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Scaraboides manningii. A. habit, B. lower leaf pinnae, C. petal in ventral and lateral view, D. umbellule, E. fruit, dorsal surface, F. fruit, commissural surface, G. transverse section through the mature fruit. A-D: Manning 3010 (NBG); E-G. Manning 3061 (NBG). cv-commissural vitta; vv-vallecular vitta; wv-additional wing vitta.
Source publication
Generic circumscriptions and phylogenetic relationships of the Cape genera Capnophyllum , Dasispermum, and Sonderina are explored through parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses of nrDNA ITS and cpDNA rps16 intron sequences, morphology, and combined molecular and morphological data. The relationship of these genera with the North African genera K...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... revising the genus Capnophyllum ( Magee et al. 2009b ), the authors were alerted to an unusual species from the arid Tanqua Karoo region. Although this species shares numerous fruit characters with Capnophyllum , such as dorsally compressed mericarps, broad commissures, concave commissural surfaces, and involute marginal wings ( Fig. 7E-G ), it also has morphological characters in common with species of Sonderina , such as an erect habit ( Fig. 7A ), green ultimate leaf segments, scabrous often sessile umbels ( Fig. 7A, D ), and the absence of involucral and involucel bracts ( Fig. 7D ). The sympodial habit is weakly expressed in young plants of this species and is therefore not clearly vis- ible in Fig. 7A . ...
Context 2
... revising the genus Capnophyllum ( Magee et al. 2009b ), the authors were alerted to an unusual species from the arid Tanqua Karoo region. Although this species shares numerous fruit characters with Capnophyllum , such as dorsally compressed mericarps, broad commissures, concave commissural surfaces, and involute marginal wings ( Fig. 7E-G ), it also has morphological characters in common with species of Sonderina , such as an erect habit ( Fig. 7A ), green ultimate leaf segments, scabrous often sessile umbels ( Fig. 7A, D ), and the absence of involucral and involucel bracts ( Fig. 7D ). The sympodial habit is weakly expressed in young plants of this species and is therefore not clearly vis- ible in Fig. 7A . ...
Context 3
... revising the genus Capnophyllum ( Magee et al. 2009b ), the authors were alerted to an unusual species from the arid Tanqua Karoo region. Although this species shares numerous fruit characters with Capnophyllum , such as dorsally compressed mericarps, broad commissures, concave commissural surfaces, and involute marginal wings ( Fig. 7E-G ), it also has morphological characters in common with species of Sonderina , such as an erect habit ( Fig. 7A ), green ultimate leaf segments, scabrous often sessile umbels ( Fig. 7A, D ), and the absence of involucral and involucel bracts ( Fig. 7D ). The sympodial habit is weakly expressed in young plants of this species and is therefore not clearly vis- ible in Fig. 7A . ...
Context 4
... revising the genus Capnophyllum ( Magee et al. 2009b ), the authors were alerted to an unusual species from the arid Tanqua Karoo region. Although this species shares numerous fruit characters with Capnophyllum , such as dorsally compressed mericarps, broad commissures, concave commissural surfaces, and involute marginal wings ( Fig. 7E-G ), it also has morphological characters in common with species of Sonderina , such as an erect habit ( Fig. 7A ), green ultimate leaf segments, scabrous often sessile umbels ( Fig. 7A, D ), and the absence of involucral and involucel bracts ( Fig. 7D ). The sympodial habit is weakly expressed in young plants of this species and is therefore not clearly vis- ible in Fig. 7A . ...
Context 5
... characters in common with species of Sonderina , such as an erect habit ( Fig. 7A ), green ultimate leaf segments, scabrous often sessile umbels ( Fig. 7A, D ), and the absence of involucral and involucel bracts ( Fig. 7D ). The sympodial habit is weakly expressed in young plants of this species and is therefore not clearly vis- ible in Fig. 7A . The species is easily distinguished by the pres- ence of additional wing vittae (not known in any other genus within the family) and parallel, closely-spaced commissural vittae in the fruit ( Fig. 7E-G ...
