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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of S. mansoni miracidia, unexposed miracidia showing: (A) cilia (C) covering the surface of the miracidium (→) (× 20000), (B) cilia (C) covering the miracidium (→) and extending from its lateral side (× 10000), (C) the apical papillae of the miracidium with its characteristic honey comb pattern of its terebratoria (→) (× 20000). Miracidium exposed to miltefosine showing: (D) loss of cilia from the surface of miracidium (× 20000), (E) protruded apical papillae with swollen oedematous corregated areas (× 10000), (F) higher magnification of (E) (× 20000).
Source publication
Miltefosine, which is the first oral drug licensed for the treatment of leishmaniasis, was recently reported to be a promising lead compound for the synthesis of novel antischistosomal derivatives with potent activity in vivo against different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni. In this paper an in vitro study was carried out to investigat...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... leads to the reduction in movement of miracidia and sinking of the cercariae to the bottom of the container, this was followed by the death of both organisms. SEM studies showed that the normal unexposed miracidium of S. mansoni is covered with cilia ( Figure 3A, B). The apical papillae showed the characteristic honey comb pattern of its terebratorium ( Figure 3C). ...Context 2
... studies showed that the normal unexposed miracidium of S. mansoni is covered with cilia ( Figure 3A, B). The apical papillae showed the characteristic honey comb pattern of its terebratorium ( Figure 3C). where as, the miracidium exposed to milte- fosine at a concentration of 3.75 ppm showed distinct loss of cilia from its surface ( Figure 3D) and the pro- truded apical papillae showed swollen oedematous cor- rugated areas ( Figure 3E, F). ...Context 3
... apical papillae showed the characteristic honey comb pattern of its terebratorium ( Figure 3C). where as, the miracidium exposed to milte- fosine at a concentration of 3.75 ppm showed distinct loss of cilia from its surface ( Figure 3D) and the pro- truded apical papillae showed swollen oedematous cor- rugated areas ( Figure 3E, F). ...Context 4
... apical papillae showed the characteristic honey comb pattern of its terebratorium ( Figure 3C). where as, the miracidium exposed to milte- fosine at a concentration of 3.75 ppm showed distinct loss of cilia from its surface ( Figure 3D) and the pro- truded apical papillae showed swollen oedematous cor- rugated areas ( Figure 3E, F). ...Similar publications
Background:
The speedy rate of change in the environmental and socio-economics factors may increase the incidence, prevalence and risk of schistosomiasis infections in Zambia. However, available information does not provide a comprehensive understanding of the biogeography and distribution of the disease, ecology and population dynamics of interme...
Objective:
The objective of this work was to describe the epidemiology of schistosomiasis 10 years after mass administration of praziquantel began in Sotuba, Mali.
Methodology/results:
This observational cross-sectional survey in Sotuba, a periurban village in the Bamako district, took place from July to September 2010 and collected stool and ur...
Background
Schistosomiasis is a snail-borne disease endemic in sub-Saharan Africa transmitted by freshwater snails. The distribution of schistosomiasis coincides with that of the intermediate hosts as determined by climatic and environmental factors. The aim of this paper was to model the spatial and seasonal distribution of suitable habitats for B...
To complement ongoing schistosomiasis control within national control programmes (NCPs) that administer praziquantel to school-age children, assessing the risk and extent of schistosomiasis in pre-school-age children (PSAC) is important.
In June 2012, schistosomiasis in Chikhwawa district, Malawi was assessed across 12 villages examining pre-school...
We purposively selected 39 sampling sites along the Mara River and its two perennial tributaries of Amala and Nyangores and sampled snails. In addition, water physicochemical parameters (temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, alkalinity, salinity and pH) were taken to establish their influence on the snail abundance and habitat pre...
Citations
... B. alexandrina snails were obtained from the laboratorybred stock in Medical Malacology Laboratory at Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI). S. mansoni miracidia were obtained from cleaned eggs extracted from the intestines of infected mice by hatching them in dechlorinated tap water (25 ± 1 °C) (Eissa et al. 2011). S. mansoni cercariae were recovered from laboratory-bred infected B. alexandrina snails 20 to 30 days after exposure to miracidia. ...
