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![Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph of polyaniline prepared with oxidant dropping time 0 s (D1) and different temperatures (T1 [a] and T2 [b])](profile/Setia-Budi-5/publication/324250998/figure/fig1/AS:612421882363908@1523024163276/Scanning-electron-microscope-SEM-micrograph-of-polyaniline-prepared-with-oxidant.png)
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph of polyaniline prepared with oxidant dropping time 0 s (D1) and different temperatures (T1 [a] and T2 [b])
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In this work, polyaniline nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical oxidation polymerization technique. The ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS)/aniline ratio, APS dropping time, and polymerization temperature were optimized to increase the surface area and conductivity of the polyaniline.The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum confirmed the...
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... analysis shows that the polyaniline formed was composed of amorphous and crystalline phases. Figure 2a shows the diffraction patterns of polyaniline synthesized at 0ºC and room temperature with diffraction peaks observed at 2θ 9,33°, 20,90°, and 25,52°, which indicates the structure of semi-crystalline of polyaniline [10]. The peak at 2θ 25,52° is typical of polyaniline peak; this peak is considered to come from a parallel arrangement of the polymer chain of polyaniline [13,14]. However, the peak at 2θ 20,90° shows a polyaniline amorphous peak, and the peak International Conference on Mathematics, Science andEducation 2017 (ICMSE2017) IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 983 (2018) 012162 doi :10.1088/1742-6596/983/1/012162 at 2θ 9,33° shows a crystalline polyaniline peak [15]. A synthesized polyaniline sample shows the identical position of the diffraction peaks at room temperature (Figure 2b). Based on crystallinity analysis using the High Score Plus (HSP) software, polyaniline prepared at 0ºC had slightly greater crystallinity, i.e., 41% compared to that developed at room temperature, which was 37%. The crystallinity difference can be attributed to the increasing regularity of the polyaniline structure and an increased molecular weight along with a decrease in temperature [16][17][18]. (Figure 3a). The nanoparticles were found to form cylindrical-like aggregates. However, a different morphological characteristic was observed in polyaniline prepared at room temperature polymerization (T2), where polyaniline formed as coarse particles with irregular shapes (Figure 3b). This result shows the significant influence of temperature in controlling the process of polyaniline polymerization, and that fine particle generated a high surface area that can be obtained at a low temperature. Figure 4a shows the curve of nitrogen gas (N2) adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K for the polyaniline prepared at 0ºC with different oxidant dropping times. The curves exhibit type-IV isotherms that are a representation of mesoporous characteristics with pores size between 4 and 30 nm. The pore size distribution is determined based on the Barret, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) methods that shown in the inset of Figure 4. Based on the SBETvalues presented in Table 1, at a polymerization temperature of 0ºC, the APS/aniline ratio produces very significant changes in the surface area of the polyaniline; the highest surface area of 42 m 2 /g was obtained at a ratio of 0.75 with an oxidant dropping time of 0 minutes. This value is much higher compared to that obtained under polymerization conditions that have been reported previously [19,20]. However, at room temperature polymerization, the surface area decreases by more than 52% such that it only reaches 20 m 2 /g. The high BET surface area of polyaniline prepared at 0ºC might be associated with slow polymerization processes at low temperatures that produce fine particle [21][22][23], which is confirmed by the SEM micrograph (Figure 3a). TheSBET is found to decrease at longer oxidant dropping times. In this case, the SBET drops to 16 m 2 /g at an oxidant dropping time of 150 minutes. This indicates that longer dropping times have improved the process of aniline polymerization, which may extend the polymer chain and increase the particle size, implying a decrease in theSBETvalue [11,23]. However, at room temperature polymerization, the SBET of the samples does not change much with increases in the oxidant dropping time. times at 0ºC (a) and room temperature (b). The insets depict BJH pore size ...
