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Electrified transportation will help to reduce green-house gas emissions and increasing petrol prices. Electrified transportation demands that a wide variety of charging networks be set up, in a user-friendly environment, to encourage adoption. Wireless electric vehicle charging systems (WEVCS) can be a potential alternative technology to charge th...
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... IPT was developed by Nikola Tesla in 1914 to transfer power wirelessly. The basic block diagram of the traditional IPT is presented in Fig. 4. It is based on several EV charging structures. IPT has been tested and utilised in a wide variety of areas ranging from milliwatts to kilowatts to transfer contactless power from the source to the receiver. In 1996, General Motors (GM) introduced the Chevrolet S10 EV, which was charged by the magne-charge IPT (J1773) system to provide ...
Context 2
... to the current static-or dynamic-WEVCS. The three main structural components in an IW-WCS are the wireless transformer coils, power source, and internal structure of the tyre, which need to be designed carefully in order to achieve an efficient static-and dynamic-IW-WCS. Detailed internal placement of the receiver coils is demonstrated in Fig. 14. Multiple receiver coils are placed in a parallel combination inside the tyre. The advantages of such an arrangement are that only the particular receiver coil that is in contact with the transmitter is activated. In some cases, when horizontal misalignment occurs, multiple receiver coils can be activated. These transfer power to the ...
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Citations
... To enhance the charging efficacy of WPT batteries in electric vehicles, a multitude of approaches have been suggested. (Feng et al. 2017;Nayak and Kishan 2020;Kerid and Bourouina 2019;Panchal et al. 2018;Liu et al. 2017), the implementation of compensation circuits on both the transmitting and receiving ends represents a strategic approach in improvement of IPT technology. One of the compensating circuits examined in this paper is S-S. ...
Think about the future when an electric vehicle (EV) needs a charging device that works without any help from a person. EV chargers for batteries (EVBCs) that use magnetic IPT are popular these days because they are safe and easy to use. WPT is a technology from the future that has the benefits of being flexible, safe, easy to use, and able to run itself completely. There are still problems with EV systems' economics, range for driving, fuel efficiency, batteries, and recharge technologies. Plugins and wireless chargers are popular with battery charger users because they are safe, efficient, cheap, and easy to use. These days, contactless Inductive Transfer of Power (IPT) chargers are gaining popularity due to their safety, ease of use, effectiveness, ability to reduce battery size, and adaptability to various needs. IPT is used to move electricity using the idea of EMI, and the LI-Ion battery is then charged. The EMI concept helps the primary coil create an EMF in the secondary coil. The study is about wireless charging, compensation topologies, coil design, and improvements in coupling coefficient. This paper is about a comparison study of proportional-integral (PI) controllers, SMC controllers, and FLC controllers. EV wireless CS use PI controllers, SMCs, and fuzzy logic controllers (FLCs) to control the boost converter's output. By using these controllers, the power pulsation was significantly reduced. The analyzed controllers produce consistent outputs of current, voltage, and power signals.
... According to most of the literature, the automated charging technologies for electric HDVs can be categorized into static and dynamic charging technologies [6,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Whereas static charging technologies require the vehicle to have come to a standstill before the charging commences, dynamic charging technologies permit the vehicle to be charged while moving. ...
... Wireless charging of BEVs can be realized with a variety of coupling techniques with the most developed and widespread being the magnetic resonance coupling technique [9,18]. A charging system applying this technique encompasses a wallbox, including a rectifier and a high-frequency inverter, a ground unit, a vehicle unit, an onboard charger, including a rectifier and a transformer, and a battery management system [9,10]. The wallbox is connected to the electricity grid and has the task of increasing the frequency of the AC, as a high frequency results in high efficiency. ...
... These networks are composed of reactive components such as capacitors and have the task of matching the resonant frequencies of the primary and the secondary coil to the frequency of the alternating magnetic field. As a result, the charging system's degree of efficiency and the transmission distance are increased [10,18,78,79]. Furthermore, the magnetic leakage flux resulting from the distance between the coils is compensated, which increases the degree of efficiency further [9]. ...