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease with considerable morbidity. The lone effective drug, praziquantel (PZQ), is showing emergence of drug resistance hence, searching for new supportive treatment is crucial. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of mucus and nucleoproteins (NPs) extracted from Biomphalaria alexandrina (B. alexandrina) snails on miracidia, cercariae and Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) adults in vitro and assess their experimental in vivo effect through parasitological, histopathological, and biochemical parameters. The in vivo study included 90 male Swiss albino mice. Mice were grouped into 9 groups; G1-G5 were infected and treated with; GI: PZQ, GII: mucus, GIII: combined PZQ and mucus, GIV: NPs, GV: combined PZQ and NPs. Control groups; C1: Non infected non treated (negative control), C2: Infected non treated (positive control), C3: Non infected mucus treated and C4: Non infected NPs treated. The in vitro study proved that the mucus had a better lethal effect on cercariae than miracidia, while NPs had better lethal effect on miracidia. The mucus lethal effect on adults surpassed the NPs as 100% and 60%, respectively. The in vivo study proved that the combined NPs or mucus with PZQ added to the effect of individual PZQ resulting in 100% total worm burden (TWB) reduction. As regard oxidative stress markers, the lowest level of nitric oxide (NO) was shown with combined PZQ and NPs. While, the highest glutathione (GSH) level was produced by individual PZQ. The study concluded that mucus and NPs of B. alexandrina had cercaricidal, miracidicidal and anti-schistosomal effect in vitro and that their combination could be considered a contribution to PZQ potentiality in vivo.
... Verhaar et al. [22] say it has become the only effective oral therapy approved for treating human cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. It also exhibits anti-schistosomal properties and molluscicidal effects [23][24][25]. Moreover, it displays a diverse array of characteristics that are effective against metronidazoleresistant strains of Trichomonas vaginalis [26], Giardia lamblia (G. ...
Purpose
Resistance and adverse consequences of albendazole (ABZ) in treating trichinellosis urged demand for secure and effective new drugs. The current study aimed to assess the effect of chitosan-coated lipid nano-combination with albendazole and miltefosine (MFS) in treating experimental murine trichinellosis and evaluating pathological and immunological changes of trichinellosis.
Materials and Methods
One hundred twenty Swiss albino mice were divided into six groups. Each group was subdivided into a and b subgroups based on the scarification time, which was 7- and 40-days post-infection (PI), respectively. The treatment efficacy was evaluated using parasitological, histopathological, serological (interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-4 serum levels), immunohistochemical (GATA3, glutathione peroxidase1 (GPX1) and caspase-3), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods.
Results
The most effective drug was nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) loaded with ABZ (G5), which showed the most significant reduction in adults and larval count (100% and 92.39%, respectively). The greatest amelioration in histopathological changes was reported in G4 treated with MFS. GATA3 and caspase-3 were significantly reduced in all treated groups. GPX1 was significantly increased in G6 treated with MFS + NLCs. The highest degenerative effects on adults and larvae by SEM were documented in G6.
Conclusion
Loading ABZ or MFS on chitosan-coated NLCs enhanced their efficacy against trichinellosis. Although ABZ was better than MFS, their combination should be considered as MFS caused a significant reduction in the intensity of infection. Furthermore, MFS showed anti-inflammatory (↓GATA3) and antiapoptotic effects (↓caspase-3), especially in the muscular phase. Also, when loaded with NLCS, it showed an antioxidant effect (↑GPX1).
Graphical abstract
... As well as another 10 ml of dechlorinated tap water containing 100 freshly hatched miracidia or cercariae was kept as a control . After intervals of 30,50,70,90,110, and 130 min, the alterations in the movement of miracidia and cercariae were observed under a dissecting microscope (Eissa et al. 2011). ...
