Figure 1 - uploaded by Ahmed Sameer Alnuaimi
Content may be subject to copyright.
Scatter diagram with fitted regression line showing the linear correlation between FPL and SPL measurements (r = 0.93, P < 0.001).
Source publication
Objectives: To establish a baseline reference range for flaccid (FPL) and stretched penile lengths (SPL) in adult males and to compare with reports from different nationalities, as concerns over penile size are common among men and currently the number of men seeking help for the perceived problem of a ‘short’ penis is increasing.
Subjects and meth...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... all, 223 physically normal males were included in this study with a mean (SD; range) age of 41.3 (15; 20-77) years. The mean (range) FPL was 9.8 (5-17) cm and the SPL was 12.6 (7.5-19.5) cm. Fig. 1 shows a strong and statistically significant positive linear correlation (r = 0.93, P < 0.001) between FPL and SPL, which indicates a high quality of ...
Context 2
... all, 223 physically normal males were included in this study with a mean (SD; range) age of 41.3 (15; 20-77) years. The mean (range) FPL was 9.8 (5-17) cm and the SPL was 12.6 (7.5-19.5) cm. Fig. 1 shows a strong and statistically significant positive linear correlation (r = 0.93, P < 0.001) between FPL and SPL, which indicates a high quality of ...
Similar publications
Purpose:
To determine references for penile circumference according to age in prepubertal children and whether this measurement can be used as a basic penile parameter along with stretched penile length in prepubertal children.
Materials and methods:
A total of 750 children (mean age, 4.2±3.4 years) aged under 14 years without penile problems we...
Citations
... Men's concern about the size of their penis is also increasing because they think that normal penis size is what is shown in pornography. 7,15 While watching sexual content, men tend to compare their penile size with those of pornographic actors, which then makes them feel like they have a small penile size. 13,16 Studies found that 36%-41% of teenage boys start worrying about their penile size after watching pornography. ...
... 27 Thus, interactions with sexual partners and co-workers can also be negatively affected. 7,15 Even sexual dysfunction in women can also arise from a man's dissatisfaction with his penile size. 2 ...
The dissatisfaction of men due to their penile size is found in a number of studies. Concerns can be focused on the penile length or width or even both, whether erect or flaccid. Men who are worried about the penile size also want to increase the size of the penis. Concerns about men’s penile size are also increasing because they think normal penile size is what is shown in pornography. These worries can affect self-esteem, sexual function, and satisfaction, to physical and mental health. Small penis anxiety is an anxiety that arises when a man observes his flaccid penile size and feels concerned that his penile size is less than the normal size. In addition, this concern persists even though it has been refuted by clinical examination. Penile dysmorphic disorder is excessive self-concern, distress, and a preoccupation with trivial or even non-existent deficiencies in penile size and shape that can lead to impaired function. Until now, there have not been effective guidelines for managing patients with complaints of penile size. Some of the treatments that can be conducted are psychosexual counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy, the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, penile traction devices, and invasive procedures. Various modalities of therapy have been tried to overcome excessive concern about penile size. Yet, so far, no good results have been obtained. Thus, clear and effective guidelines are needed to make treatment can be carried out properly.
... Several countries have carried out studies on penile size and its correlation with different anthropometric measures. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] This is an original study in Argentina. The aim is to inform and adequately advise ORIGINAL ARTICLE Reference penile size measurement and correlation with other anthropometric dimensions: a prospective study in 800 men Trained medical personnel from the Department of Urology of the hospitals cited above obtained prior consent of the patient, various anthropometric measurements, namely height, weight, flaccid penile length, stretched penile length, penile base circumference, and foot length using a centimeter. ...
Virility and sexual pleasure have long been associated with penile size and this, in turn, has typically been linked to some anthropometric measurements, such as foot size or height, leading to various misconceptions from both men and women. Our intention is to estimate penile size parameters in Argentina and evaluate the correlation between penile size and certain anthropometric measurements. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, multicenter, and observational study. Male patients who underwent a urological procedure were included in four hospitals located in different regions of the country. Different anthropometric measurements were obtained: height, weight, penile circumference, flaccid and stretched length, and foot length. A total of 800 patients were evaluated. Mean left foot was 26.4 cm. Mean flaccid penile length was 11.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8-14) cm, and mean penile circumference was 10.1 (95% CI: 8-12) cm. Finally, mean stretched penis was 15.2 (95% CI: 11-18.5) cm. We can confirm that estimates of the average penile measurements in Argentina are flaccid penis length of 11.4 cm, penile circumference of 10.1 cm, and stretching the penis to the maximum in flaccidity of 15.2 cm. Correlations between flaccid penis length, stretched out, penile circumference, height, weight, and length of the left foot were evaluated, finding low or no correlation between those mentioned, except for flaccid and stretched length.
