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Scatter plot and linear regression showing a negative correlation between age and right putamen nucleus in men (open squares, solid regression line) and women (filled triangles, solid regression line).
Source publication
The aim of this study was to determine age, gender, and hemispheric differences in the volume of the human neostriatum (striatum) nucleus in healthy humans.
This study was performed on 120 normal human subjects (60 males, 60 females, right-handed) 15-65 years old, divided into two groups: young (<40 yrs) and old (=≥40 yrs). Sectional brain images w...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... In women, the young group had significantly higher total measured normalized volumes for the caudate (0.84 vs. 0.75 cm 3 , respectively, P-value <0.001) and putamen (1.05 vs. 0.96 cm 3 , respectively, P-value <0.001) nucleus (Figures 4 and 5). ...
Context 2
... observed volume reduction was 4.9% and 4.5% for men, and 3.3% and 2.9% for women in the right and left caudate by one step increase in age (Figures 2 and 3). The age-related volume shrinkage in men was 5.3% and 5.5%, and 3.4% and 3.3% in women for the right and left puta- men, respectively (Figures 4 and 5). The overall reduction rate was lower for women than for men and the correla- tion of gender and age was significant (for caudate P-value =0.036 and for putamen P-value =0.008) suggesting that the rates of caudate and putamen volume decrease with age were different for two genders. ...
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Background
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Citations
... In the developing brain, associations between fluid reasoning and subcortical shape have been reported to be widespread, encompassing 56 . However, our findings involving the left NAc and bilateral striatum are not consistent with other reports of asymmetric right-sided striatal dominance in younger individuals compared to older individuals 57 . Lastly, it warrants noting that medial temporal structures including the amygdala and hippocampus together with the striatum have strong connections to frontal and cingulate cortices 58 , as well as corticostriatal circuits 59 . ...
The relationship of human brain structure to cognitive function is complex, and how this relationship differs between childhood and adulthood is poorly understood. One strong hypothesis suggests the cognitive function of Fluid Intelligence (Gf) is dependent on prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex. In this work, we developed a novel graph convolutional neural networks (gCNNs) for the analysis of localized anatomic shape and prediction of Gf. Morphologic information of the cortical ribbons and subcortical structures was extracted from T1-weighted MRIs within two independent cohorts, the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD; age: 9.93 ± 0.62 years) of children and the Human Connectome Project (HCP; age: 28.81 ± 3.70 years). Prediction combining cortical and subcortical surfaces together yielded the highest accuracy of Gf for both ABCD (R = 0.314) and HCP datasets (R = 0.454), outperforming the state-of-the-art prediction of Gf from any other brain measures in the literature. Across both datasets, the morphology of the amygdala, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens, along with temporal, parietal and cingulate cortex consistently drove the prediction of Gf, suggesting a significant reframing of the relationship between brain morphology and Gf to include systems involved with reward/aversion processing, judgment and decision-making, motivation, and emotion.
... The tumor area of each layer in the MRI images of rats was measured using the ImageJ software, and the sum of the total tumor area was calculated. Finally, the tumor volume of each rat was obtained using the Cavalieri formula (Abedelahi, Hasanzadeh, Hadizadeh and Joghataie 2013). The body weight of mice was monitored every 2 days, and the survival rate of animals was also recorded. ...