Context 6
... sympodial habit is weakly expressed in young plants of this species and is therefore not clearly vis- ible in Fig. 7A . The species is easily distinguished by the pres- ence of additional wing vittae (not known in any other genus within the family) and parallel, closely-spaced commissural vittae in the fruit ( Fig. 7E-G ). ...
Citations
... & Constance, Symphyoloma C.A.Mey., Pastinacopsis Golosk., Tordyliopsis DC., Ducrosia Boiss., Kalakia Alava, Tricholaser Gilli, etc.), almost all of them are rare plants, known from limited locations. Although Tordylieae, as a whole, was not the subject of special molecular phylogenetic studies, a lot of information regarding relationships and generic circumscription in the tribe has been obtained [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], and this information was summed up in the nrITS-based classification of the subfamily Apioideae [31]. According to this classification and the data obtained later [45][46][47], the tribe is recognized as monophyletic with the following major lineages: subtribe Tordyliinae Engl., containing such genera as Heracleum, Malabaila Hoffm., Pastinaca, Semenovia, and Tordylium; the Cymbocarpum clade, comprising the genera Cymbocarpum DC., Kalakia, and Ducrosia; and the Lefebvrea clade consisting of the "African peucedanoid group". ...
Based on the nrDNA ITS sequence data, the Tordylieae tribe is recognized as monophyletic with three major lineages: the subtribe Tordyliinae, the Cymbocarpum clade, and the Lefebvrea clade. Recent phylogenomic investigations showed incongruence between the nuclear and plastid genome evolution in the tribe. To assess phylogenetic relations and structure evolution of plastomes in Tordylieae, we generated eleven complete plastome sequences using the genome skimming approach and compared them with the available data from this tribe and close relatives. Newly assembled plastomes had lengths ranging from 141,148 to 150,103 base pairs and contained 122–127 genes, including 79–82 protein-coding genes, 35–37 tRNAs, and 8 rRNAs. We observed substantial differences in the inverted repeat length and gene content, accompanied by a complex picture of multiple JLA and JLB shifts. In concatenated phylogenetic analyses, Tordylieae plastomes formed at least three not closely related lineages with plastomes of the Lefebvrea clade as a sister group to plastomes from the Selineae tribe. The newly obtained data have increased our knowledge on the range of plastome variability in Apiaceae.
... The cases of derived woodiness have also been found in Apioideae, which is the largest of four subfamilies currently recognised within the family Apiaceae [35] (for alternative circumscription treating members of subfamily Saniculoideae as tribes within Apioideae see [36]). Subfamily Apioideae is predominately a herbaceous group, and its most recent common ancestor was also most likely a herb [37][38][39]; therefore, all cases of woodiness in this subfamily can be safely recognised as derived. These are, however, not numerous. ...
... These are, however, not numerous. Markedly woody habit dominates in mainly southern African tribe Heteromorpheae [40], but otherwise it is restricted to only a few species per clade: in the monotypic tribe Marlothielleae from Namibia, predominantly Mediterranean Bupleureae [41], Mesoamerican Arracacia clade of tribe Selineae, insular species of carrots (Daucus, subtribe Daucinae) from Macaronesia [42], mostly circum-Mediterranean and northern African relatives of celery (three species of shrubby Deverra are also found in southern Africa; Apieae) [43,44], sub-Saharan Lefebvrea clade of Tordylieae [37,38,[45][46][47], and also in few isolated lineages of the tribes Selineae and Echinophoreae (Angelica lignescens, Nirarathamnos asarifolius, Pycnocycla spp., Xyloselinum spp.) [48,49]. ...
... Perennial taxa are mono-or polycarpic, and range from hemicryptophytes, through chamaephytes to phanerophytes, but can never be therophytes. The applicability of life history characters for taxonomic delineation within the Lefebvrea clade was considered elsewhere [37,38]. ...
