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Scanning electron microphotographs of chicken leg leather A. Chrome Tanned (x100), B. Semi chrome Tanned (x 100), C. Chrome Tanned (x500), D. Semi chrome Tanned (x 500), E. Surface (x30). Figure 4. Optical microphotograph of chicken leg skin soaked (A), Limed (B), Chrome Tanned (C), Vegetable Tanned (D).
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Chicken leg is available in enormous quantity as a by-product from poultry industry. Due to lack of awareness and technology, most of the chicken legs are wasted by the poultry producers and the, skins are not utilized by the tanners. Hence, an attempt has been made in the present study to investigate the feasibility of turning chicken leg skins in...
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Chicken paw skin was available in enormous quantities, which would be considered waste in the Ethiopian poultry industry. Due to a lack of awareness and technology in Ethiopia, chicken paw skin was neither consumed as food by people nor converted into leather and leather products by tanneries. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of poul...
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... 11 Finally, post-tanning which involves neutralization, retanning, dyeing, fatliquoring and finishing in order to improve fiber characteristics and to produce a useful product. 12 In the present study the rumen and the reticulum parts of the stomach were processed into exotic leather with a grain, which has a different variety from the ordinary leather. ...
Leathers made from exotic skins or rare parts of animals have very good market value. The exotic leathers are usually preferred because of their patterns, naturally occurring marks and their unique structures. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of tanning the ovine stomach into novelty leather and leather products. The ovine stomach was converted into an exotic leather using oil tanning methodology, with goat oil as a tanning agent. The rumen and reticulum parts of the stomach were taken through pre-tanning, tanning and post-tanning operation. The resultant leather had a different grain from the ordinary leather. Then mechanical operations like drying, toggling and staking were done. Physical properties of the leathers were analyzed by determining their thickness, tensile strength, elongation at break, tear strength, flex endurance and ball burst extension test. The grain structure of the leathers was analyzed using a light microscope. The results of physical tests were poor compared to the grains of conventional leathers since the composition of raw outer coverings of animals and those of the stomach are different. The leather processed from this non-conventional source has been found suitable for manufacturing fancy small leather goods like coin purse, key holders, purses and wallets.
... Chicken legs exist in huge amounts as a by-product of the poultry industry ( Jayathilakan et al., 2012). Karthikeyan and Babu (2017) investigated the possibility of turning chicken leg skins into leather products. The raw skin was characterized and converted into finished leather by using suitable tanning methodology and the resultant chicken leg leather with attractive grain pattern has been utilized for the preparation of highly fashionable leather products. ...
The modern world produces billions of tons of waste per day. Waste can be of any type such as solid, liquids, or gases. The waste generated causes pollution in the environment. Management of this waste is becoming the biggest challenge to developing nations like India. Lack of knowledge and innovative technologies is pulling down the movement toward waste management. Although the waste generation can be minimized by reducing, reusing and recycling, this involves the awareness of public and a change at communities and global level. Hence, the modern world has started to focus on the manufacturing side by producing products that will not produce waste and can be reused with extended shelf life. Various products are being produced to move toward a Zero Waste society. This will make a huge change in the management of waste and reducing the waste generated. This chapter discusses the products or tools produced with sustainable manufacturing theories applied in prominent sectors.
... Chicken legs exist in huge amounts as a by-product of the poultry industry ( Jayathilakan et al., 2012). Karthikeyan and Babu (2017) investigated the possibility of turning chicken leg skins into leather products. The raw skin was characterized and converted into finished leather by using suitable tanning methodology and the resultant chicken leg leather with attractive grain pattern has been utilized for the preparation of highly fashionable leather products. ...
