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Scanning electron micrographs of leaf epidermal surfaces. A. Solanum rugosum, abaxial surface tomentose with stellate and stalked trichomes; B. Solanum stipulaceum, adaxial surface tomentose with porrect-stellate trichomes; C-D. Solanum swartzianum, abaxial surface lepidote; D. Detail of peltate trichomes.
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Solanum is the richest and most diverse genus of the Solanaceae and one of the largest among angiosperms. The high number of species in the genus and the morphological plasticity of vegetative organs make the taxonomy of the group quite complex. We carried out an anatomical study of the leaf epidermis of six species of the Brevantherum Clade occurr...
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... S. swartzianum the indumentum of the adaxial surface is loosely lepidote, with spaced peltate trichomes, and also lepidote on the abaxial surface, with overlapping of peltate sessile and stalked trichomes, (Table 2, Fig. 4C-D). Furthermore, the presence of the peltate trichomes observed only in S. swartzianum is distinctive for this species in compar- ison with the other species investigated here, corroborating the findings of Carvalho (1996), who placed this species in Solanum sect. Lepidotum Carvalho, for whom peltate trichomes in Solanum are commonly ...
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... Panjang vena sentral daun 3,5-4 cm, memiliki lebar maksimum daun 1,5 -1,7 cm (Gambar 3g). Terdapat 3 tipe tipe permukaan daun yang dapat digunakan sebagai dasar pengelompokkan yaitu puberulen, tomentose dan glabrous, tipe permukaan daun berkaitan erat dengan bentuk dan kerapatan trikoma (Sampaio et al., 2014). ...
The Solanaceae family has 1,300 genera distributed in the sub-tropics and tropics. In Indonesia, the genus of the Solanaceae family is used as a source of food and medicine. Solanaceae as plants used for food, medicine and health care, require a precise and accurate identification process. Automatic plant identification can use visual morphological characteristics. Environmental conditions such as extreme temperatures, drought, and water stress cause plants to adapt. The adaptation process can induce morphological changes, this study aims to study the morphological characters of solanaceae in the karst area, the hills of the menorah samigaluh Yogyakarta. The data collection method uses Visual Encounter Census (VES) by purposive sampling. Data analysis was carried out in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results obtained three genera, and 7 species (Solanum melongena, Solanum torvum, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum diphyllum, Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Physalis angulata). There are 23 morphological characters used as a reference in identifying species of Solanaceae members.
... In cross-section, the epidermis is uniseriate on both surfaces (Figures 1g-h), with rectangular and rounded cells, being larger on the adaxial side and covered by a thin cuticle. The sinuous pattern of the cell walls observed on both surfaces of N. physalodes coincides with that previously recorded for the species by Nurit-Silva K [10], being the most frequent pattern in Solanaceae [8], and observed in other genera of the family, such as Nicotiana L. [23], Capsicum [24], and Solanum [25,26]. ...
... Mesophyll and Leaf Margin: The leaf, in cross section, presents a dorsiventral mesophyll ( Figure: 1g-h), with a palisade parenchyma uniseriate and the 3-4-seriate of spongy parenchyma, with cells of irregular sizes. According to Metcalfe CR [8], the dorsiventral mesophyll with palisade parenchyma is a common pattern in the Solanaceae family, previously observed in N. physalodes by Ferreira EA [9,10], and in other genus of family [22,26,[28][29][30][31]33] The leaf margin has a rounded edge, slightly revolute ( Figure 1h). Maple anatomy had not been previously studied for N. physalodes by Ferreira EA [9] and Nurit-Silva K [10]. ...
Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn is a sub-shrub used in folk medicine for various purposes, as it is also considered a toxic plant. Due to its ethnobotanical importance, a study of vegetative organs (leaves, stem, root) of this species was carried out, for its micromorphological and histochemical characterization, with the objective of finding parameters to support the taxonomy and quality control of their ethnodrugs. Paradermic and cross sections were carried out on fresh samples of leaves, stem and root, from the plant collected in the municipality of Bananeiras, State of Paraíba, Brazil, as well as histochemical tests with specific conductors, following the usual techniques in botanical anatomy. It was observed that N. physalodes has an amphistomatic leaf blade, anisocytic and anomocytic stomata, 1-serial epidermis, sinuous anticlinical cell walls, dorsiventral mesophyll, 1-serial palisade parenchyma and the 3-4-serial spongy border; biconvex midrib, bicolateral, arched; semicircular petiole with lateral, adaxial projections, 5-6-seriate collenchyma and vascular system similar to the midrib, 2 central bundles and 2 accessories in the lateral projections. The stem is irregularly pentagonal, epidermis 1-seriate, angular collenchyma 3-4-seriate, prismatic crystals are observed in the cortex and medullary parenchyma, and the vascular system is amphiphilic siphonostelic. The root is circular, with the endoderm 1-serial, siphonostelic vascular system. Histochemical tests showed a positive reaction for lipids, lignin, starch, alkaloids, phenolic compounds and proteins in the rib, petiole and stem. The anatomical character set of the leaf epidermis, stem and root together with the histochemical data are distinctive for N. physalodes, who support her taxonomy and the quality control of her ethnodrugs.