Background
One of the major trends in angiosperm evolution was the shift from woody to herbaceous habit. However, reversals known as derived woodiness have also been reported in numerous, distantly related clades. Among theories evoked to explain the factors promoting the evolution of derived woodiness are moderate climate theory and cavitation theory. The first assumes that woody habit evolves in response to mild climate allowing for prolonged life span, which in turn leads to bigger and woodier bodies. The second sees woodiness as a result of natural selection for higher cavitation resistance in seasonally dry environments. Here, we compare climatic niches of woody and herbaceous, mostly southern African, umbellifers from the Lefebvrea clade to assess whether woody taxa in fact occur in markedly drier habitats. We also calibrate their phylogeny to estimate when derived woodiness evolved. Finally, we describe the wood anatomy of selected woody and herbaceous taxa to see if life forms are linked to any particular wood traits.
Results
The evolution of derived woodiness in chamaephytes and phanerophytes as well as the shifts to short-lived annual therophytes in the Lefebvrea clade took place at roughly the same time: in the Late Miocene during a trend of global climate aridification. Climatic niches of woody and herbaceous genera from the Cape Floristic Region overlap. There are only two genera with distinctly different climatic preferences: they are herbaceous and occur outside of the Cape Floristic Region. Therefore, studied herbs have an overall climatic niche wider than their woody cousins. Woody and herbaceous species do not differ in qualitative wood anatomy, which is more affected by stem architecture and, probably, reproductive strategy than by habit.
Conclusions
Palaeodrought was likely a stimulus for the evolution of derived woodiness in the Lefebvrea clade, supporting the cavitation theory. The concurrent evolution of short-lived annuals withering before summer exemplifies an alternative solution to the same problem of drought-induced cavitation. Changes of the life form were most likely neither spurred nor precluded by any qualitative wood traits, which in turn are more affected by internode length and probably also reproductive strategy.
... Fruit morphology and anatomy were traditionally viewed as the most promising sources of taxonomic characters, exhibiting some variation in features such as fruit shape, the degree and direction of mericarp compression, modifications of the pericarp ribs (e.g., wings or spines), and the shape of mericarp commissural faces. Thus, most traditional classifications of Apiaceae have relied almost exclusively on fruit characters [35][36][37]. ...
A phylogenetic study of the Opopanax and Crenosciadium was conducted to elucidate their circumscription and infrageneric relationships. Sequence data from nrDNA ITS, cpDNA matK and trnL-F were used to determine their phylogenetic relationship. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplifications of all regions were performed using universal primers. Maximum Likelihood (ML) trees were constructed using PAUP* software, another phylogenetic tree of ITS sequences showing node ages was obtained from MrBayes programme and Neighbour Net Diagrams were constructed using Splits Tree programme. Our results clearly showed that Smyrniopsis and Opopanax are allied strongly with Petroedmondia syriaca, Magydaris panacifolia, and Crenosciadium siifolium.
... Previous molecular data (Magee et al. 2009;Jiménez-Mejías and Vargas 2015) support the placement of Trachyspermum involucratum and T. pomelianum distributed in North Africa (Dobignard and Chatelain 2011) close to the genus Stoibrax Raf., early proposed by Burtt (1989) on the basis of morphology. In addition, Stoibrax involucratum was separated to new monotypic genus Modesciadium, which differs from Stoibrax in presence of bracteoles (Jiménez-Mejías and Vargas 2015). ...