... A rigid straight ruler is usually used to measure the length of the penis, especially for erect penile length (EPL) and stretched penile length (SPL). [18][19][20] Study from Omer, et al. found that the most commonly used tool for measuring the penile is using a semi-rigid ruler. 21 The difficulty of following the curvature of the penis has led other researchers to recommend the use of a flexible tape measure that does not stretch to measure the flaccid penile length (FPL) and EPL. ...
... 19 Most of the measurements in these literatures are taken at room temperature and in a standing or supine position. 18,19,22 Measurement disturbances can occur due to vasoconstriction of the penis due to a surge of adrenaline because of unpleasant examination conditions. 19 Another affecting factors are patient's anxiety, level of arousal at the time of measurement, and recent ejaculation. ...
... 25,30 Various studies on penile measurement have many factors that can influence the results, such as variations in measurement methods, race and ethnicity, age, and other health conditions. 8,18,27 ...
Background: In the general population, it is estimated that 91% of adult males perceive their penile size to be smaller than average. Concern about penile size can affect one’s self-esteem, which then affects its sexual function, satisfaction, as well as physical and mental health. Therefore, accurate penile measurements are needed for clinical and academic purposes. Reviews: Measurement of penile size can be performed in an erect, stretched, even flaccid condition. However, from various researches, there is no standardization of such a measurement method. Various researches have carried out average penile measurement but many factors can affect these results such as race, genital conditions, systemic diseases, surgical procedures, and aging. Summary: There is no internationally agreed way of measuring an adult male's penis and many other factors can make the results of penile measurements vary. Proper measurement and finding out the right average of penile size in adult male with regard to other affecting factors, will be indispensable for both clinical and academic purposes.
... By convenience sampling, two hundred term male infants of consecutive births were selected from a cohort of newborns who were recruited from a teaching hospital, two specialist private hospitals and two primary health centres, to establish normative data for stretched penile length for the locale (7). A sample size of 200 has been documented to be adequate for the estimation of reference range as it provides a stable reference range between the 2.5 and 97.5 percentiles with a 99% confidence level (15,16). ...
Objective: Little is known about the flaccid penile length in the newborn and the degree of stretch of the penis among investigators while measuring the stretched penile length. This study aimed to document the flaccid penile length and the stretch factor in the newborn. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 200 term male infants within the first 72 hours of life. The flaccid penile length and the stretched penile length were measured with a wooden spatula and the stretch factor was calculated. Results: The mean (±SD) flaccid and stretched penile length were 30.9 ± 3.8 mm and 38.9 ± 4.0 mm respectively. The mean stretch factor was 26.4 %. Both testes had the same mean volume of 1.6 ± 0.5 ml. There was a significant correlation between flaccid and stretched penile lengths (r = 0.775, p = 0.000). The flaccid penile length was a significant predictor of the stretched penile length. Conclusion: This study has been able to determine the stretch factor while measuring the flaccid and stretch penile lengths in Nigerian newborn infants. It is recommended that the flaccid penile length be measured along with the stretched penile length and determine the stretch factor in order to compare how much investigators stretch the penis during measurement. This will allow for detailed comparison of penile anthropometry across different ethnic groups and races.
... While penile length has been shown to change prepubertally, adult penile length remains fairly constant (7,14,15). It is worth noting that the SPL values we reported of 12.3cm and 13.4cm for the infertile and other groups respectively, are both within the normal ranges according to reported nomograms and the difference is likely without clinical significant (26)(27)(28). ...
Background:
Male infertility can be associated with secondary sexual characteristics, hypogonadism, and several findings in the examination of external genitalia. We sought to identify if stretched penile length (SPL) is associated with infertility or baseline testosterone.
Methods:
We performed a retrospective review of all males age 18-59 presenting to a Men's health clinic from 2014 to 2017. SPL of patients with infertility were compared to patients with any other complaint. Patients with Peyronie's disease, prior penile surgery, prostatectomy, on testosterone replacement, clomiphene or β-hCG were excluded from our study. Baseline characteristics were compared between the two groups (infertile vs. other). Linear regression was used to assess the association between infertility and testosterone with SPL after adjusting for patient age, BMI, and race. Scatterplot was used for correlation between testosterone and SPL.
Results:
Six hundred and sixty-four men were included in our study (161 infertile, 503 other). The unadjusted mean SPL in the infertile group was 12.3 cm compared to 13.4 cm in the other group (P<0.001). The significance remained when adjusted for age, BMI, testosterone and race (12.4 vs. 13.3, P<0.001). Mean total testosterone in the infertile group was not significantly different than the other group (414 vs. 422, P=0.68). Infertile men were younger than the other group (33.2 vs. 42.1 years, P<0.001). BMI did not significantly differ (28.9 vs. 28.9 kg/m2, P=0.57). There was a weak positive correlation between testosterone and penile size in both the infertile group (r=0.20, P=0.01) and the other group (r=0.24, P<0.001).
Conclusions:
Though SPL differed amongst our groups, adult testosterone levels did not. If developmental levels of testosterone exposure accounted for some of the differences in SPL between our two groups, these variations did not persist into adulthood. It remains unknown if reduced length is a result of genetic or congenital factors associated with infertility. Further investigation is needed to better understand the association of shorter SPL with male infertility.
