Fig 1 - available from: Current Microbiology
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Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of hyaluronic acid thin film (HAF), a HAF 20009 magnification, b HAF 10,0009 magnification, c HAF 40,0009 magnification. d Percent particle distribution in HAF
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The healing properties of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the recovery of wounds are well known. Cefoxitin (Cef), a cephalosporin antibiotic, is generally used to prevent and treat postoperative infections. In this study, we describe the incorporation of Cef in HA thin films (Cef–HAF) by using electrospraying. Scanning electron microscopy images showed tha...
Citations
... Cefoxitin, a cephalosporin antibiotic used to treat postoperative infections, was electrosprayed as nanoparticles (551 ± 293 nm) interconnected with nanofibers (61 ± 13 nm in diameter) of hyaluronic acid (HA) thin films. Their effectiveness against Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes, with zones of inhibition of 24.3 ± 0.5, 13 ± 1, and 1.1 ± 0.2 mm, respectively, indicates that they could be used as nanofibrous scaffolds in surgical dressings to control postoperative infections [25]. Ciprofloxacin, a poorly soluble drug, was added to electrosprayed biodegradable poly-butyl-succinate (PBS) microparticles that demonstrated excellent antibacterial activity against S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are frequently implicated in diabetic foot, venous leg ulcers, and nonhealing surgical wounds. ...
Electrospraying (ES) is becoming popular in tissue engineering owing to its ability to produce customized micro- or nanoscale particles for delivering bioactive molecules (e.g., growth factors, genes, enzymes, and therapeutic molecules possessing antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory) and living cells aimed at skin, bone, cartilage, and neural tissue repair and regeneration. Compared to conventional delivery methods, ES significantly reduces the denaturation of growth factors (such as BMP-2, BMP-7, VEGF, PDGF, and SDF-1) because of the limited exposure to organic solvents. Bioelectrospraying (BES) allows the encapsulation of living cells, including stem cells, fibroblasts, ligament cells, epithelial and endothelial cells, etc. Electrospray nanocarriers containing cells and other bioactive compounds can be further integrated into intricate three-dimensional (3D) constructs intended for implantation into defects to achieve targeted delivery and tissue regeneration. The chapter highlights ES’s principles, advantages, and significant applications in tissue repair and regeneration and outlines the key challenges and limitations.
... According to the polymer and its molecular weight, the sprayed material can form droplets or fibers, the higher the molecular weight, the longer the fiber strand. Film thickness is controlled by solute concentration and droplet or fiber size [114]. ...
Polymeric films are drug delivery systems that maintain contact with the delivery tissue and sustain a controlled release of therapeutic molecules. These systems allow a longer time of drug contact with the target site in the case of topical treatments and allow the controlled administration of drugs. They can be manufactured by various methods such as solvent casting, hot melt extrusion, electrospinning, and 3D bioprinting. Furthermore, they can employ various polymers, for example PVP, PVA, cellulose derivatives, chitosan, gelling gum, pectin, and alginate. Its versatility is also applicable to different routes of administration, as it can be administered to the skin, oral mucosa, vaginal canal, and eyeballs. All these factors allow numerous combinations to obtain a better treatment. This review focuses on exploring some possible ways to develop them and some particularities and advantages/disadvantages in each case. It also aims to show the versatility of these systems and the advantages and disadvantages in each case, as they bring the opportunity to develop different medicines to facilitate therapies for the most diverse purposes
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... A band at 1036 cm À1 showed the presence of the -OH group. [36][37][38][39] In SLCF and ZLCF spectrum, peak at 713 and 716 cm À1 assigned to carbonate. 40,41 Ion release ...
Sodium alginate and hyaluronic acid are being used extensively in wound care applications for their exceptional properties, including gelation, biocompatibility, exudate absorption, and the ability to provide a moist environment to the wound bed that accelerates healing. This research work presents the potential of developing silver and zinc ions loaded bioactive fibers for wound care applications with improved absorption, swelling (gelling), and antibacterial properties. The effect of loading silver and zinc on alginate/hyaluronic acid biofiber absorption, swelling (gelation), tensile and antibacterial activity were analyzed. It was found that the addition of silver and zinc salts improved the absorption, tensile, and gelation properties of alginate/hyaluronic acid fibers. Zinc-containing fibers exhibited superior properties to silver-containing fibers. The presence of hyaluronic acid influenced the release of silver and zinc ions in various liquid media with a maximum of 26 g/g absorption was observed which suggested the good wound exudate absorption capacity of the developed fibers. The developed fibers showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains.