Trachyspermum is an economically important genus widely distributed in the Old World. A modern monographic survey is absent, so the number of species and their affinities are treated in the regional Floras extremely contradictorily. In this study, all species names available in the genus Trachyspermum were revised, and 19 validly published names are kept in the genus. To investigate the species relationships in Trachyspermum, which was shown in previous studies to be polyphyletic, nrDNA ITS sequence data were determined for additional taxa, accompanied with study of fruit morphology, micromorphology and anatomy. Our molecular analysis indicates that Trachyspermum is an aggregate of at least seven distant lineages, and that T. ammi (generitype) does not group with other Trachyspermum species. Many carpological characters do not agree with these groups, being rather homoplastic, but we identify that types of hairs in fruit indumentum and microsculpture of hair cuticle are consistent with molecular clades within Trachyspermum. Our investigation provides one more step towards to the taxonomic revision of the genus, and the possibility of splitting of the current Trachyspermum into monophyletic genera is discussed.
... Although shrubs and trees are uncommon in Apiaceae subfamily Apioideae, some authors suggest that the woody habit-considered as shrubby or arborescent life form and, simultaneously, deposition of secondary xylem-is plesiomorphic for the subfamily because its basal lineages are predominantly woody (Oskolski, 2001;Oskolski and Van Wyk, 2008;Stepanova and Oskolski, 2010;Long and Oskolski, 2018). However, formal ancestral state reconstruction inferred herbaceousness for the most recent common ancestor of this clade (Winter et al., 2008;Magee et al., 2009Magee et al., , 2010. Regardless of the ancestral condition for subfamily Apioideae, the woody members of Daucinae, as one of its crown groups, are definitely derived from herbaceous ancestors, and this character has been shown to have a substantial level of homoplasy in various clades of the subfamily (Calviño et al., 2006;Oskolski and Van Wyk, 2008;Downie et al., 2010;Magee et al., 2010;Banasiak et al., 2016). ...
Premise
Despite intensive research, the pathways and driving forces behind the evolution of derived woodiness on oceanic islands remain obscure. The genus Daucus comprises mostly herbs (therophytes, hemicryptophytes) with few rosette treelets (chamaephytes) endemic to various Macaronesian archipelagos, suggesting their independent evolution. To elucidate the evolutionary pathways to derived woodiness, we examined phylogenetic relationships and the habit and secondary xylem evolution in Daucus and related taxa.
Methods
Sixty taxa were surveyed for molecular markers, life history, and habit traits. Twenty‐one species were considered for wood anatomical characters. A dated phylogeny was estimated using Bayesian methods. The evolution of selected traits was reconstructed using parsimony and maximum likelihood.
Results
Daucus dispersed independently to the Canary Islands (and subsequently to Madeira), Cape Verde, and the Azores in the late Miocene and Pleistocene. Life span, reproductive strategy, and life form were highly homoplastic; the ancestor of Daucus was probably a monocarpic, biennial hemicryptophyte. Rosette treelets evolved independently in the Canarian‐Madeiran lineage and in Cape Verde, the latter within the last 0.13 Myr. Treelets and hemicryptophytes did not differ in wood anatomy. Pervasive axial parenchyma in wood occurred more often in polycarpic rather than monocarpic species.
Conclusions
Life span and life form in Daucus are evolutionarily labile and may change independently of wood anatomy, which is related to plant reproductive strategy rather than to life form. Insular woodiness may evolve rapidly (as demonstrated in D. bischoffii), and in Daucus, it does not seem to be an adaptation to lower the risk of xylem embolism.
... B.L. Burtt, was recently transferred to the tribe Tordylieae (as Dasispermum capense (Lam.) Magee et al. 2009a). The case of S. involucratum seems to be similar within tribe Apieae, and with fruit features similar to those of Stoibrax s.s. ...