... Eight different types of trichomes were distinguished based on their length, number of stalk cells and basal cells, and the absence or presence of glands. Many studies have used the great diversity of trichomes in Solanum as diagnostic characters for the systematics of the genus, and for specific and infrageneric delimitation (Peiffer et al., 2009;Weinhold and Baldwin, 2011;Burrows et al., 2013;Sampaio et al., 2014;Kariyat et al., 2018). According to Boulos (2002) Solanum species are herbs, shrubs, climbers without tendrils, or small trees. ...
... Eight different types of trichomes were distinguished based on their length, number of stalk cells and basal cells, and the absence or presence of glands. Many studies have used the great diversity of trichomes in Solanum as diagnostic characters for the systematics of the genus, and for specific and infrageneric delimitation (Peiffer et al., 2009;Weinhold and Baldwin, 2011;Burrows et al., 2013;Sampaio et al., 2014;Kariyat et al., 2018). According to Boulos (2002) Solanum species are herbs, shrubs, climbers without tendrils, or small trees. ...
Trichomes are extensions of the epidermis, frequently used as diagnostic traits for determining plant species. Solanum L., 1753 is a widespread and taxonomically complex genus. Although the genus Solanum has been the subject of numerous types of research, little attention has been given to the trichomes of the wild species found in Egypt. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to examine trichome types in ten wild Solanum species and assess their taxonomic importance. Using light, scanning electron microscopy and line drawings, indumentum characteristics on the abaxial leaf surface are investigated. The results showed a wide range of variation in trichome density on a 1 mm2 area of leaf blade (sparse, moderate, and dense), nature (glandular or non-glandular, simple or stellate), and structure (number of composing cells in simple non-glandular and glandular stalk and head; the number of radiating rays in stellate hairs). SEM revealed the existence of unique wax structures, including warty granules in addition to flakes. Our observations are consistent with the general characteristics of the subgenus Leptostemonum and the subgenus Solanum. This work provides strong evidence for the separation and interspecific delimitation of the investigated Solanum species using trichome morphology as a significant taxonomic trait.
... Plant anatomy has proved to be an important tool for angiosperm taxonomy, especially if the specimens to be studied are not fertile when collected (Metcalfe and Chalk 1950;Dickison 1975;Judd et al. 2009). According to Dickison (2000), several anatomical characters of the epidermis (such as epicuticular waxes, the cuticle, and the morphology of the epidermal cell walls) as well as its appendages (trichomes and stomata) can contribute to elucidate systematic and phylogenetic relationships in different groups of plants (including groups such as genus Solanum L. (Nurit- Silva and Agra 2011;Nurit-Silva et al. 2012;Sampaio et al. 2014), Scrophulariaceae (Ullah et al. 2020), the tribe Bignonieae (Lopes- , and Fritillaria L. (Liliaceae) (Kandemir et al. 2022)). ...
... According to Fahn (1974), the use of trichomes in taxonomy is well established, and some families can be easily identified by the presence of a specific type of trichomes. Those characters can also be important for differentiating genera and species in Leguminosae, as reported for Mimosa L. (Flores-Cruz et al. 2004), and as a support for the proposition of a new species of this genus (Mendes et al. 2021), Lathyrus (Kahraman et al. 2014), Crotalaria (Devecchi et al. 2014), Chamaecrista (Francino et al. 2015), Lotus (Zareh et al. 2017), and Senna (Souto et al. 2021), as well as in other groups of Angiosperms, such as in the genus Solanum (Nurit- Silva and Agra 2011;Nurit-Silva et al. 2012;Sampaio et al. 2014), for example. ...