Different chemicals are being used in leather processing to convert rawhides/skin into a final leather product. There are different types of waste generated by the leather industries. The processing of the rawhides from the animals produces solid wastes such as hair, fleshing, chrome trimmings, and various other solid wastes. The effluents released from the leather industries have a higher concentration of toxic chemicals and heavy metals which degrades the environment critically. To control the contaminants being released into the environment and to reduce the waste generation, leather industries are adopting various modern technologies on the production side as well as in the management of effluents. Depending upon the type of waste or effluents various procedures are adopted in the attempt of moving toward zero-waste generation. Modern technologies include bioremediation, enzyme technology, microbial technology, bioprocessing technology, and various advanced treatment technologies for effluents.
Chicken paw skin was available in enormous quantities, which would be considered waste in the Ethiopian poultry industry. Due to a lack of awareness and technology in Ethiopia, chicken paw skin was neither consumed as food by people nor converted into leather and leather products by tanneries. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of poultry waste beneficiation. Raw chicken paw skin was characterized by using a different chemical treatment to convert it into leather and leather products by using a suitable and eco-friendly tanning method. In this study, organoleptic properties, tensile strength, tear strength, visual assessment, water absorption properties of chicken leather, and leather products were made from chicken leg leather. Chicken leg leather has a unique grain structure, good strength, and an attractive look. Chicken paw leather has good physical properties, with tensile strength, elongation, and tear strength of 244.6N, 29%, and 28.6N, respectively, like exotic animals used to produce small and medium leather products. The feasibility of using chicken poultry waste and leather paw skin was also investigated. Finally, chicken leg leather demonstrates the potential for use as a raw material for highly fashionable leather, which is used for medium-sized leather products with low manufacturing costs.
The leather industry has significant consumption of water and chemicals and generates liquid effluents with a high pollution load. This study aims to contribute to the advance of liquid effluents, water, and chemicals management in tanneries since the assessment of these environmental issues for each step of the post-tanning process remains unknown. Forty-three post-tanning formulations were obtained from scientific papers, catalogs from chemical manufacturers and tanneries, and their data were analyzed. Results showed an average chemical consumption of 360.2 kg per ton of shaved leather. Retanning and fatliquoring steps are the largest chemical consumers. The average water demand of this process is 8.6 cubic meters per ton of shaved leather, with washing responsible for the highest consumption. The raw wastewater is poorly biodegradable, with high conductivity and elevated concentration of salts. The results obtained in this study contribute to reduce the environmental impacts of leather post-tanning, guiding future studies aiming to optimize this process.
In the leather industry, several chemical products are used for the transformation of the raw hide into the demanded final product. The production flow and the post-tanning of wet-blue leathers may vary according to the available technologies and the type of final item produced. Previous operations and processes are also relevant, particularly the steps of unhairing-liming and tanning process. During the effluent treatment process, there is a great difficulty in removing soluble salts, such as sodium chloride and sodium sulfate in conventional effluent treatment stations. These salts might compromise the biological treatment of tannery wastewater and adversely impact the receiving water bodies, causing environmental pollution. Further, the presence of chlorides and sulfates might interfere in the implementation of the bath reuse system or in the recycling of the treated effluents in the post-tanning process. Therefore, this work aims to investigate the measures used to control the production of sodium neutral salts, such as the sodium chlorides and sulfates, contained in the chemical compounds uses in the industry that performs post-tanning in bovine wet-blue leather, mostly for automotive and furniture upholstery. The work was carried out following the production of the factory for six months, with approximately 1485 whole wet-blue leathers being processed per day, with an average production of 7500 m2 of crust leathers per day. The work methodology was based on the diagnosis of the initial situation of the tannery, chemical analyses of the supplies employed and in proposals of action based on this initial profile. The work also involves the checking of the water consumption and the evaluation of the residual baths. The identification of the chemical products in the formulation that contribute directly to the presence of neutral salts in the gross effluent and their presence in the residual baths were among the main results observed in the present work. In order to determinate sodium, chlorides and sulfates, two methodologies were tested (ion chromatography, for chlorides and sulfates; and absorption spectroscopy, for sodium), showing similar results. © 2019 American Leather Chemists Association. All rights reserved.