PurposeTumor immunotherapy has the advantages of high specificity, minimal damage to the patient’s body, and a long-lasting anti-tumor effect. However, due to the existence of immune escape phenomenon, the effect of anti-tumor immunotherapy is still poor. Therefore, a cancer vaccine that reverses tumor-associated immunosuppression is a very promising approach for research and treatment.Methods
Vaccines were prepared using autologous and allogeneic tumor cells and their lysates to syngeneic tumor cell lysates as immunogens. The glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis and the secretion level of MCP-2, IFN-γ were detected to evaluate the efficacy of this treatment against glioma in vitro. In addition, a rat glioma model was established to investigate the anti-tumor effect in vivo, and evaluated its efficacy by observing the changes of CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, NK cells, and the level of IL-2 and IL-10 in peripheral blood before and after treatment.ResultsThe C6 + 9L glioma cell lysate vaccine (C6 + 9L-CL) not only inhibited the proliferation of glioma cells and promoted their apoptosis in vitro, but also significantly inhibited the tumor growth in vivo and improved the survival time of rats. In addition, the C6 + 9L-CL vaccine enhanced the anti-tumor immune response by promoting the secretion of T cell chemokines MCP-2, IFN-γ and IL-2, and by stimulating the proliferation of T cells and NK cells in peripheral blood and glioma tissues.Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate the inhibitory effect of molecular mimic vaccines on glioma and provided a theoretical basis for molecular mimic hybrid vaccines as a potential therapeutic approach.
... We conducted the association of age with caudate nodal strength for women and men with MCI separately in the CNTN cohort. Strong positive Pearson's correlation (r) between age and adjusted caudate nodal strength were observed in women with MCI but not in men with MCI (Supplementary Figure 5 Multiple prior studies found prominent age-related brain functional and structural alterations of the caudate nucleus (5,(23)(24)(25), with the majority of findings observed by comparing the difference between old and young healthy adults, suggesting that the caudate nucleus is vulnerable to aging effects even in the absence of disease. Our association analysis suggests that the normal aging process has a subtle effect on caudate nodal strength in the cognitively normal older population. ...
Purpose
To assess the pathological aging effect on caudate functional connectivity among mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants and examine whether and how sex and amyloid contribute to this process.
Materials and Methods
Two hundred and seventy-seven functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions from 163 cognitive normal (CN) older adults and 309 sessions from 139 participants with MCI were included as the main sample in our analysis. Pearson's correlation was used to characterize the functional connectivity (FC) between caudate nuclei and each brain region, then caudate nodal strength was computed to quantify the overall caudate FC strength. Association analysis between caudate nodal strength and age was carried out in MCI and CN separately using linear mixed effect (LME) model with covariates (education, handedness, sex, Apolipoprotein E4, and intra-subject effect). Analysis of covariance was conducted to investigate sex, amyloid status, and their interaction effects on aging with the fMRI data subset having amyloid status available. LME model was applied to women and men separately within MCI group to evaluate aging effects on caudate nodal strength and each region's connectivity with caudate nuclei. We then evaluated the roles of sex and amyloid status in the associations of neuropsychological scores with age or caudate nodal strength. An independent cohort was used to validate the sex-dependent aging effects in MCI.
Results
The MCI group had significantly stronger age-related increase of caudate nodal strength compared to the CN group. Analyzing women and men separately revealed that the aging effect on caudate nodal strength among MCI participants was significant only for women (left: P = 6.23 × 10⁻⁷, right: P = 3.37 × 10⁻⁸), but not for men (P > 0.3 for bilateral caudate nuclei). The aging effects on caudate nodal strength were not significantly mediated by brain amyloid burden. Caudate connectivity with ventral prefrontal cortex substantially contributed to the aging effect on caudate nodal strength in women with MCI. Higher caudate nodal strength is significantly related to worse cognitive performance in women but not in men with MCI.
Conclusion
Sex modulates the pathological aging effects on caudate nodal strength in MCI regardless of amyloid status. Caudate nodal strength may be a sensitive biomarker of pathological aging in women with MCI.
... In the developing brain, associations between fluid reasoning and subcortical shape have been reported to be widespread, encompassing the bilateral putamen, pallidum and caudate, consistent with our findings 52 . However, our findings involving the left NAc and bilateral striatum are not consistent with other reports of asymmetric right-sided striatal dominance in younger individuals compared to older individuals 53 . Lastly, it warrants noting that medial temporal structures including the amygdala and hippocampus together with the striatum have strong connections to frontal and cingulate cortices 54 , as well as corticostriatal circuits 55 . ...