Senna ser. Bacillares comprises approximately 50 species, 23 of which are found in Brazil. Micromorphological studies of the leaflet epidermis were performed on ten species of Senna ser. Bacillares collected in the Atlantic Forest north of the São Francisco River, in Northeastern Brazil, to identify qualitative and quantitative characters supporting their taxonomy. All species showed an uniseriate epidermis, hypostomatic leaflets, and more than one type of stomata (the paracytic type being predominant). Different types of epicuticular waxes were observed, including microplatelets as rosettes (characteristic of Fabaceae), fissured layers, and membranous platelets. A glabrous epidermis on both surfaces was characteristic of S. splendida, and disperse trichomes were observed on the abaxial surface of S. quinquangulata. Straight to curved anticlinal cell walls were observed in most species, the curved pattern was exclusive to S. quinquangulata and sinuous types on the abaxial surfaces of S. macranthera and S. splendida. A papillose epidermis on the abaxial surface was common to seven species. Four types of stomata were observed, including the anomotetracytic type, which has not been previously reported in Senna. Spherical crystals and crystal sand are reported here for Senna for the first time. Those sets of micromorphological characters provide additional subsidies for the taxonomy of Senna ser. Bacillares, as well as for the genus Senna.
... Solanum rugosum Dunal is a species of the Solanaceae family, a vegetative plant grown in tropical areas of America and Africa [43]. Solanum rugosum has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of sores [44] and is also used for Buruli ulcer treatment in West Africa, when leaves are dried and powdered, and applied directly to the Buruli ulcer lesion [21,37]. ...
Agriculture is considered the primary source of income and livelihood in Africa. It is rational for people to look around their environment for food and medicine. The African legacy regarding the traditional use of medicinal plants is vast and diverse, due to cultural myths and economic logic. This review briefly defines the neglected tropical diseases and surveys African medicinal plants used for neglected tropical diseases. In Africa, people may share several plants for similar diseases, e.g., Nicotiana tabacum L. and Ricinus comminus L. are used for treating Buruli ulcer infection. Folkloric African plants for the treatment of bacterial, fungal, and viral neglected tropical diseases are listed and reported in the first parts. Medicinal plants for curing parasitic neglected tropical diseases are tabulated. A plethora of medicinal plants and bioactive compounds and their preparation methods, such as macerations and boiling are reported. This report reflects the richness of Africa with medicinal plants and herbal preparations being used for the treatment of various diseases, including neglected tropical diseases. Scientific investigation of these plants has yet to be conducted to isolate the active components and determine any toxic activities. Besides, knowledge of the mechanism of action behind these beneficial effects is highly required. This review will draw the attention of pharmaceutical companies and research institutions to examine the plants presented here for further laboratory analysis and experiments.
... In siratro, both upper and lower epidermal cells are irregular-shaped with more grooves than lower epidermal cells of phasey bean. The irregular-shaped epidermal cell showed an identical shape to the typical epidermal cell in Solanum [17]. The shape and size of the epidermal cell can be affected by environmental conditions, such as temperature, soil, nutrient, and humidity [8]. ...
... The epidermal that has more than one type of stomata was rarely reported. Some species of wild tomato (Solanum spp.) have two types of stomata, anisocytic and anomocytic [17]. In bananas (Musa acuminata), the type of stomata can be classified as paracytic and hexacytic [20]. ...
Phasey bean (Macroptilium lathyroides) and siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum) are introduced legumes that become a common species in pastureland. The nutritional content of these legumes has been explored, but on the contrary for the anatomical study. The anatomical traits, especially leaf epidermal, have been used to increase the understanding of taxonomical study. This study aimed to investigate the leaf epidermal variability among phasey bean and siratro. The method used longitudinal section for upper and lower epidermal, then stained in safranin 0,1%. The results show that the upper epidermal in phasey bean has a polygonal epidermal cell, while the lower part and both parts of siratro have irregular-shaped. The type of stomata in the upper epidermal of phasey bean is paracytic and the lower epidermal is paracytic and anomocytic. Both epidermal sides in siratro have paracytic and anomocytic stomata. The index of stomata in phasey bean is higher than siratro, but the index of trichomes in phasey bean is lower than siratro. The trichomes were only absent in the upper epidermal of the phasey bean. Both plants have similar types of trichomes: capitate glandular trichomes and linear non-glandular trichomes.
... Leaf anatomical and epidermal characters provided useful information for taxonomy and delimitation of Solanum species (de Rojas 2007, Nurit-Silva et al. 2012, Roe 1972, Sampaio et al. 2014. Previous studies reported single layer of the epidermis in both surfaces of different Solanum species (Burrows et al. 2013, Kristić et al. 2002, Sanghvi et al. 2011. ...
... Different functions were documented for trichomes as defense barriers against the insect herbivores, cooling the leaf and reducing transpiration and leaf wettability (Brewer and Nuñez 2007, Kariyat et al. 2017, Skelton et al. 2012. The morphology of the trichome in Solanum was considered taxonomically important at infrageneric and interspecific levels (Adedeji et al. 2007, Nurit-Silva et al. 2012, Sampaio et al. 2014. Despite similar types of trichomes observed in Solanum species studied, stellate trichomes were only seen in taxa of subgen. ...