The family Apiaceae is in the process of major systematic rearrangements at different taxonomic levels. In particular, molecular phylogenies of the tribe Apieae are generating heterogeneous assemblages of morphologically diverse taxa. We analysed a nearly complete taxonomic sample to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships within this tribe, and to review the most informative taxonomic characters of the fruit. Nuclear (ITS) and plastid (rps16) sequences allowed inferring phylogenetic relationships of species and genera of Apieae. Fruit morphology was studied with stereomicroscope, including overall observations and anatomical cross-sections. Both phylogenetic reconstructions were incongruent. Based on the ITS phylogeny, Apieae is arranged in two main clades, one containing most species of Stoibrax and the other clade formed by the rest of species of the tribe grouped into three well-supported subclades. The rps16 phylogeny shows the Anethum alliance to be basal, recovered in a weakly supported clade sister to the rest of the tribe, and a clade subdivided in six well-supported subclades. Nevertheless, three genera are revealed to be non-monophyletic in both phylogenetic reconstructions: Anethum, Seseli and Stoibrax. In the interest of the recognition of natural groups within Apieae, we proposed to create three new genera to accommodate the species that split from the three polyphyletic genera: Canaria for Seseli webbii, Modesciadium for Stoibrax involucratum, and Schoenoselinum for Anethum foeniculoides.
... This search suggested an affinity with Afroligusticum petitianum (A.Rich.) P.J.D. Winter, within the Lefebvrea clade of tribe Tordylieae Magee et al., 2009). As a result the published nrITS dataset from the study of Magee et al. (2009) was modified and used to determine more precisely the phylogenetic position of C. piovanii. ...
... P.J.D. Winter, within the Lefebvrea clade of tribe Tordylieae Magee et al., 2009). As a result the published nrITS dataset from the study of Magee et al. (2009) was modified and used to determine more precisely the phylogenetic position of C. piovanii. In addition, nrITS sequences were generated for two new accessions of Afroligusticum C. Norman, Afroligusticum aculeolatum (Engl.) ...
... In the light of the apparent polyphyly of Carum , the initial set of samples was increased to include representatives of genera to which closer affinities of species currently classified in Carum could be detected. Therefore, representatives of the tribes Careae, Pyramidoptereae and Tordylieae, according to the classification by Downie et al. (2010), were added and the tribe Oenantheae was used to root the trees, following Magee et al. (2009). The final data matrix included 93 accessions from 42 genera (Appendices 1 and 2). ...
The systematic position of three Apiaceae taxa, Carum piovanii, Bunium nothum and Bunium kandaharicum, is clarified based on morphological and nrITS sequence data. The phylogenetic analyses place C. piovanii within the African peucedanoid genus, Afroligusticum and not with its congeners. Although C. piovanii differs considerably from Afroligusticum in underground organs (spindle-shaped or subcylindrical tubers vs. rhizomatous woody rootstocks), size of leaflets (up to 4 mm long vs. over 8 mm long), and petal color (white vs. mostly greenish or yellow), it is similar carpologically (obtuse-keeled dorsal ribs and narrowly-winged marginal ribs). As a result the new combination Afroligusticum piovanii is proposed. A new section, Austrobunium, is described to accommodate the South Indian B. nothum based on the well-developed calyx teeth not found in the rest of the genus. The Afghanian species, B. kandaharicum, is reduced into synonym with Elwendia stewartiana.
... Capnophyllum Gaertn. in its traditional circumscription proved to be nonmonophyletic (Magee & al., 2009). A non-native species found in the Canary Islands belongs to the related genus Krubera Hoffm. ...
Resumen. Se propone correcciones taxonomicas y nomenclaturales respecto a 88 taxones no nativos de la lista de plantas vasculares de las Islas Canarias (España). Palabras clave: Islas Canarias, plantas vasculares, nomenclatura, taxonomía, co-rrecciones. Summary. Non-native vascular plants from Canary Islands (Spain): nomenclatural and taxonomical adjustments. Corrections and other adjustments are proposed for 88 non-native taxa from the checklist of vascular plants from the Canary Islands (Spain).