... Both (a) and (b) illustrate conjugation of HA with a hydrophobic moiety or drug, which self-assemble into NPs; (c) ionic gelation of HA with cationic polymer; and (d) HA-coated NP 3 | HYALURONIC ACID-BASED NANOCARRIERS Hyaluronic acid and its conjugates have been used to formulate various types of nanocarriers. These nanocarriers exhibited enhanced biological activity, including anticancer , anti-inflammatory (Rao et al., 2020), and most importantly, antimicrobial activity (Ahire & Dicks, 2016). As it is an ideal biopolymer, HA has been widely used to develop HA-NPs as targeted antibacterial nano delivery systems (Kłodzi nska et al., 2018;Montanari et al., 2018Montanari et al., , 2020Walvekar et al., 2019). ...
Hyaluronic acid (HA) has become a topic of significant interest in drug delivery research due to its excellent properties, including biosafety, biodegradability, and nonimmunogenicity. Moreover, due to its ease of modification, HA can be used to prepare several HA‐based nanosystems using various approaches. These approaches involve conjugating/grafting of hydrophobic moieties, polyelectrolytes complexation with cationic polymers, or surface modification of various nanoparticles using HA. These nanoparticles are able to selectively deliver antibacterial drugs or diagnostic molecules into the site of infections. In addition, HA can bind with overexpressed cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44) receptors in macrophages and also can be degraded by a family of enzymes called hyaluronidase (HAase) to release drugs or molecules. By binding with these receptors or being degraded at the infection site by HAase, HA‐based nanoparticles allow enhanced and targeted antibacterial delivery. Herein, we present a comprehensive and up‐to‐date review that highlights various techniques of preparation of HA‐based nanoparticles that have been reported in the literature. Furthermore, we also discuss and critically analyze numerous types of HA‐based nanoparticles that have been employed in antibacterial delivery to date. This article offers a critical overview of the potential of HA‐based nanoparticles to overcome the challenges of conventional antibiotics in the treatment of bacterial infections. Moreover, this review identifies further avenues of research for developing multifunctional and biomimetic HA‐based nanoparticles for the treatment, prevention, and/or detection of pathogenic bacteria.
This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
... In medical coatings with polymer-drug combinations (Ahire & Dicks, 2016;Choi et al., 2011;Kleinedler et al., 2011;Lv et al., 2017), a cohesive yet flexible structure is often required. This is why wet deposition or partially dry particle collection are often used, fusing or partially fusing the particles to constitute the film. ...
Polymer solution electrospray is a relatively recent research area which has become increasingly active due to its potential for engineering particle morphologies at the micro- and nanoscales, which can be useful for pharmaceutical applications, energy devices, and other fields. Despite significant efforts in this research area, and the fact that electrospray (ES) theory for pure solvents is well-established, improved understanding is still needed on how polymeric structures form during electrospray, to be able to predict the diversity of particle morphologies encountered. This situation is due partly to the complexity of the mechanisms involved, which combine the rich behavior of polymer solutions with the unique physics of ES (with disparate temporal and spatial scales). In this article, we start by reviewing which application fields have driven research in polymer solution electrospraying, and which morphologies matter. We then develop a theoretical framework on the mechanisms responsible for the transformation of a polymer solution droplet made by ES into a solid morphology. We discuss the applicability of a droplet drying model used in Spray Drying to the case of electrospray droplets. We further highlight the importance of Coulombic instabilities in developing polymeric structures. These structures include particles with pointed ends, sometimes with long nanofilaments, as well as other elongated shapes, and globular shapes with a broad size distribution. We identify the conditions necessary to prepare monodisperse globular particles (e.g. spheres). Finally, we analyze the roles played by the presence of nonsolvent vapors during droplet drying. This includes ambient humidity when electrospraying non water-soluble polymers, whose effects on particle porosity have often been overlooked. We close with recommendations and clarifications of practical importance for practitioners.
