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The mismatch between supply and demand caused by asymmetry of market information has long been an issue. This paper studies a two-tier supply chain model consisting of automaker and chip suppliers with unstable supply and fluctuating prices. First, an analysis is conducted on how the manufacturer's order strategy is affected by the supplier's whole...
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... In this study, in which a static spreadsheet-based system analysis was applied, the emissions from machine relocations were excluded from the analyses, because the influence was considered case-specific (size of worksite), and the effect on final results nominal. To obtain more realistic information about the real-life situation, including the locations and sizes of sites, discrete-event modeling of logistics systems in the prevailing operating environment with spatial data will be required to study the topic more comprehensively (Väätäinen 2018). ...
Stump harvesting for energy has decreased in Finland, and many heat and power plants no longer accept stumps in their fuel portfolio due to fuel quality problems. However Finland is a forested country, and land clearing stumps need to be extracted, e.g. in infrastructure construction projects. If stumps cannot be used for energy production, they are dumped in landfills, where they start to decay and release CO2 into the atmosphere. One option to avoid CO2 emissions would be the burying of stumps underground so that the decaying process of wood would be inhibited in anaerobic conditions. The aim of this study was to define the carbon sequestration potential of stump burying logistics and calculate their CO2-eq emissions to compare them with the emissions of decaying stumps in piles. The analysis was performed as a spreadsheet-based system analysis at a worksite level as a function of time and size of extracted stumps. As a result of the analysis, the emission effiency of the logistics chain based on stumps stored below the ground was good. The net carbon stock varied between 743.7 and 775.0 kg CO2-eq/m3 as a function of stump diameter, when the emissions of the stump burying logistics chain were 49.0 and 17.7 kg CO2-eq/m3 respectively. In the case of a Finnish municipality with an annual accumulation of 1000 m3 of land clearing stumps, the carbon sequestration potential of stumps buried underground is equivalent to the emissions of between 280,000 and 290,000 liters of diesel fuel consumption, depending on the diameter of the extracted stumps and the diesel fuel emission factors for different engine and diesel fuel types.
... The main stakeholders were forest service and ICT-service providers, machine and manual forest work entrepreneurs, as well as representatives of governmental, industrial and non-industrial private forest owners. General background information about the state of the forest service processes were also obtained from Kankaanhuhta [37], Haataja et al. [38], and Väätäinen [39]. As a result, the information required for planning, implementing, and evaluating the activities was obtained. ...
... The main stakeholders 109 were forest service and ICT-service providers, machine and manual forest work entrepre-110 neurs, as well as representatives of governmental, industrial and non-industrial private 111 forest owners. General background information about the state of the forest service pro-112 cesses were also obtained from Kankaanhuhta [37], Haataja et al. [38], and Väätäinen [39]. ...
This case study introduces an innovation and development concept for agile software tools for the improvement of the productivity and customer experience of forest services. This need was recognized in the context of the opening of forest data and the development of service platforms for a forest-based bioeconomy in Finland. The forest services that were studied covered a continuum from a single type of work, e.g., soil preparation and young stand management through timber procurement, to comprehensive forest property management services. The study concentrated on the needs of micro-, small, and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which provide either retail- or business to business (B2B) services as sub-contractors. In addition, the challenges and bottlenecks in service processes detected by other stakeholders were considered. The prevailing service processes were conceptually modelled in order to search for opportunities for improvements in business and ecosystem services, i.e., agile software concepts. For example, we examined whether it would be possible to create opportunities for flexible operational models for precision, resilience, and protection of valuable microsites in forests. These software concepts were developed and evaluated in co-operation with the stakeholders in a co-creative workshop. The technological feasibility and commercial viability of the concepts, as well as the desirability for the customer were considered. The results of this business development process—i.e., agile software concepts and their anticipated benefits—were provided for further evaluation. In addition to the practical implications of this kind of innovation process tested, the potential of these kinds of agile tools for the further development of knowledge-intensive service processes was further discussed.
... While the structure of roundwood supply chains has largely remained unchanged since 2000, biomass energy supply chains have changed significantly in the past 20 years. These changes concern both the equipment used (Hakkila 2004, Thorsén et al. 2011, Palmér et al. 2016) and improved planning and supply chain management (Windisch 2015, Iwarsson Wide 2016, Väätäinen 2018, Prinz 2019). ...
Logistics of roundwood and biomass comprise a high number of operations, machinery, storage sites and transportable roundwood and biomass assortments. Moreover, complex and highly varying operational environment through the year poses logistics challenges incurring additional costs. An extensive review of studies was conducted in Sweden and Finland concerning roundwood and biomass logistics, starting from roadside landings and ending with delivery to a mill or a conversion facility. The main aim of the review was to describe trends in roundwood and biomass logistics since the start of the century. Papers were classified to categories of truck transports and roads, terminals, multimodal transports, storage and supply chain logistics. Slightly over 50% of reviewed articles were constrained to biomass only, 31% to roundwood only and 14% to both. Rapid technology development, amendments concerning road transports, increasing environmental concerns and forestry sector’s push to decrease the logistics costs can be seen as the biggest drivers for the reviewed studies and their study objectives. These aspects will also drive and increase the demand for research and development in roundwood and biomass logistics in the future.
... The DES approach as a main method in forest biomass supply chains was applied additionally in a few doctoral theses, most recently in Sweden by Eriksson (2016) on the efficiency of forest fuel supply chains, and in Finland by Windisch (2015) on process redesign, and Väätäinen (2018) on the development of forest chip supply chains for the redesign of supply operations and logistics. Asikainen (1995) and Väätäinen (2018) have provided detailed introduction to DES as a study method in this field including for instance simulation structures, components, evaluations and applications. Recently, a literature review on DES concerning multimodal and unimodal transportation in the wood supply chain was presented by Kogler & Rauch (2018). ...
Legislative changes have increased the allowable dimensions and weight for heavy transport vehicles in Finland, and this has been essential for the efficiency of wood chip transportation. In a typical forest, the supply of chips from roadside landings to the end-using facilities, such as combined heat and power plants, the balance of production capacities between chippers and the transportation of the chips by truck-trailer combinations substantially influence the performance of the system. The aim of this study was to investigate how new innovative chipper and vehicle types with increased chip carrying capacity would affect the cost and energy efficiency of the entire supply system. A method involving discrete-event simulation was used to investigate efficient solutions for the forest chip supply chain. By running several case scenarios, the aim was to examine the supply costs and efficiencies of new supply systems, and to investigate the difference at supply level between logging residues and small-diameter trees as raw materials.
The study confirmed that new vehicle types with an increased chip load capacity can improve the cost, fuel economy and efficiency of forest chip supply. The results indicate that for most scenarios and transportation distances, the use of larger, 69-tonne truck-trailers with electronic trailer steering systems in combination with a highly productive traditional chipper unit was the set-up with the lowest cost per megawatt hour. However,
smaller, 52-tonne semitrailer alternative vehicles also increased their competitiveness in cases where the material being transported had a higher moisture content or higher bulk-weight density.
