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Scanning electron micrographs of PVC and the derivatives of PVC resin after the chemical modification. (a) & (b) PVC, (c) & (d) PVC-TS, (e) & (f) PVC-TU and (g) & (h) PVC-S.
Source publication
Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was surface-modified with three different ionomers including thiosulphate, thiourea and sulphate for improving the biocompatibility of the polymer. All ionomers were prepared by the nucleophilic substitution using a phase transfer catalyst. Modified forms of PVC were characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectr...
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Context 1
... typically observed for S. epidermidis and S. aureus. 10 Similarly, Lakshmi et al. showed an enhancement in the degree of hydrophobicity of the plasticized PVC upon surface modi- cation with thiosulphate and found that the modied PVC exhibited signicantly greater hemolytic activity as well as lower cellular adhesion with broblast cells. 19 Fig. 4 shows SEM images of PVC residues modied with thiosulphate, thiourea and sulphite. No signicant difference in the surface morphology of the pure and modied PVC particles was observed in the SEM images. Irregular and uneven particle morphologies were prominently observed in all cases. However, a notable difference in the wettability ...
Context 2
... by contact angle measurements of the polymer lms. The modied PVC surface was found to be more hydrophilic as demonstrated by a signicant decrease in the water contact angles. Similarly, their surface charge varies quite distinctly though the surface morphology of the pure PVC particles appears similar to that of the treated PVC particles (Fig. 4). The modied PVC particles show a highly charged surface due to the presence of ionic groups. Thus, the results indicate that nucleophilic substitution with ionomers viz. thiosulphate, thiourea and sulphite, does not alter the morphology of the PVC surface, yet signicantly affects the wettability of the PVC ...
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Citations
... Surface engineering and modification becomes an important strategy to allow medical-device designers to retain desirable bulk properties while improving the biocompatibility [9,10]. There are many methods of surface modifications ranging from chemical [11,12] and physical [13,14] modifications of the original surface, and to the use of coatings as a biologicalcontacting layer [15,16]. Physical modification results in a change in the topography or morphology of the surface with little to no change in the chemistry, while chemical treatment results in surface functionalization, oxidization, or ion infusion, for example [17]. ...
Biomaterial associated microbial infection and blood thrombosis are two of the barriers that inhibit the successful use of implantable medical devices in modern healthcare. Modification of surface topography is a promising approach to combat microbial infection and thrombosis without altering bulk material properties necessary for device function and without contributing to bacterial antibiotic resistance. Similarly, the use of other antimicrobial techniques such as grafting poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) and nitric oxide (NO) release also improve the biocompatibility of biomaterials. In this review, we discuss the development of surface texturing techniques utilizing ordered submicron-size pillars for controlling bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, and we present combinatorial approaches utilizing surface texturing in combination with poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafting and NO release to improve the biocompatibility of biomaterials. The manuscript also discusses efforts towards understanding the molecular mechanisms of bacterial adhesion responses to the surface texturing and NO releasing biomaterials, focusing on experimental aspects of the approach.
... The bands at 607 and 634 cm −1 are attributed to long planar syndiotactic sequences. The broad band between 670 and 710 cm −1 region is attributed to carbon-chlorine stretching of noncrystalline structures (meaning two possible isotactic and syndiotactic conformations of C-Cl pairs) in PVC [17,18]. ...
Fatty acid derivatives are considered promising eco-friendly plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resin, an alternative to petroleum-based plasticizers. In particular, biologically active fatty amides seem especially attractive additives for PVC, which may combine the properties of plasticizer and antimicrobial agent.
In this study, tertiary fatty amide, N,N-dibutyloleamide (DBOA) was synthesized and evaluated as dual functional additive for PVC. Homogeneous PVC/DBOA composite films were prepared by solvent casting. According to the results of differential scanning calorimetry analysis, the introduction of DBOA (20 and 30 wt%) into PVC reduced its glass transition temperature by 31 °C and 37 °C, respectively. This reveals limited plasticizing effect of DBOA on PVC, which is common for secondary plasticizers. PVC/DBOA films also showed improved elasticity, which manifests as an increase in elongation at break by 70–80% compared with neat polymer. The thermal degradation point of PVC/DBOA blends is higher than the actual temperature of PVC processing by common methods. The additive has also good resistance to leaching by water.
Antimicrobial activity of DBOA was studied by common disc diffusion method against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, including clinically resistant isolates. The compound was found to be active against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, as well as Acinetobacter baumannii. Overall, the obtained results indicate that DBOA is a promising additive for PVC resin, since it can play a role of both plasticizer and antibacterial agent. PVC/DBOA blends may have great potential as new performance materials for medical and domestic purposes.