... Ni et al. [40] produced dense and uniform titanium dioxide thin films on different substrates (e.g., glass, aluminum foil) under the multi-jet mode. Ahire and Dicks [41] fabricated thin films of antimicrobial hyaluronic acid-cefoxitin sodium in order to treat postoperative infections. They found that smoother thin films could be formed when cefoxitin was added to hyaluronic. ...
Electrohydrodynamic jet (E-Jet) is an approach to the fabrication of micro/nano-structures by the use of electrical forces. In this process, the liquid is subjected to electrical and mechanical forces to form a liquid jet, which is further disintegrated into droplets. The major advantage of the E-Jet technique is that the sizes of the jet formed can be at the nanoscale far smaller than the nozzle size, which can realize high printing resolution with less risk of nozzle blockage. The E-Jet technique, which mainly includes E-Jet deposition and E-Jet printing, has a wide range of applications in the fabrication of micro/nano-structures for micro/nano-electromechanical system devices. This technique is also considered a micro/nano-fabrication method with a great potential for commercial use. This study mainly reviews the E-Jet deposition/printing fundamentals, fabrication process, and applications.
... Nanofibers collected on Nickel grids (mesh size: 200) were imaged by using the FEG-SEM, equipped with a scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) detector. Surface properties of nanofibers were studied using a Nanosurf Easyscan 2 atomic force microscope (AFM; Nanosurf AG, Liestal, Switzerland), equipped with a CantAI-G cantilever [31]. The noise of the AFM image inspection box (size: 11 × 11, x-y: 392 nm) was levelled by using a ISO16610, 0.025 μm filter. ...
Surfactin-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers were spun using gravity electrospinning. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that nanofibers spun with surfactin are free from bead formation and uniform in diameter. The average nanofiber diameters were decreased (273 ± 39 nm, 259 ± 39 nm and 217 ± 33 nm) with increasing levels of surfactin (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%, w/v) into PVA (10%, w/v). The 10% (w/v) PVA had average fiber diameter of 303 ± 33 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis showed that fibers spun with surfactin are not smooth as PVA fibers. The surface average roughness (S a) estimated for surfactin loaded nanofibers (0.5%: 19.0 nm, 1.0%: 20.4 nm and 1.5%: 20.7 nm) was higher as compared with PVA (10%:15.8 nm). Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) showed no matrix differences between PVA and surfactin-loaded PVA nanofi-bers. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy revealed uniform distribution of surfactin in PVA. Based on differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses, surfactin decreased the crystallinity of PVA during spinning. No antimicrobial activity was detected against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain Xen 30, Listeria monocytogenes EDGe, Escherichia coli Xen 14, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01. However, the adhesion of L. monocytogenes to polystyrene in presence of surfactin-loaded nanofibers decreased significantly (OD 595 : 0.012 ± 0.001) as compared with control (OD 595 : 0.022 ± 0.002), suggesting that these nanofibers may be used in wound dressings or in the coating of prosthetic devices to prevent biofilm formation and secondary infections.
... Ma and co-workers [18] successfully electrospun HA with positively charged chitosan. Recently, Ahire et al. [19] reported the electrospraying of HA and HA-cefoxitin thin films for biomedical application. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) is a biocompatible, biodegradable, non-immunogenic and non-toxic synthetic polymer [20]. ...
... Infrared absorbance bands characteristic for HA were observed at 1600 cm À1 (Fig. 2B) and above 3000 cm À1 (Fig. 2A). These values correlated with those listed for carbonyl (C¼O), and hydroxyl (OÀ ÀH) and amine (NÀ ÀH) moieties, respectively [12,19]. Characteristic bands for kanamycin were observed at 1620 cm À1 (Fig. 2B) and above 3000 cm À1 (Fig. 2A), which correlated with the bending and stretching vibrations of the amine moieties. ...
The relationships between hyaluronic acid (HA) and pathological microorganisms incite new understandings on microbial infection, tissue penetration, disease progression and lastly, potential treatments. These understandings are important for the advancement of next generation antimicrobial therapeutical strategies for the control of healthcare-associated infections. Herein, this review will focus on the interplay between HA, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review will also comprehensively detail and discuss the antimicrobial activity displayed by various HA molecular weights for a variety of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications, including microbiology, pharmaceutics, and tissue engineering.