The relationship of human brain structure to cognitive function is complex, and how this relationship differs between childhood and adulthood is poorly understood. One strong hypothesis suggests the cognitive function of Fluid Intelligence (Gf) is dependent on prefrontal cortex and parietal cortex. In this work, we developed a novel graph convolutional neural networks (gCNNs) for the analysis of localized anatomic shape and prediction of Gf. Morphologic information of the cortical ribbons and subcortical structures was extracted from T1-weighted MRIs within two independent cohorts, the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD; age: 9.93 ± 0.62 years) of children and the Human Connectome Project (HCP; age: 28.81 ± 3.70 years). Prediction combining cortical and subcortical surfaces together yielded the highest accuracy of Gf for both ABCD (R = 0.314) and HCP datasets (R = 0.454), outperforming the state-of-the-art prediction of Gf from any other brain measures in the literature. Across both datasets, the morphology of the amygdala, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens, along with temporal, parietal and cingulate cortex consistently drove the prediction of Gf, suggesting a significant reframing of the relationship between brain morphology and Gf to include systems involved with reward/aversion processing, judgment and decision-making, motivation, and emotion.
... As hippocampal reduction accelerates in the middle age [228], detection of this loss is in accordance with the process occurring in the human brain. Moreover, the reduction in the caudate nucleus, which is usually associated with memory decline in the human brain [229,230], seems to be coherent with the aging of the marmoset brain. In the study of WM regional decrease, few pixels were found in the occipital area, but it may be strongly due to a misclassification error in the segmentation step since this region had the most acquisition-related artifacts. ...
Age-related neurovascular and neurodegenerative diseases are increasing significantly. While such pathological changes show effects on the brain before clinical symptoms appear, a better understanding of the normal aging brain process will help distinguish known pathologies' impact on regional brain structure. Furthermore, knowledge of the patterns of brain shrinkage in normal aging could lead to a better understanding of its causes and perhaps to interventions reducing the loss of brain functions. Therefore, this thesis project aims to detect normal and pathological brain aging biomarkers in a non-human primate model, the marmoset monkey (Callithrix Jacchus) which possesses anatomical characteristics more similar to humans than rodents. However, structural changes (e.g., volumes, cortical thickness) that may occur during their adult life may be minimal with respect to the scale of observation. In this context, it is essential to have observation techniques that offer sufficiently high contrast and spatial resolution and allow detailed assessments of the morphometric brain changes associated with aging. However, imaging small brains in a 3T MRI platform dedicated to humans is a challenging task because the spatial resolution and the contrast obtained are insufficient compared to the size of the anatomical structures observed and the scale of the xpected changes with age. This thesis aims to develop image restoration methods for preclinical MR images that will improve the robustness of the segmentation algorithms. Improving the resolution of the images at a constant signal-to-noise ratio will limit the effects of partial volume in voxels located at the border between two structures and allow a better segmentation while increasing the results' reproducibility. This computational imaging step is crucial for a reliable longitudinal voxel-based morphometric analysis and for the identification of anatomical markers of brain aging by following the volume changes in gray matter, white matter and cerebrospinal fluid.
... Multiple prior studies found prominent age-related brain functional and structural alterations of the caudate [5,[19][20][21], with the majority of ndings observed by comparing the difference between old and young healthy adults, suggesting that the caudate is vulnerable to aging effects even in the absence of disease. Our association analysis suggests that the normal aging process has a subtle effect on caudate nodal strength in the cognitively normal older population. ...
Purpose
To assess the pathological aging effect on caudate functional connectivity among mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants and examine whether and how sex and amyloid contribute to this process.