... The absorption peak around 1459 cm −1 attributed to the bending vibration of H-O-H from the adsorbed H 2 O [42]. Figure 2b shows the FTIR spectrum of pristine PVC. The band at 955 cm −1 corresponds to the rocking vibration of CH 2 and the band at 1324 cm −1 is due to the -CH 2 deformation while the band at 1428 cm −1 represents the wagging of methylene groups in PVC [43]. The FTIR spectrum of pristine PVDF is shown in Fig. 2c. ...
The current work deals with the synthesis and characterization of strontium titanate (SrTiO3) nanoparticles reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blend nanocomposite films prepared via a solution casting approach. The structural, thermal, morphological characteristics of the PVC/PVDF/SrTiO3 nanocomposite films were explored through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy- FTIR, X-ray diffraction–XRD, thermogravimetric analysis–TGA, scanning electron microscopy–SEM and atomic force microscopy–AFM. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency (SE) of the PVC/PVDF/SrTiO3 nanocomposite films were investigated in Ku-band (12–18 GHz). The EMI shielding result demonstrated the enhancement in EMI SE values with an increase in the SrTiO3 loading. The PVC/PVDF/SrTiO3 nanocomposite exhibits the maximum EMI SE values \(\sim\) − 12.51 dB at 10 wt% of SrTiO3 loading. These findings affirm the dominating absorption behaviour of the nanocomposite (73.9%) with an overall shielding ability of 99.6% and negligible transmittance.
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This work reports a novel approach to monitor Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) biomarker with molecular-imprinting technology assembled on a conductive glass surface. For this purpose, the polymerization was achieved by electrical stimulus on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)-glass modified with a homemade carbon ink (hCCI). The biomimetic material was assembled on top of this surface, by moulding CEA at the molecular level around a polyaminophenol (PAP) polymeric matrix. The CEA biomarker was previously incubated in the presence or not of aminophenylboronic acid (APBA), to evaluate the effect of negative charges at the rebinding site. Then, aminophenol (AP) monomer was electropolymerized on the modified FTO glass, acting as working electrode. The template was removed by enzymatic action. Likewise, a control material having only PAP and no CEA was also prepared.
The resulting sensing films were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV), and the chemical modifications on these after each stage of the assembly process was followed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies. Imprinted devices displayed good linear responses to CEA in EIS assays from 2.5 ng/mL to 1.5 μg/mL in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). A promising detection of CEA was, also, achieved in spiked foetal bovine serum (FBS) samples, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3 ng/mL.
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... Functionalization of PVC was performed using thiosulphate, thiourea and sulphite via the nucleophilic substitution method. 68 To obtain the functionalized polymer, PVC was dissolved in THF and its prepared lm was used as a control. For obtaining the modied PVC lms, 10 g of PVC was dissolved in aqueous solutions of various solutes, including 3 M sodium thiosulphate, 7 M thiourea and 7 M sodium sulphite at room temperature. ...
... According to Autian (1975), 70 the maximum value of haemolysis for a biocompatible material is 5%, which was fullled by all the prepared nanocomposites, i.e., PVC-TS, PVC-TU and PVC-S. 68 Additionally, all the polymer nanocomposites exhibited a haemolysis value within the normal limit (below 5%). Fig. 1 shows that the haemolysis value for PVC-2 was nearly 4.4% and that for the PVC-TS-1, PVC-TS-1.5 and PVC-TS-2 composites was 2.7%, 3.7% and 4.1%, respectively. ...
The aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of functionalized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites. The biocompatibility of the LDH-based nanocomposites of thiosulphate PVC (TS-PVC), thiourea PVC (TU-PVC) and sulphite PVC (S-PVC) was assessed via haemolysis and thrombogenicity tests followed by the analysis of cellular adhesion and proliferation. The MTT assay was performed on cells in direct contact with the polymeric nanocomposites to evaluate the side effects of the biomaterials. The cellular morphology of mouse mesenchymal stem cells was also analyzed after incubation with direct contact with the functionalized polymer nanocomposites for different time periods. Although the results of the haemolysis test displayed a positive influence of LDH on the functionalized PVC compared to the neat PVC, the thrombogenic property was observed to be notably decreased, which indicated improved blood compatibility. The resulting LDH samples were also studied for their performance via fluorescence imaging of cells after incubation with the materials. The LDH-based polymers exhibited an excellent level of cytocompatibility, which validates their use as biomaterials. PVC-TU/LDH-2 and PVC-S-2 were found to be notably less cytotoxic for the tested cell type. Also, the cells were found to adhere better to the entire PVC-S/LDH nanocomposite surface. The cytotoxicity test also revealed that the PVC-TU/LDH and PVC-S/LDH nanocomposites exhibited similar responses. The fluorescence-based image analysis showed that cells were spread much more on the polymer surface containing a higher LDH weight percentage. Overall, this study provides a benchmark for the biocompatibility properties of PVC/LDH nanocomposites, which may be useful for numerous applications in the biomedical and related areas.