Automated charging technologies are becoming increasingly important in the electrification of heavy road freight transport, especially in combination with autonomous driving. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of automated charging technologies for electric heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). It encompasses the entire spectrum of feasible technologies, including static and dynamic approaches, with each charging technology evaluated for its advantages, potentials, challenges and technology readiness level (TRL). Static conductive charging methods such as charging robots, underbody couplers, or pantographs show good potential, with pantographs being the most mature option. These technologies are progressing towards higher TRLs, with a focus on standardization and adaptability. While static wireless charging is operational for some prototype solutions, it encounters challenges related to implementation and efficiency. Dynamic conductive charging through an overhead contact line or contact rails holds promise for high-traffic HDV routes with the overhead contact line being the most developed option. Dynamic wireless charging, although facing efficiency challenges, offers the potential for seamless integration into roads and minimal wear and tear. Battery swapping is emerging as a practical solution to reduce downtime for charging, with varying levels of readiness across different implementations. To facilitate large-scale deployment, further standardization efforts are required. This study emphasizes the necessity for continued research and development to enhance efficiency, decrease costs and ensure seamless integration into existing infrastructures. Technologies that achieve this best will have the highest potential to significantly contribute to the creation of an efficiently automated and environmentally friendly transport sector.
... Chen et al. (2018) suggested that dynamic charging was competitive for most bus rapid transit corridors in the USA, which was also true for pure EVs when choosing between static or dynamic charging systems from the cost perspective (Chen et al. 2017). Panchal et al. (2018) explored the current advancements in static and dynamic charging technologies for EVs. A life cycle assessment in Washtenaw County, Michigan, showed that when considering infrastructure cost, GHG emissions and energy use, dynamic charging systems for EVs offered long-term solutions (Bi et al. 2019). ...
... Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology provides an alternative method of energy transmission without cords and the corresponding limitations [1][2][3][4]. The technology provides high convenience and increased safety, which makes it beneficial for further integration in automotive and consumer electronics. ...
This study proposes an example of a wireless charging station design for a small-scale vehicle available on the market. The article analyzes basic transmitter inverter topologies and their compensation methods in terms of flexibility of control, tolerance to uncertainty in positioning, and the possibility of decreasing the integration price. Our comprehensive analysis focuses on the battery voltage range, energy capacity, cost, and travel distance. We evaluate the constraints of efficiency, transmitted power, amount of used material, and size of the energy delivery system based on our design example. The aim is to increase the penetration of wireless technology in terms of convenience and integration capabilities.
... Pedro José Marrón pjmarron@uni-due.de 1 Networked Embedded Systems, University of Duisburg-Essen, Schützenbahn 70,45127 Essen, Germany upcoming approaches realizing wireless charging of electric vehicles [13]. Wireless power transfer in the context of stationary wireless charging requires a transmitter coil embedded into the ground and a receiver coil attached to the underbody of the vehicle [49]. ...
Wireless charging of electric vehicles can be achieved by installing a transmitter coil into the ground and a receiver coil at the underbody of a vehicle. In order to charge efficiently, accurate alignment of the charging components must be accomplished, which can be achieved with a camera-based positioning system. Due to an air gap between both charging components, foreign objects can interfere with the charging process and pose potential hazards to the environment. Various foreign object detection systems have been developed with the motivation to increase the safety of wireless charging. In this paper, we propose a foreign object detection technique that utilizes the integrated camera of an embedded positioning system. Due to operation in an outdoor environment, we cannot determine the types of objects that may occur in advance. Accordingly, our approach achieves object-type independence by learning the features of the charging surface, to then classify anomalous regions as foreign objects. To examine the capability of detecting foreign objects, we evaluate our approach by conducting experiments with images depicting known and unknown object types. For the experiments, we use an image dataset recorded by a positioning camera of an operating wireless charging station in an outdoor environment, which we published alongside our research. As a benchmark system, we employ YOLOv8 (Jocher et al. in Ultralytics YOLO, 2023), a state-of-the-art neural network that has been used in various contexts for foreign object detection. While we acknowledge the performance of YOLOv8 for known object types, our approach achieves up to 18% higher precision and 46% higher detection success for unknown objects.