Materials and Methods
277 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions from 163 cognitive normal (CN) older adults and 309 sessions from 139 participants with MCI were included as the main sample in our analysis. Pearson’s correlation was used to characterize the functional connectivity (FC) between caudate and each brain region, then caudate nodal strength was computed to quantify the overall caudate FC strength. Association analysis between caudate nodal strength and age was carried out in MCI and CN separately using linear mixed effect (LME) model with covariates (education, handedness, sex, Apolipoprotein E4 and intra-subject effect). Analysis of covariance was conducted to investigate sex, amyloid status and their interaction effects on aging with the fMRI data subset having amyloid status available. LME model was applied to women and men separately within MCI group to evaluate aging effects on caudate nodal strength and each region’s connectivity with caudate. We then evaluated the roles of sex and amyloid status in the associations of neuropsychological scores with age or caudate nodal strength. An independent cohort was used to validate the sex-dependent aging effects in MCI.
Results
The MCI group had significantly stronger age-related increase of caudate nodal strength compared to the CN group. Analyzing women and men separately revealed that the aging effect on caudate nodal strength among MCI participants was significant only for women (left: P=6.23x10⁻⁷, right: P=3.37x10⁻⁸), but not for men (P>0.3 for bilateral caudate). The aging effects on caudate nodal strength were not significantly mediated by brain amyloid burden. Caudate connectivity with ventral prefrontal cortex substantially contributed to the aging effect on caudate nodal strength in women with MCI. Higher caudate nodal strength is significantly related to worse cognitive performance in women but not in men with MCI.
Conclusion
Sex modulates the pathological aging effects on caudate nodal strength in MCI regardless of amyloid status. Caudate nodal strength may be a sensitive biomarker of pathological aging in women with MCI.
... In the developing brain, associations between fluid reasoning and subcortical shape has been reported to be widespread, encompassing the bilateral putamen, pallidum and caudate (84), consistent with the current findings. Our findings involving the right striatum are in keeping with other reports of asymmetric rightsided striatal dominance in younger individuals compared to older individuals (85). ...
Brain structure is tightly coupled with brain functions, but it remains unclear how cognition is related to brain morphology, and what is consistent across neurodevelopment. In this work, we developed graph convolutional neural networks (gCNNs) to predict Fluid Intelligence (Gf) from shapes of cortical ribbons and subcortical structures. T1-weighted MRIs from two independent cohorts, the Human Connectome Project (HCP; age: 28.81±3.70) and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD; age: 9.93±0.62) were independently analyzed. Cortical and subcortical surfaces were extracted and modeled as surface meshes. Three gCNNs were trained and evaluated using six-fold nested cross-validation. Overall, combining cortical and subcortical surfaces yielded the best predictions on both HCP (R=0.454) and ABCD datasets (R=0.314), and outperformed the current literature. Across both datasets, the morphometry of the amygdala and hippocampus, along with temporal, parietal and cingulate cortex consistently drove the prediction of Gf, suggesting a novel reframing of the morphometry underlying Gf.
... T1w/T2w values in the left hemisphere could also reflect a global residual bias in the contrast image. We note that for the putamen, we found slightly greater volume in the right hemisphere, in accordance with previous accounts (Abedelahi et al. 2013). ...
The claustrum is a thin sheet of neurons enclosed by white matter and situated between the insula and the putamen. It is highly interconnected with sensory, frontal, and subcortical regions. The deep location of the claustrum, with its fine structure, have limited the degree to which it could be studied in vivo. Particularly in humans, identifying the claustrum using MRI is extremely challenging, even manually. Therefore, automatic segmentation of the claustrum is an invaluable step toward enabling extensive and reproducible research of the anatomy and function of the human claustrum.
In this study we developed an automatic algorithm for segmenting the human dorsal claustrum in vivo using high-resolution MRI. Using this algorithm, we segmented the dorsal claustrum bilaterally in 1068 subjects of the Human Connectome Project (HCP) Young Adult dataset, a publicly available high-resolution MRI dataset. We found good agreement between the automatic and manual segmentations performed by two observers in 10 subjects. We demonstrate the use of the segmentation in analyzing the covariation of the dorsal claustrum with other brain regions, in terms of macro- and microstructure. We identified several covariance networks associated with the dorsal claustrum.
We provide an online repository of 1068 bilateral dorsal claustrum segmentations.