... The prepubic fat pad was pushed to the bone so as to get an accurate reading. [6] The average of three consecutive measurements was taken as final reading. ...
Background
Genital stage and testicular volume examination and assessment are essential for assessment of growth puberty in boys. There is paucity of Indian data for penile and testicular parameters particularly in pubertal years.
Aim
The aim of this study is to present normative data for penile length, testicular volume, and testicular length from birth to 18 years in boys from western Maharashtra and to correlate these parameters with sexual maturity staging (SMR) (Tanner staging).
Materials and Methods
A cross-sectional observational study was undertaken in apparently healthy boys from 0 to 18 years of age from western Maharashtra from October 2016 to October 2017. Age, anthropometric parameters, stretched penile length (SPL), testicular volume, and testicular length were measured. Pubertal stage was categorized using Tanner staging. Data were entered in Microsoft excel 2013 and using SPSS version 16. LMS method was used to construct age-specific Z-scores for SPL, testicular volume, and testicular length.
Results
A total of 843 boys were enrolled in the study. Mean SPL was 4.1 ± 0.4, 5.4 ± 0.8, and 10.2 ± 1.7 cm at 1, 10, and 18 years of age, respectively, and showed a gradual rise from birth to 18 years. Mean testicular volume was 1.8 ± 0.5, 3.3 ± 1.2, and 24.1 ± 3.5 ml, whereas testicular length was 1.3 ± 0.4, 2.1 ± 0.5, and 4.4 ± 0.7 cm respectively, at 1, 10, and 18 years, respectively. The magnitude of increase for SPL and testicular volume was greater around 9–10 years. The increase in SPL and testicular size was hand in hand with SMR for genital development as well as for axillary and pubic hair stages.
Conclusion
Normative data on SPL, testicular volume, and testicular length from western Maharashtra are presented. These data may be useful in disorders of puberty and genitalia in boys.
Men’s satisfaction and sexual function is influenced by discomfort over genital size, which leads to seek surgical and non-surgical solutions for penis alteration. In this article, we report the results of a retrospective study of 355 cases of enlargement phalloplasty. We found a significant improvement in circumference at rest at 2, 6 and 12 months post-surgical procedure (all p < 0.0001). This study is clinically relevant due to the large cohort of patients included.
Background
Penile length measurement techniques vary widely in published studies leading to inaccurate and nonstandardized measurements.
Aim
To review the methodology used to report data in studies evaluating penile length and provide a detailed recommendation in conducting future high-quality research.
Methods
The MEDLINE database was searched for randomized clinical trials and open-label prospective or retrospective studies.
Outcomes
The panel reviewed the modality of data reporting on these specific areas: patients’ age and assessment, patient position, type of measurement instrument used, penile length technique description, examination conditions, and actual examiner.
Results
Overall, 70 studies investigating penile length were selected; among these, 72.85% included at least 50 patients: 16 prospective studies, 5 randomized clinical trials, and 49 retrospective cross-sectional studies. Amongst all studies, 90% reported to measure penile length by health care practitioners in clinical settings. Penile length was assessed in all 70 studies, whereas penile girth was measured in 57.14% of patients. A semi-rigid ruler was the most commonly used measurement aid to assess penile length/girth in 62.86% of studies. Penile measurements were reportedly obtained: (i) stretched state, 60%; (ii) flaccid state only, 52.68%; and (iii) during erection, 27.43%. All studies investigating the penile length in an erect state were simultaneously assessing penile length in the flaccid state. About 90% of studies investigated penile length in adults, whereas 10% were conducted in adolescents.
Clinical Implications
The use of shared methodology to assess penile length in both adults and adolescents allows more accurate and standardized measurements.
Strength & Limitations
A systematic review of the published literature allowed proper data interpretation in order to provide accurate recommendations. Main limitations of the study relied on a relatively limited number of databases for the identification of potentially eligible studies.
Conclusion
The methodology used in studies measuring penile length should be precise and standardized in order to provide accurate data to both clinicians and researchers.
Cakir OO, Pozzi E, Castiglione F, et al. Penile Length Measurement: Methodological Challenges and Recommendations, a Systematic Review. J Sex Med 2020;XX:XXX–XXX.
Men’s satisfaction and sexual function is influenced by discomfort over genital size which leads to seek surgical and non-surgical solutions for penis alteration. In this article we report the results of a retrospective study of 355 cases of cosmetic elongation, enlargement and combined elongation and enlargement phalloplasty. We found a significant improvement in length at rest, stretched length and circumference at rest at 2, 6 and 12 months post-surgical procedure (all p < 0.0001). 5-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) was also increased at 12 months post-surgery compared to baseline (p < 0.0001). This was consistent with an IIEF-5 improvement of 6.74% compared to baseline. This study is clinically relevant due to the large cohort of patients included and because it is the first study to use an inverse periosteal-fascial suture not described previously as part of the surgical methodology.