Metal pollution has many dangerous environmental and human health consequences due to the bioaccumulation in the tissues. The present study aims to measure the bioaccumulation factor of the manganese (Mn) heavy metal in Biomphalaria alexandrina snails’ tissues and water samples. The current results showed the concentration of Mn heavy metal in water (87.5 mg/l) and its bioaccumulation factor in Helisoma duryi tissue was higher than that in tissues of Physa acuta and B. alexandrina snails. Results showed that 87.5 mg/l Mn concentration had miracidicidal and cercaricidal activities. Also, this concentration decreased the mean total number of the hemocytes after exposure for 24 h or 48 h, while increasing both the mean mortality and phagocytic indices of the hemocytes of exposed snails. It caused alterations in the cytomorphology of the hemocytes of exposed snails after 24 or 48 h, where the granulocytes had irregular cell membranes and formed pseudopodia. Besides, levels of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E) were increased after exposure to 87.5 mg/l Mn metal compared to the control group. Also, it increased MDA (malonaldehyde) and TAC (total antioxidant capacity) contents, while decreasing SOD (superoxide dismutase). Besides, it caused significant histopathological damages in both hermaphrodite and digestive glands, represented in the degeneration of the gonadal, digestive, secretory cells, and the connective tissues. Therefore, B. alexandrina might be used as a sensitive bioindicator of pollution with Mn heavy metal to avoid ethics rules; besides, they are readily available and large in number.
... Moreover, in the present work, SEM revealed extensive tegumental changes, deformity, and contraction of the S. mansoni cercarial production, showing slight or complete separation between the body and the tail. Similarly, a high rate of head separation was observed in cercariae incubated with hinokitiol; β-thujaplicin (Chisty et al. 2004), plumbagin (Zhang and Coultas 2013), and miltefosine, with markedly similar changes seen by SEM (Eissa et al. 2011). Surface blebbing is a sign of stress and has been detected in earlier SEM investigations evaluating anti-schistosomal substances (Manneck et al. 2010). ...
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most potent endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that adversely affect aquatic organisms. The present investigation explored the effects of exposure to BPA at 0.1 and 1 mgL⁻¹ concentrations on the fecundity of Biomphalaria alexandrina, snail's infection with Schistosoma mansoni, and histology of the ovotestis and topographical structure of S. mansoni cercariae emerged from exposed snails. The 24 h LC50 and LC90 values of BPA against B. alexandrina were 8.31 and 10.88 mgL⁻¹ BPA, respectively. The exposure of snails to 0.1 or 1 mgL⁻¹ BPA did not affect the snail's survival. However, these concentrations caused an increase in the reproductive rate (Ro) of infected snails. A slight decrease in egg production was observed in snails exposed to 0.1 mgL⁻¹ BPA after being infected (infected then exposed). However, a significant increase in egg production was noted in snails exposed to 1 mgL⁻¹ BPA after infection with S. mansoni. Histopathological investigations indicated a clear alteration in the ovotestis tissue structure of exposed and infected-exposed groups compared to the control snails. Chronic exposure to BPA caused pathological alterations in the gametogenic cells. SEM preparations of S. mansoni cercariae emerged from infected-exposed snails showed obvious body malformations. From a public health perspective, BPA pollution may negatively impact schistosomiasis transmission, as indicated by the disturbance in cercarial production and morphology. However, it has adverse effects on the reproduction and architecture of reproductive organs of exposed snails, indicating that B. alexandrina snails are sensitive to sublethal BPA exposure.
Graphical abstract
... In the present study results, SEM of S. mansoni cercariae exposed to the tested compounds (50 ppm of AEAA and CAAQ) showed different morphological changes. The present results were consistent with the report of Eissa et al. [49] who showed that cercariae exposed to miltefosine drug showed partial detachment of the body from the tail, and in some cercariae, the body was completely separated from the tail and had the appearance of surface blebbing with focal loss of spines from the tegument. Membe Femoe et al. [6] reported that the phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, coumarins and steroids could damage the cercarial tegument and disturb the motor activity of cercariae. ...
This work describes the synthesis of quinoline-based N--heterocyclic arenes and their biological evaluation as molluscicides against adult Biomophalaria alexandrina snails as well as larvicides against Schistosoma mansoni larvae (miracidia and cercariae). Molecular docking studies were demonstrated to investigate their affinity for cysteine protease protein as an interesting target for antiparasitics. Compound AEAN showed the best docking results followed by APAN in comparison to the co-crystallized ligand D1R reflected by their binding affinities and RMSD values. The egg production, hatchability of B. alexandrina snails and ultrastructural topography of S. mansoni cercariae using SEM were assessed. Biological evaluations (hatchability and egg-laying capacity) revealed that the quinoline hydrochloride salt CAAQ was the most effective compound against adult B. alexandrina snails, whereas the indolo-quinoline derivative APAN had the most efficiency against miracidia, and the acridinyl derivative AEAA was the most effective against cercariae and caused 100% mortality. CAAQ and AEAA were found to modulate the biological responses of B. alexandrina snails with/without S. mansoni infection and larval stages that will affect S. mansoni infection. AEAA caused deleterious morphological effects on cercariae. CAAQ caused inhibition in the number of eggs/snail/week and reduced reproductive rate to 43.8% in all the experimental groups. CAAQ and AEAA can be recommended as an effective molluscicide of plant origin for the control program of schistosomiasis.