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... analysis shows that the polyaniline formed was composed of amorphous and crystalline phases. Figure 2a shows the diffraction patterns of polyaniline synthesized at 0ºC and room temperature with diffraction peaks observed at 2θ 9,33°, 20,90°, and 25,52°, which indicates the structure of semi-crystalline of polyaniline [10]. The peak at 2θ 25,52° is typical of polyaniline peak; this peak is considered to come from a parallel arrangement of the polymer chain of polyaniline [13,14]. However, the peak at 2θ 20,90° shows a polyaniline amorphous peak, and the peak International Conference on Mathematics, Science andEducation 2017 (ICMSE2017) IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 983 (2018) 012162 doi :10.1088/1742-6596/983/1/012162 at 2θ 9,33° shows a crystalline polyaniline peak [15]. A synthesized polyaniline sample shows the identical position of the diffraction peaks at room temperature (Figure 2b). Based on crystallinity analysis using the High Score Plus (HSP) software, polyaniline prepared at 0ºC had slightly greater crystallinity, i.e., 41% compared to that developed at room temperature, which was 37%. The crystallinity difference can be attributed to the increasing regularity of the polyaniline structure and an increased molecular weight along with a decrease in temperature [16][17][18]. (Figure 3a). The nanoparticles were found to form cylindrical-like aggregates. However, a different morphological characteristic was observed in polyaniline prepared at room temperature polymerization (T2), where polyaniline formed as coarse particles with irregular shapes (Figure 3b). This result shows the significant influence of temperature in controlling the process of polyaniline polymerization, and that fine particle generated a high surface area that can be obtained at a low temperature. Figure 4a shows the curve of nitrogen gas (N2) adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K for the polyaniline prepared at 0ºC with different oxidant dropping times. The curves exhibit type-IV isotherms that are a representation of mesoporous characteristics with pores size between 4 and 30 nm. The pore size distribution is determined based on the Barret, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) methods that shown in the inset of Figure 4. Based on the SBETvalues presented in Table 1, at a polymerization temperature of 0ºC, the APS/aniline ratio produces very significant changes in the surface area of the polyaniline; the highest surface area of 42 m 2 /g was obtained at a ratio of 0.75 with an oxidant dropping time of 0 minutes. This value is much higher compared to that obtained under polymerization conditions that have been reported previously [19,20]. However, at room temperature polymerization, the surface area decreases by more than 52% such that it only reaches 20 m 2 /g. The high BET surface area of polyaniline prepared at 0ºC might be associated with slow polymerization processes at low temperatures that produce fine particle [21][22][23], which is confirmed by the SEM micrograph (Figure 3a). TheSBET is found to decrease at longer oxidant dropping times. In this case, the SBET drops to 16 m 2 /g at an oxidant dropping time of 150 minutes. This indicates that longer dropping times have improved the process of aniline polymerization, which may extend the polymer chain and increase the particle size, implying a decrease in theSBETvalue [11,23]. However, at room temperature polymerization, the SBET of the samples does not change much with increases in the oxidant dropping time. times at 0ºC (a) and room temperature (b). The insets depict BJH pore size ...
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... analysis shows that the polyaniline formed was composed of amorphous and crystalline phases. Figure 2a shows the diffraction patterns of polyaniline synthesized at 0ºC and room temperature with diffraction peaks observed at 2θ 9,33°, 20,90°, and 25,52°, which indicates the structure of semi-crystalline of polyaniline [10]. The peak at 2θ 25,52° is typical of polyaniline peak; this peak is considered to come from a parallel arrangement of the polymer chain of polyaniline [13,14]. However, the peak at 2θ 20,90° shows a polyaniline amorphous peak, and the peak International Conference on Mathematics, Science andEducation 2017 (ICMSE2017) IOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 983 (2018) 012162 doi :10.1088/1742-6596/983/1/012162 at 2θ 9,33° shows a crystalline polyaniline peak [15]. A synthesized polyaniline sample shows the identical position of the diffraction peaks at room temperature (Figure 2b). Based on crystallinity analysis using the High Score Plus (HSP) software, polyaniline prepared at 0ºC had slightly greater crystallinity, i.e., 41% compared to that developed at room temperature, which was 37%. The crystallinity difference can be attributed to the increasing regularity of the polyaniline structure and an increased molecular weight along with a decrease in temperature [16][17][18]. (Figure 3a). The nanoparticles were found to form cylindrical-like aggregates. However, a different morphological characteristic was observed in polyaniline prepared at room temperature polymerization (T2), where polyaniline formed as coarse particles with irregular shapes (Figure 3b). This result shows the significant influence of temperature in controlling the process of polyaniline polymerization, and that fine particle generated a high surface area that can be obtained at a low temperature. Figure 4a shows the curve of nitrogen gas (N2) adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K for the polyaniline prepared at 0ºC with different oxidant dropping times. The curves exhibit type-IV isotherms that are a representation of mesoporous characteristics with pores size between 4 and 30 nm. The pore size distribution is determined based on the Barret, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) methods that shown in the inset of Figure 4. Based on the SBETvalues presented in Table 1, at a polymerization temperature of 0ºC, the APS/aniline ratio produces very significant changes in the surface area of the polyaniline; the highest surface area of 42 m 2 /g was obtained at a ratio of 0.75 with an oxidant dropping time of 0 minutes. This value is much higher compared to that obtained under polymerization conditions that have been reported previously [19,20]. However, at room temperature polymerization, the surface area decreases by more than 52% such that it only reaches 20 m 2 /g. The high BET surface area of polyaniline prepared at 0ºC might be associated with slow polymerization processes at low temperatures that produce fine particle [21][22][23], which is confirmed by the SEM micrograph (Figure 3a). TheSBET is found to decrease at longer oxidant dropping times. In this case, the SBET drops to 16 m 2 /g at an oxidant dropping time of 150 minutes. This indicates that longer dropping times have improved the process of aniline polymerization, which may extend the polymer chain and increase the particle size, implying a decrease in theSBETvalue [11,23]. However, at room temperature polymerization, the SBET of the samples does not change much with increases in the oxidant dropping time. times at 0ºC (a) and room temperature (b). The insets depict BJH pore size ...