... The peaks of PVC at 1065, 1253, 1426, and 2972 cm −1 were specified to CeC stretching, CeH bending of CHCl, a methylene group and CeH stretching (Fig. 3a). The stretching vibrations of CeCl bond were located at 637-694 cm −1 [33]. ...
This paper describes the preparation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) nanocomposites (NCs) reinforced with modified zirconia (ZrO2) nanoparticles (NPs). The ZrO2 NPs were defined as efficient filler for PVC NCs. For achieving the best dispersion and improvement of properties, the surface of ZrO2 NPs was modified by Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). Carboxylic acids and amines are important functional groups of BSA which handle the grafting BSA on the surface of ZrO2 NPs. The PVC/ZrO2-BSA NCs were fabricated by incorporation of various amounts of the ZrO2-BSA NPs (3, 6 and 9 wt%) into PVC matrix. All the above processes were accomplished by ultrasonication as a green and environmentally-friendly method. Also, the magnetic and mechanical stirrer was used for the preparation of samples but the results are not suitable and the aggregation was observed which indicated the use of ultrasonic irradiation is the best method for the preparation of NC. The products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Thermogravimetric analysis, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, wettability, and mechanical tests. The achieved PVC/ZrO2-BSA NCs showed high thermal stability, good mechanical, optical and wettability properties compared to the pure PVC. In addition, among the obtained NCs, the PVC/ZrO2-BSA NC 6 wt% showed the best improvement.
... The contact angles were measured for each sample for at least six to ten times. The averages are taken in Table 3. Contact angle for the pure PVC was nearly 82° [50]. The surfaces of neat PVC are mostly rich in C-C, C-H, and C-Cl and make it hydrophobic [51]. ...
In this work, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/CuO-VB1(vitamin B1) nanocomposite (NC) films were prepared by solution casting method. For this purpose, CuO nanoparticles (NPs) were chosen as an appropriate nano-filer to incorporate into the PVC matrix. To prevent aggregation and make NPs more compatible with the polymer matrix, surface modification of NPs was performed. Thiamine (vitamin B1) is a biological molecule used as a bio-safe modifier. Then, PVC/CuO-VB1 NCs were obtained by addition of different weight percentages (3, 5, and 7 wt%) of modified NPs into the PVC matrix under ultrasonic irradiation. The prepared NCs were examined using various techniques. The results confirmed that relative changes in the obtained data and morphology, as the concentration of nano-filler was increased. Furthermore, incorporating the NPs into PVC caused an increase in thermal stability of NCs as compared to neat PVC. FE-SEM and TEM morphological analysis showed good compatibility of modified CuO with the PVC matrix. The contact angle results verified that hydrophilicity of NCs increased by adding fillers into the polymer matrix. Finally, addition of NPs into the PVC matrix had influenced on optical absorption and mechanical behaviors of PVC.
... It is well known that PVC is one of the most widely used thermoplastics in the world, and a large amount of this engineering polymer is manufactured worldwide for its unique properties such as fluid plasticity, excellent chemical stability to acids and bases, low production costs, flame retardancy, and its compatibility with various additives [1,6] . PVC is utilized in durable applications, such as membranes [8,9] , biomedical fields (e.g., heart-lung by-passes, catheters, cannulae, needle hubs, hemodialysis, and endotracheal tubes) [10,11] , packaging industries, pipes, window profiles, house siding, coatings, wire cable insulation, flooring, decoration, textile, and many more [1] . ...
A new strategy for anhydride-functionalization of PVC is suggested. First, some chlorine groups of PVC were converted to phenylamine-oxy groups by a nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of a solvent composed of 4-aminophenol, K2CO3, and dry DMF at room temperature, in order to avoid cross-linking. The phenylamine-functionalized PVC was further reacted with maleic (MA), and 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid (BTCA) anhydrides. The chemical structures of all samples as representatives were characterized by FTIR, and NMR spectroscopies. The chemical compositions of the synthesized anhydride-functionalized PVC were investigated by elemental analysis, and their thermal behaviors were characterized by means of DSC, and TGA.
