakreswar geothermal area at eastern India utilizing the concept of the 4He exploration technique has been described here. The study showed that the heat energy generated by the radioactive decay of 238Th, 238U and 235U inside Bakreswar geothermal reservoir was evaluated as 38 MW only considering the He emanated from the Agni Kunda hot spring. In addition, the depth of the geothermal reservoir was also evaluated to be about 1,100 m using some geophysical characteristics of the reservoir at the study area. Furthermore, the suitable locations of deep drilling for the installation of the probable geothermal power plant are also identified by investigating the resistivity survey profile of the study area.
The large thermal potentials with geothermal gradient of abandoned wells provide the possibility and opportunity for carbon-neutrality transition of district heating systems, whereas energy harvesting from abandoned geothermal wells is full of challenges, due to the considerable initial investment in economic cost, system performance degradation, and so on. In this chapter, a systematic and comprehensive review on the application techniques of abandoned wells is presented, in terms of advanced thermal/power conversions, renewable integrations for district heating, and strategies for performance enhancement. Discussions on real applications have been conducted and future prospects presented, from perspectives of lifetime system performance, techno-economic feasibility analysis, and potential assessment of abandoned wells for carbon-neutrality transition. The results of this chapter can provide preliminary knowledge and cutting-edge technologies on renewable integrations with abandoned wells, so as to demonstrate techno-economic-environmental potentials of abandoned wells and contributions toward carbon-neutrality transition.
Geothermal energy (GE), as an ideal renewable resource for building cooling/heating with stability and abundance in energy supply, has been widely exploited in developing countries. The common utilization forms of GE mainly include the ground source heat pump (GSHP), underground duct system (UDS), and abandoned wells energy (AWE) system. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive overview of the current developmental status of the GSHP, UDS, and AWE systems for building cooling/heating in developing countries. This chapter will be conducted from the following aspects: (1) The literature review and categories of GE utilization in the developing countries, mainly including the latest literature review on GE development and categories of utilization for building cooling/heating. (2) The common utilization of the GSHP system and its current application and development in the developing countries, mainly including the ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) system and groundwater heat pump (GWHP) system. (3) The common utilization of the UDS system and its current application and development in the developing countries, mainly including the horizontal UDS system, vertical UDS system, and the corresponding coupled system with phase change energy storage and other advanced technologies. (4) The common utilization of the AWE system and its current application and development in the developing countries, mainly including the abandoned oil and gas wells. (5) The existing issues and in-depth analysis on the practical application of GE for building cooling/heating in the developing countries. This chapter can provide some effective guidelines on the various GE utilization forms for building cooling/heating in developing countries.
Building heating or electricity generation using fossil fuels perilously affect the environment, and therefore, it is imperative to use clean energy to substitute pollution-causing energy resources. Geothermal energy contributes a major share to the global environmentally sustainable energy output. But its application is restricted due to high drilling costs, which can occupy up to half of the total geothermal project liabilities. More than 700 wells are indicated as abandoned in Pakistan. The reuse of abandoned oil and gas wells (AOGWs) for harnessing geothermal energy can not only eliminate prospecting risk and drilling expenditure, but also overcome the pollution. Abandoned wells offer a deal of essential data needed for geologic characterization of the reservoir, such as borehole temperature (BHT), petrophysical and lithostratigraphic logs, and porosity, and permeability. This data along with thermal gradient and geothermal play type is utilized in this study to evaluate geothermal systems and their energy potential. It is reviewed that there is a plentiful potential of geothermal energy trapped in abandoned petroleum fields of Indus Basin. A novel enhanced deep borehole heat exchanger (EDBHE) technology is recommended for heat extraction from hot dry rocks (HDR), which involves filling composite materials (with higher thermal conductivity) into the geothermal reservoir in order to ameliorate the thermal conductivity of the reservoir. Withal, utilization of AOGWs can expunge plug and abandonment-related expenditures and bestow steady energy sources for a long period.
This chapter gives a brief overview of the different techniques of electricity generation from the available geothermal energy resources. It starts with an introduction to the importance of energy generation from geothermal energy including the advantages and disadvantages of geothermal energy for electricity generations. Then, the different geothermal energy resources are discussed. After that, the different systems for the electricity generation from the geothermal energy include power plants of dry steam; flashed steam; and binary and combined cycles which are explained in detail. Finally, a conclusion of the electrical power yield from geothermal resources of energy is stated.
The transition from fossil fuels to sustainable, renewable, green energy requires technological advances and adaptations to meet current and future energy needs. Oil well conversion for geothermal development, for both power generation and direct use, can meet many of these challenges in rural communities. The Williston Basin has the necessary geological setting and production infrastructure, though it lacks localized techno-economic analysis of system potentials. The techno-economic analysis in this proposal can serve as a template, benefitting rural communities of the Williston Basin in the following manner: alleviating energy poverty, supporting energy sovereignty, and providing jobs from the energy transition.
The proposed study site for this pilot project is in Mandaree, North Dakota, a rural town on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation that needs sustainable energy. There are more than 70 oil and gas wellheads within 3500 m of the town center, most exploiting Bakken shales at a depth greater than 3000 m. Data from previous injection well and wastewater disposal studies indicate that the Inyan Kara formation has a high permeability with a thermostratigraphy derived temperature of greater than 80°C, at a reservoir depth of 1550 m below the surface.
We focus on the direct use of hot water in the Inyan Kara formation. The system configuration uses two abandoned wells designed as a doublet (one injector and one producer), located 1400 m from town with a well spacing of 1250 m. Both wells are vertical, using existing 7″ (17.8 cm) casing with perforations, put in place at the Inyan Kara formation providing geothermal fluid flow at about 40–50 L s− 1. After meeting all in situ heat demand across Mandaree (4.1 MWthermal), the well output should provide more than 1 MWthermal in addition, generating heat for commercial greenhouse operations. This case study further explores the economic potential, technical considerations, and future work necessary to achieve the energetically enabled desires of the community.