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... crystallinity difference can be attributed to the increasing regularity of the polyaniline structure and an increased molecular weight along with a decrease in temperature [16][17][18]. (Figure 3a). The nanoparticles were found to form cylindrical-like aggregates. ...
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... nanoparticles were found to form cylindrical-like aggregates. However, a different morphological characteristic was observed in polyaniline prepared at room temperature polymerization (T2), where polyaniline formed as coarse particles with irregular shapes (Figure 3b). This result shows the significant influence of temperature in controlling the process of polyaniline polymerization, and that fine particle generated a high surface area that can be obtained at a low temperature. ...
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... at room temperature polymerization, the surface area decreases by more than 52% such that it only reaches 20 m 2 /g. The high BET surface area of polyaniline prepared at 0ºC might be associated with slow polymerization processes at low temperatures that produce fine particle [21][22][23], which is confirmed by the SEM micrograph (Figure 3a). TheSBET is found to decrease at longer oxidant dropping times. ...
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... The pore size distribution was also measured using the Barret, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) method and is shown in Fig. 4b. The SiO 2 /PANI-SDS nanocomposite has a particular surface area of 23.317 m 2 /g, a pore volume of 0.035 cm 3 /g, and a pore radius of 1.91 nm 29 . ...
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... Among the various energy storage devices, supercapacitors have been accepted as suitable candidates for potential energy storage systems. In comparison with batteries which suffer from low power density (1 kW kg − 1 ) and poor cyclic stability, supercapacitors possess high power density (~10 kW kg − 1 ), superior cyclic stability (>100,000), and ultrafast charge and discharge rate (a few seconds) which makes them suitable for sustainable and renewable sources of power in the contemporary electronic industry [5][6][7][8][9]. Based on the principle of charge storage, supercapacitors are classified as electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and pseudo-capacitors. ...
... The IR spectral line of the ternary composite sample is shown in Fig. (2b). Successful oxidative polymerization of aniline monomers is always associated with the appearance of two peaks, around 3413 cm − 1 , and 1103 cm − 1 respectively [8]. The former corresponds to the N-H stretching of the aromatic amines, indicating the synthesis of emeraldine salt. ...
Herein, a SnO2/MWCNTs/PANI nanocomposite was synthesized using a wet chemical approach which acts as a multifunctional electrode for supercapacitor and hydrogen evolution reaction. The dielectric properties were studied using the Maxwell-Wagner model of space charge polarization. The increasing dielectric constant indicated the suitability of synthesized NPs for telecommunication, electronics, and other high-frequency applications. The dependence of impedance and dielectric behavior on grains and grain boundaries was further investigated via impedance spectroscopy and complex electric modulus. Based on a 6 M KOH aqueous electrolyte, the SnO2/MWCNTs/PANI as an electrode material for supercapacitors displays a capacity of 211 C g⁻¹ at 1 A g⁻¹ and exhibits excellent cycling stability with a capacitance retention ratio of 98% after 5000 cycles at a current density of 2 A g⁻¹. For hydrogen evolution reaction in 0.5 M KOH, SnO2/MWCNTs/PANI electrode achieves a benchmark of 10 mA cm⁻² at overpotentials of 524 mV. The results reveal that the SnO2/MWCNTs/PANI nanocomposite act as multifunctional material that can be used for both energy storage and conversion.
... Characteristics of the polyaniline spectrum were also observed at 2833 cm -1 and 2893 cm -1 , and these peaks were attributed to N=Q=N, which represented a quinoid ring. The band boarded at 1147 cm -1 and 1101 cm -1 corresponded to the Q=NH + -B bond of benzoid, confirming the presence of the emeraldine salt structure polyaniline [17][18][19]. A number of boarded bands were attributed to the coordination bond of Co 2+ and nitrogen in the polyaniline chain [20]. ...
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