... As well as, the control groups were maintained as 100 freshly miracidiae or cercariae were kept in 10 ml of dechlorinated tap water (Ritchie et al., 1974). After intervals of 15, 20, 30, and 40, 60 min, the changes in movement of miracidia and cercariae were observed under the dissecting microscope (Eissa et al., 2011). ...
Saponins have been used as biopesticides. The objective of the present study is to investigate the toxic effects of Saponin against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails. Results showed that Saponin exhibited a molluscicidal activity against adult B. alexandrina snails at LC50 (70.05 mg/l) and had a larvicidal effect on the free larval stages of Schistosoma mansoni. To evaluate the lethal effects, snails were exposed to either LC10 (51.8 mg/l) or LC25 (60.4 mg/l) concentrations of Saponin. The survival, the infection rates, protein, albumin, and total fat levels were decreased, while glucose levels were increased in exposed snails compared to control snails. Also, these concentrations significantly raised Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione S Transferase (GST) levels, whereas reduced Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in exposed snails. Furthermore, these concentrations resulted in endocrine disruptions where it caused a significant increase in testosterone (T) level; while a significant decrease in Estradiol (E2) levels were noticed. As for Estrogen (E) level, it was increased after exposure to LC10 Saponin concentration while after exposure to LC25 concentration, it was decreased. Also, LC10 and LC25 concentrations of Saponin caused a genotoxic effect and down-regulation of metabolic cycles in the snails. In conclusion, Saponins caused deleterious effects on the intermediate host of schistosomiasis mansoni. Therefore, B. alexandrina snails could be used as models to screen the toxic effects of Saponins in the aquatic environment and if it was used as a molluscicide, it should be used cautiously and under controlled circumstances.
... As a control group, 10 ml of dechlorinated tap water was added to 100 newly formed cercariae. The vitality of cercariae was recorded after 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, and 30 min using the dissecting microscope (Eissa et al., 2011). ...
There is a growing need to improve facile, eco-friendly, and cheap approaches for nanoparticle (NP) synthesis. Green protocols have been investigated for the fabrication of NPs using several natural sources as plants, algae, fungi, and bacteria. Thus, the present study proposed a rapid, convenient, and efficient biosynthesis of gold NPs (Au-NPs) using the ethanolic extracts of three macroalgae, i.e., Cystoseira myrica, C. trinodis, and Caulerpa prolifera. The reduction of Au ions and the fabrication of Au-NPs were validated using ultraviolet-visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and zeta potential analysis. The produced Au-NPs were tested for their antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and schistolarvicidal activity. Results revealed the formation of Au-NPs with an average size of 12.6–15.5 nm and different shapes that are mainly spherical with pure crystalline nature. The strong antibacterial activities of C. trinodis– and C. myrica–based Au-NPs against E. coli (inhibition zones of 22 and 19 mm) and against Staphylococcus aureus (inhibition zones of 18 and 20.5 and mm) were recorded, respectively. On the other hand, the high antifungal activity of C. trinodis Au-NPs against Aspergillus niger and Alternaria alternate showed the inhibition zones of 18 and 17 mm, respectively. The high antifungal activity of C. trinodis Au-NPs against Candida albicans (inhibition zone 16 mm) was also recorded. Regarding anti-inflammatory and schistolarvicidal activity, Au-NPs fabricated using C. myrica showed 64.2% of the inhibitory effect on protein denaturation and recorded the highest schistolarvicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni cercariae that sank and died after 7 min. Overall, these findings proved that macroalgal ethanolic extracts can be effectively used for the biosynthesis of Au-NPs. These Au-NPs offer a significant alternative antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and schistolarvicidal agents. for biomedical uses.