... The change in glioma intracranial tumor volume was calculated using the Cavalieri formula. 22 Only objective, not subjective, differences in tumor volume were considered for the calculation. The changes in survival duration of rats in each treatment group were observed everyday up to 40 days or till death, whichever was earlier. ...
Background
Conventional immunotherapy for glioma is not only expensive but also demonstrates less-than-desired clinical efficacy. In this study, we evaluated the immunotherapeutic efficacy of a tumor cell lysate-based hybrid glioma vaccine developed using a molecular-based approach.
Methods
First, the ability of the autologous (9L-cell lysate) and allogeneic (C6-cell lysate) vaccines against glioma, individually and in combination, to activate Fischer344 rat dendritic cells (DCs) was determined. Next, the activated DCs were co-cultured with T lymphocytes and screened for the optimal DC-to-T-cell ratio. The in vitro efficacy of the DC/T-cell vaccine formulations subjected to different immunogen treatments and co-cultured with glioma cells was evaluated based on glioma cell viability and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ secretion. Subsequently, the efficacy of the 9L + C6 hybrid vaccine was evaluated in 32 glioma rat models, randomly allocated to the following five treatment groups: blank control, tumor, vaccine treatment, thymosin treatment, and vaccine + thymosin treatment (combined treatment). Changes in survival duration, intracranial tumor volume, peripheral blood immune-cell (CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and natural killer [NK] cell) count, and serum cytokine (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-10) levels were assessed in these groups.
Results
The hybrid vaccine demonstrated the highest glioma cell apoptosis and the lowest cell viability and promoted MCP-2 and IFN-γ secretion in vitro. The vaccine treatment and combined treatment groups demonstrated longer survival duration, lower intracranial tumor volume, and higher immune cell glioma tissue infiltration and IL-2 secretion than the untreated tumor group, indicating the vaccine’s good in vivo efficacy. Thymosin treatment had minimal effect in enhancing anti-glioma immunity.
Conclusion
We demonstrated the feasibility of combining autologous and allogeneic tumor cell lysates to stimulate specific host cell immune response against glioma cells. The good clinical efficacy of our developed glioma hybrid vaccine in rat models suggests its potential clinical application.
... Demographic Characteristics of Patients in the PD and Non-Parkinsonian Groups LT, left; MMSE, mini mental state examination; N, number; PD, Parkinson's disease; RT, right; SD, standard deviation; UPDRS, unified Parkinson's disease rating scale.measurements. The nuclei borders or boundaries were defined according to the previous studies.36,37 ...
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
The clinical differentiation of Parkinson's disease (PD) from other extrapyramidal syndromes has made a challenge in neurology. This study aimed to compare the specificity and sensitivity of brain MRI volumetry and dopamine transporter scans in differentiating PD from other extrapyramidal syndromes in the early stages of the disease.
METHODS
This study included 34 patients younger than 70 years old with less than 3 years of extrapyramidal symptoms. Demographic and clinical history of the patients, including age, sex, and disease duration, was gathered. Disease severity was assessed using Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale III (UPDRS III). For all patients, 99mTc‐TRODAT single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and MRI volumetry were performed. Patients were followed up for 1 year and examined for final diagnosis.
RESULTS
According to the quantitative 99mTc‐TRODAT analysis, all of the specific binding ratio (SBR) parameters, including right, left, and bilateral SBRs, were significantly higher in the non‐Parkinsonian patients. Also, the results indicated a high diagnostic accuracy for both quantitative 99mTc‐TRODAT analysis (about 88% for SBR parameters) and MRI volumetry (71% for bilateral olfactory bulbs volume) in diagnosing PD. Regarding the diagnosis of PD, there were no significant differences between quantitative scan results and olfactory bulb volumetry according to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves.
CONCLUSION
99mTc‐TRODAT has a higher accuracy in differentiation of early PD from non‐Parkinsonian conditions, particularly essential tremor. Olfactory bulbs volumetry by using MRI can also serve as a potential alternative method in this regard.