Solanum
(Solanaceae) comprises cultivated and wild plants with 1400 species in the world and 14 species in Iran. Solanum is a taxonomically complex genus due to morphological similarities, phenotypic plasticity and hybridisation. Limited studies were done on anatomical features of this important genus. In this project, 10 native and exotic species of Solanum in Iran belonging to two subgenera were examined anatomically. Leaf mesophyll and midrib and indumentum were analysed using light microscope. Hand-made cross section method and Toluidine blue as colouring agent were used. Characters as length and width of main vascular bundle, thickness of collenchyma, trichome density, thickness of parenchyma strand, thickness of lamina and length and shape of midrib were diagnostic features among species studied. In UPGMA tree and PCA ordination, species of two subgenera were separated from each other. Results of this study confirmed the taxonomic importance of anatomical characters in Solanum species studied.
... Tumbuhan Solanaceae terdiri dari beberapa tumbuhan seperti semak, liana (tumbuhan merambat, menggantung atau tumbuhan memanjat) dan jenis pohon. Ciri khas tumbuhan ini seringkali disertai duri pada beberapa taksa dan memiliki rambut daun (trikoma) berbentuk menyerupai bintang (gambar trikoma dapat dilihat pada Sampaio et al., 2014). Bentuk daun kebanyakan tumbuhan solanaceae adalah daun sederhana, menyirip atau bergerigi "ternate" dan umumnya berbentuk spiral dan menjuntai. ...
... Gejala yang tampak pada tanaman bagian atas adalah layu pada daun disertai klorosis dan tanaman pada akhirnya menjadi kerdil. (Mulyadi et al., 2003). ...
Hama dan penyakit tumbuhan merupakan jenis organisme pengganggu tumbuhan (OPT) yang sangat merugikan secara ekonomis. Tanaman dikatakan sakit, jika tanaman tidak dapat menjalankan fungsi fisiologisnya dengan baik, sehingga berdampak pada penurunan hasil produksi bahkan gagal panen dan menyebabkan tanaman mati. Dengan mengetahui jenis hama dan penyakit utama apa saja yang ada dan menyerang pertanaman kita di lapangan, kita dapat membedakan mana gejala serangan yang disebabkan oleh hama dan mana yang diinfeksi oleh penyakit berupa cendawan, bakteri, virus dan nematoda, kita mengetahui strategi apa saja yang tepat dan dapat dilakukan untuk tindakan pencegahan dan pengendalian terhadap hama dan penyakit yang menyerang pertanaman kita di lapangan, sedini mungkin kerusakan dan kerugian yang ditimbulkan akibat serangan dari hama dan penyakit dapat dihindari, sehingga kita dapat meningkatkan hasil produksi tanaman.
... Previously, anisocytic stomata were termed cruciferous because this arrangement is typical of crucifers such as A. thaliana (Metcalfe and Chalke, 1957). Wild tomato (Solanum spp.) may also have both anomocytic and anisocytic stomata ( Figure 2B; Sampaio et al., 2014). Comparison of the physiological responses of different adjacent stomata -those with and without subsidiary cells -in species such as A. thaliana or tomato would help illustrate the functional contributions of subsidiary cells in a species where only subtle morphological differences exist. ...
Few evolutionary adaptations in plants were so critical as the stomatal complex. This structure allows transpiration and efficient gas exchange with the atmosphere. Plants have evolved numerous distinct stomatal architectures to facilitate gas exchange, while balancing water loss and protection from pathogens that can egress via the stomatal pore. Some plants have simple stomata composed of two kidney-shaped guard cells; however, the stomatal apparatus of many plants includes subsidiary cells. Guard cells and subsidiary cells may originate from a single cell lineage, or subsidiary cells may be recruited from cells adjacent to the guard mother cell. The number and morphology of subsidiary cells varies dramatically, and subsidiary cell function is also varied. Subsidiary cells may support guard cell function by offering a mechanical advantage that facilitates guard cell movements, and/or by acting as a reservoir for water and ions. In other cases, subsidiary cells introduce or enhance certain morphologies (such as sunken stomata) that affect gas exchange. Here we review the diversity of stomatal morphology with an emphasis on multi-cellular stomata that include subsidiary cells. We will discuss how subsidiary cells arise and the divisions that produce them; and provide examples of anatomical, mechanical and biochemical consequences of subsidiary cells on stomatal function.