... In earlier studies, miltefosine (MFS), an alkylphosphocholine agent used for the local treatment of cutaneous metastases of breast cancer and oral therapy of visceral leishmaniasis, was tested for the treatment of S. mansoni. In vitro and preclinical data in mice demonstrated that MFS exerts significant activity against different developmental stages of S. mansoni upon oral administration in 5 consecutive daily 20 mg/kg doses ( [78], [79]). Edelfosine, another alkylphosphocholine was also reported to exert antischistosomal activity [80]. ...
The poor rate of drug discovery for the control of Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) including schistosomiasis has necessitated effective management of existing drugs by modulating their delivery. Nanotechnology-based colloidal drug carriers have been explored to improve the activity and safety profile of drugs for NTDs including parasitic diseases. In developing new drug delivery systems for schistosomiasis, research efforts have focused mainly on Praziquantel (PZQ) as the sole antischistosomal agent in current clinical practice. Carrier systems of the polymer, inorganic and lipid-based type have been investigated for the delivery of PZQ. However, promising results were obtained using lipid-based delivery systems including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers and nanoemulsions. Selection of these lipid carrier systems has been based on the lipophilicity of PZQ, controlled drug release, potential increase in its bioavailability by promoting lymphatic absorption to bypass the extensive first pass effect biodistribution to the host liver and enhancement of PZQ interaction with the worm tegument of a similar phospholipid nature.
... To assess the effect of biosynthesized SeNPs on the newly formed miracidia or cercariae, about 5 mL of LC 10 (31.826 mg/L) and LC 25 (44.15 mg/L) of biosynthesized SeNPs were added to 102 newly formed miracidia or cercariae found in 5 mL of water [37]. Using the dissecting microscope, the vitality of miracidiae and cercariae was scored after 15,30,45,60,120,180,240,300, and 360 min [38]. ...
Schistosomiasis is a tropical disease with socioeconomic problems. The goal of this study was to determine the influence of myco-synthesized nano-selenium (SeNPs) as a molluscicide on Biomphlaria alexandrina snails, with the goal of reducing disease spread via non-toxic routes. In this study, Penicillium chrysogenum culture filtrate metabolites were used as a reductant for selenium ions to form nano-selenium. The SeNPs were characterized via UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Myco-synthesized SeNPs had a significant molluscicidal effect on B. alexandrina snails after 96 h of exposure at a concentration of 5.96 mg/L. SeNPs also had miracidicidal and cercaricidal properties against S. mansoni. Some alterations were observed in the hemocytes of snails exposed to SeNPs, including the formation of pseudopodia and an increasing number of granules. Furthermore, lipid peroxide, nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione s-transferase (GST) increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased. The comet assay revealed that myco-synthesized SeNPs could cause breaks in the DNA levels. In silico study revealed that SeNPs had promising antioxidant properties. In conclusion, myco-synthesized SeNPs have the potential to be used as molluscicides and larvicides.
... After intervals of 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, and 210 min, the alterations in movement of cercariae were observed under a dissecting microscope. The inactive or stationary cercariae had sunk to the bottom of the petri dish or had detachment of their tails (Eissa et al., 2011). ...
Schistosomiasis is a severe illness that caused socioeconomic problems. The present study aimed to investigate the molluscicidal activities of the methanolic extract of Nerium oleander and Tecoma stans on B. alexandrina snails. The present results showed that N. oleander had the higher molluscicidal effect (LC50: 138.6 mg/l) than T. stans methanolic extract (LC50: 256.0 mg/l). These concentrations had no mortality effects on Daphnia magna during the first 12 h of the exposure, while, they had a cercaricidal activity. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to the sub lethal concentrations (LC10 and LC25) of the methanolic extract of either N. oleander or T. stans caused a concentration- dependent significant decrease in their mean total number of hemocyte and hyalinocytes percent, while, both the round small and the granulocytes were increased than the control group. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to LC25 of the methanolic extract of N. oleander or T. stans, caused morphological alterations in the hemocytes that were studied by both light and electron microscopy. The sub lethal concentration (LC25) significantly decreased the acetyl cholinesterase activities, acid and alkaline phosphatase levels and the protein content. Histopathological changes occurred in the digestive and the hermaphrodite glands of exposed B. alexandrina snails to LC25 of the methanolic extracts. These alterations were confirmed by Immunohistochemistry for PCNA and Cyclin D1 expressions. Conclusively, these plants could be used to decrease the spread of schistosomiasis as they are cheap and environmentally safe to replace the synthetic molluscicides for snail control.