... Dynamic inductive charging is a method that wirelessly charges a vehicleʹs battery while itʹs in motion, also known as on-the-go or road-based charging. This addresses the challenge of electric 4 vehicles having a limited range for long-distance trips [54,55]. Itʹs an emerging technology currently undergoing exploration in various pilot projects and research efforts. ...
The electric vehicle (EV) industry is experiencing rapid growth, accompanied by continuous advancements in charging infrastructure to satisfy the rising need for fast and reliable charging. Particularly, the focus has shifted towards EV fast charging (EVFC) and its impact on the power grid. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis and survey of scholarly literature and projects conducted in this field over the past decade. The findings highlight the rising demand for EVFC and the need to address its potential adverse effects on the power grid. However, there is a noticeable lack of clear research guidance regarding charging time. To tackle these challenges and pave the way for future solutions, extensive research on DC fast charging, ultra-fast charging, and the integration of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) systems is required. This review paper thoroughly investigates the development of fast charging technology for electric vehicles (EVs), including its advantages and comparative analyses from various perspectives. Furthermore, it delves into the advancements in DC fast charging infrastructure, emphasizing charging standards and control modes. The study also investigates different categories of battery chargers for both on-board and off-board charging. Additionally, it explores the classification of DC-DC converters in the context of DC fast charging stations, discusses control strategies for EV systems, identifies existing challenges, and outlines future trends in EV fast charging.
... Inductive coupling is a method of transferring energy through magnetic fields and is a widely used concept in WPT, telecommunications, and various other applications [40,41]. The transmitting and the receiving circuits are wirelessly connected using two coils superimposed on each other as shown in Fig. 3. ...
... Wireless charging of BEVs can be realized with a variety of coupling techniques with the most developed and widespread being the magnetic resonance coupling technique [9,18]. A charging system applying this technique encompasses a wallbox, including a rectifier and a high-frequency inverter, a ground unit, a vehicle unit, an onboard charger, including a rectifier and a transformer, and a battery management system [9,10]. The wallbox is connected to the electricity grid and has the task to increase the frequency of the AC, as a high frequency results in a high efficiency. ...
... These networks are composed of reactive components such as capacitors and have the task to match the resonant frequencies of the primary and the secondary coil to the frequency of the alternating magnetic field. As a result, the charging system's degree of efficiency and the transmission distance are increased [10,18,72,73]. Furthermore, the magnetic leakage flux resulting from the distance between the coils is compensated, which increases the degree of efficiency further [9]. ...
... This, however, entails the challenges of moving parts [9]. The efficiency of the charging system can be increased further by employing a parking assistant, ferrite plates in both units, a large secondary coil, special coil designs and geometries and a variable transmission frequency [9,10,18]. 14 of 36 Also the ground clearance and the loading condition of an electric HDV affect the distance between the coils and thereby the efficiency [14]. Further challenges are the charging-related vehicle downtime and the fact that the wireless charging technology can not build on a widespread and standardized charging method. ...
Automated charging technologies are becoming increasingly important in the electrification of heavy road freight transport, especially in combination with autonomous driving. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of automated charging technologies for electric heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs). It encompasses the entire spectrum of feasible technologies, including static and dynamic approaches, with each charging technology evaluated for its advantages, potentials, challenges, and technology readiness level (TRL). Static conductive charging methods such as charging robots, underbody-couplers or pantographs show good potential, with pantographs being the most mature option. These technologies are progressing towards higher TRLs, with a focus on standardization and adaptability. While static wireless charging is operational for some prototype solutions, it encounters challenges related to implementation and efficiency. Dynamic conductive charging through an overhead contact line or contact rails holds promise for high-traffic HDV routes with the overhead contact line being the most developed option. Dynamic wireless charging, although facing efficiency challenges, offers potential for seamless integration into roads and minimal wear and tear. Battery swapping is emerging as a practical solution to reduce downtime for charging, with varying levels of readiness across different implementations. To facilitate large-scale deployment further standardization efforts are required. The study emphasizes the necessity for continued research and development to enhance efficiency, decrease costs, and ensure seamless integration into existing infrastructures. Technologies that achieve this best will have the highest potential to significantly contribute to the creation of an efficiently automated and environmentally friendly transport sector.