... Apiaceae Downie et al. 2000, Downie et al. 2008, Degtjareva et al. 2009, Magee et al. 2009, Nicolas & Plunkett 2009, Spalik et al. 2009 Gilbert et al. 2005, Ferrero et al. 2009 Brassicaceae Franzke et al. 1998, Koch & Mummenhoff 2001, Couvreur et al. 2010, Warwick et al. 2010, Zhao et al. 2010Bromus Fortune et al. 2008Cactaceae Hernández-Hernández et al. 2011Calenduleae Funk et al. 2009 Campanulaceae Roquet et al. 2009Caprifoliaceae Theis et al. 2008Dipsacales Bell et al. 2010Cardouoideae Funk et al. 2009Carex Hendrichs et al. 2004a, Hendrichs et al. 2004b, Roalson & Friar 2004, Ford et al. 2006, Hipp et al. 2006, Waterway et al. 2009Caryophyllaceae Harbaugh et al. 2010Celastraceae Simmons et al. 2008Cenchrus Chemisquy et al. 2010Cichorideae Lee et al. 2003, Funk et al. 2005 Giussani et al. 2001, Mathews et al. 2002, Quintanar et al. 2007, Bouchenak-Khelladi et al. 2008, Kellogg et al. 2009, Schneider et al. 2009, Linder et al. 2010 Torrecilla et al. 2004 Supplementary data S2b: Phylogenetic trees Three phylogenetic trees were constructed: 1) a minimal conflict tree, which included only well-supported (Maximum Parsinomy: bootstrap > 50; Maximum Likelihood: bootstrap > 50, Bayesian inference posterior probabilities > 50) and non-conflicting relationships from the literature, 2) a highly resolved tree, which included both well-supported and less well-supported nodes (where conflicting relationships were found in literature, the best supported nodes were used), and 3) a fully resolved tree where all polytomies in the highly resolved tree were resolved randomly (using mi2di function in R package "ape" (Paradis et al. 2004)). In the minimal conflict and highly resolved trees, species not found in literature were placed unresolved in the tribe/subfamily/genus they were known to belong to based on relevant taxonomic literature (see appendix S2b). ...
... ex DC. and Alepidea La Roche) but rib ducts with septa were observed in Bupleurum L. (Liu, pers. obs.) and Lefebvrea (Magee et al., 2009). The ducts observed in the commissural region of the fruits of Marlothiella are completely absent in Lichtensteinia (Liu, 2004;Tilney et al., 2009). ...
... In Marlothiella it is unclear whether the dwarf ducts interior to the vascular bundles and those ducts observed in the commissural area are homologous to vittae. The only other genus in which we have observed additional ducts interior to the vascular bundles is Notobubon (Magee et al., 2009). These were interpreted by Magee et al. (2009) as additional rib vittae because they were anatomically similar to the regular vallecular vittae and not continuous with the vascular system. ...
... The only other genus in which we have observed additional ducts interior to the vascular bundles is Notobubon (Magee et al., 2009). These were interpreted by Magee et al. (2009) as additional rib vittae because they were anatomically similar to the regular vallecular vittae and not continuous with the vascular system. However, these authors also listed three other species where similar ducts may possibly be present: Peucedanum oreoselinum (L.) Moench, Elaeoselinum asclepium Bertol. ...
Flowers and fruits of the monotypic Namibian endemic Marlothiella gummifera were examined to explore anatomical variation and to highlight problems associated with the homology of certain character states. Some unusual new features observed in the fruits and ovaries raise questions regarding the homology of fruit heteromorphy, rib oil ducts, vittae and carpophores in subfamily Apioideae. These include the irregular occurrence of heterocarpic ovaries, oil ducts on both the internal and external sides of the vascular bundles (the inner dwarf ducts), short ducts in the commissural area, and carpophores (only rarely present). The fruits of Marlothiella share several unusual features with the genus Lichtensteinia, namely concentric rings of cells around the rib oil ducts, of which the innermost are irregular in size and shape, very small vascular bundles that are usually comprised of two separate strands, and the occurrence of heteromorphy in fruits and ovaries. These two genera are morphologically very different and it is encouraging to find anatomical data to support their presumptive relationship based on molecular studies.