... The precise internal positioning of the receiver coils is illustrated in the figure above. This arrangement offers several benefits (Panchal et al., 2018). ...
The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of electric vehicles (EVs), covering various related aspects, and addressing the emerging challenges and future prospects associated with them. Within this framework, an examination is conducted of the fundamental categories of electric vehicles (EVs) and the related charging methodologies. Given that EVs are anticipated to play a pivotal role in upcoming smart electrical grids (SEG), deliberations also extend to the intricacies of grid integration, along with explorations into advanced charging methodologies such as wireless power transfer and communication between station and center with wireless (WIFI, WIMAX, 5G). This article also examines the current state of EV battery (EVB) chargers in terms of converter configurations, operational modes, and power regulation strategies for electric vehicles. EVB chargers are categorized according to their power capacities and the direction of power flow. Based on power ratings, these chargers are classified into Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Certain emerging charging technologies that have the potential to significantly influence the future of energy storage in the realm of transportation electrification have been discussed. Regarding the future of EV station chargers focused on DC fast charging stations, this paper conducts an examination of the design and assessment of various AC/DC converter topologies in the current context, as well as future strategies for integrating them into DC fast-charging infrastructures. With this aim, the fundamental characteristics and prerequisites for vehicle-to-grid (V2G) communications, and prospects for future advancements and electrification scenarios are also introduced and examined. Compensation reactive power is presented also as V4G (vehicle-for-grid) and some technologies are used to compensate the grid. Ultimately, the Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm has been elaborated upon using various approaches to provide a deeper understanding of its application in fast chargers through the utilization of artificial intelligence techniques.
... Ways to improve the power transmission efficiency of an IPT system include optimizing circuit design [48][49][50], setting up compensation networks [51][52][53][54], and adjusting the power supply frequency [55][56][57]. The electromagnetic emission module of the IPT system [7,58] mainly consists of electrical coils, shielding materials (ferrite and aluminum plates), and protection layers, as shown in Fig. 5(a). The performance of IPT modules can be improved by changing the layout of coils and the shape of ferrite cores to enhance the spatial magnetic coupling between the receiver and the transmitter. ...
... In contrast, PPs are more complex in shape and are formed from multiple sets of coils that produce both vertical and horizontal magnetic flux. The common shapes of PPs are solenoidal coils, double-D (DD), double-D quadrature (DDQ), bipolar Bi-polar (BP) and quad-D quadrature (QDQ) [58]. PPs are gaining attention as they can effectively reduce problems such as transmission power drop due to coil misalignment during vehicle driving. ...
... Another important component in the IPT system is the ferrite core. The selection of a well-designed core can effectively improve the magnetic field distribution and also help improve the mutual and selfinductance of the coil, thus increasing the energy transfer efficiency and transmission distance [58]. The basic core shapes include circular, square, rectangular, U-core, E-core, rectangular, T-core, etc., as shown in Fig. 5(g) ~ (k).When designing an IPT system, the most suitable ferrite core needs to be selected to balance charging efficiency and cost-effectiveness based on the actual working conditions, taking into account the size, shape, permeability, operating frequency, and cost of the core [59]. ...
The electrified road (eRoad) technology, which allows for delivering electrical power to electric vehicles (EVs) in motion, has been under active development as a novel charging solution, with a great potential to eliminate EV’s range anxiety and to reduce the battery dependency. Three promising eRoad technologies, including pantograph, conductive rail, and the inductive power transfer (IPT), have gained momentum. In this review, the following studies are performed: (1) a comparative analysis of the three eRoad technologies is made by focusing on the working principles, performances as well as technology readiness levels (TRLs). (2) From the perspective of road infrastructure, the potential structural compatibility issues are extensively discussed; the recommendations and emerging research needs, which could improve the eRoads’ service lifetime, are further presented. (3) Life cycle sustainability potential for the three eRoad solutions are comparably analyzed, emphasizing as well the importance of integrating eRoad infrastructure into the full life cycle assessment on the use of EVs for clean transport. (4) In the context of the drastic development of smart road systems, potential synergistic development of eRoad with other novel technologies is envisioned.
