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Scale formation in pipeline. The combined effect of high pressure and temperature with the high concentration of scale precursors dramatically decrease the efficiency of oil and gas production.
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Inhibitor products have been widely used to reduce both steel corrosion and scale deposition on pipelines, tubings and safety valves in critical offshore sites. Their simultaneous injection with brine has gradually increased the lifetime of production wells with incontestable benefits for the oil and gas industry. However, the large use of such add...
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... prevention of scale formation and corrosion damages in petroleum pipelines and facilities remains an important challenge (Figure 1). Several interconnected factors, such as (i) the seawater composition used for secondary and enhanced-recovery waterflooding operations; (ii) the formation water of oilfield; (iii) the gradients of temperature and pressure within pipelines are the origin of pipeline damages and the drop of extraction efficiency. ...
Context 2
... plot of data reveals some interesting details ( Figure 10): under condition a, the increments of CR1 chemicals does not affected the TRF intensity (constant and equal to 11.6 p.d.u.). Vice versa, the luminescence signal is proportional to the concentration of scale inhibitors (SC1) and the slope is equal to 0.22 ppm -1 . ...
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The oil and gas industry produces millions of barrels of crude oil and a byproduct called "produced water" daily. Unfortunately, this waste product is harmful to the environment, human health, and the industry itself. Produced water consists of a complex mixture of chemicals, including oil and production chemicals, which must be monitored to prevent economic and environmental problems. This review compiles the advances and existing sensors and technologies available to monitor production chemicals and oil in produced water. While traditional analytical methods require expensive benchtop instruments and trained personnel, they also struggle to fully characterize the complex nature of produced water samples. Developing field-deployable sensors capable of providing quick, user-friendly, and cost-effective analyses of produced water is a crucial and challenging task. Such sensors stand out by allowing prompt decision-making against nonconformities, thus helping to prevent environmental issues, and save time and money for the industry.
... • Rising Interest → Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Tracer detection, good alternative to current technologies such GC-MS/LC-Ms (Agenet, Perriat et al. 2012, Marais, Martini et al. 2016, Ellis, Askar et al. 2017 • Improved Detection Methods: Use long-lived fluorescent tracers with Time-Resolved Spectroscopy Amide Imide = ...
A screening of different studies reported within the Oil&Gas sector, evidenced a particular interest for silica and carbon-based nanotracers (Agenet et al., 2012; Murugesan et al.; 2016, Yu et al., 2010). The use of silica
NPs as tracer is already patented for several specific applications and most of the studies refer to such particles as sensors for obtaining in-situ data to increase the level of reservoir understanding: pH/temperature
sensors (Agenet et al.., 2012; Murugesan et al., 2017; Pedersen, 2018; Perriat et al., 2014). Very few studies have reported on nanoparticle behaviour in petroleum reservoirs and, to the authors’ knowledge, only carbon
based NPs have been tested in a real oil-formation (Kanj, et al., 2011; Kosynkin and Alaskar, 2016). However, there is still a need for understanding the results and outputs resulting from these two field tracer tests
carried-out in a carbonate reservoir in Saudi Arabia (single- and inter-well testing) (Alqahtani et al., 2018). Especially, the purification process after producing the nanoparticles and the formation of a stable dispersion are
crucial steps before injection into the reservoir (Alaskar and Kosynkin, 2017). In addition, there is also a need to consider critically the handling of the produced fluid samples and how the contents of nanoparticles can be
correctly analyzed. Thus, despite of the great industrial enthusiasm raised by nanoparticles, several challenges and questions remain on their stability and flooding behaviour in heterogeneous porous media.
This presentation will be focused on the limitations encountered by nanoparticles as reservoir tracers with an emphasis on silica and C-dots nanoparticles for tracer reservoir
applications. It will be oriented towards a constructive discussion on how to improve their: (i) colloidal stability and (ii) detectability (fluorescent NPs).
With changes in environmental regulations a number of operators have moved from seawater injection to produced water reinjection and others have used produced water reinjection as a way to reduce/mitigate the potential sulphate scale risk by reducing the amount of sulphate rich seawater being injected into their reservoirs.
The paper will focus on three case study fields looking into the control of the scale risk within the topside process, water injector wells and the evolving scale risk within the production wells.
Data from North Sea fields will be presented which shows the challenge experienced within the production wells as initial injected seawater (or low sulphate seawater) is displaced by injected produced water. The change in produced water composition with time showed a significant extension in the scale risk envelope due to produced water reinjection with respect to sulphate scale formation relative to what would have been expected with only seawater injection. The expected trend of reducing barium ion concentration with time was reversed with produced water breakthrough (enhancing the barium and strontium ion concentrations) leading to a much longer period over which scale squeeze treatments were required to be applied.
Along with the prolonged scale risk envelope the tracking of scale squeeze treatments became a challenge due to production of degraded phosphonate scale inhibitor which was present in the produced water (topside scale inhibitor and re injected squeeze scale inhibitor) leading to uncertainty in the actual scale squeeze inhibitor concentration where phosphonate scale inhibitor was being utilised.
The lessons learned from this study are that changes in scaling potential within a PWRI system require to be carefully assessed prior to the onset of PWRI. While control of scale issues within the topside process and water injector wells has proved easy to predict and manage, the extended scale risk and challenges of tracking squeeze treatment performance need to be considered as this may present a significantly higher operation cost for effective scale management.
L'étude de la dispersion de matériaux inorganiques dans des médias organiques et aqueux est un facteur déterminant pour leur mise en œuvre industrielle. Ces matériaux trouvent leur application dans de nombreux domaines allant de l'industrie pétrolière à celle du polissage. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la stabilité de ces matériaux dans des médias tels que : (i) les solvants aqueux utilisés pour la formulation de suspensions abrasives, (ii) les eaux d'exploitations pétrolières et (iii) le pétrole brut et ses dérivés. Ceci dans le but d'améliorer les propriétés de luminescence de ces matériaux pour l'industrie pétrolière et les propriétés abrasives pour l'industrie du polissageNous avons ainsi développé des formulations stables de complexes de lanthanides (Ln) dérivés du DOTA et de nanoparticules (NPs) de sulfure de zinc dopées au manganèse, dans le but de tracer les eaux d'injections pétrolières. Ces matériaux ont été détecté par fluorescence en temps-résolu (TRF) et ce afin de contourner les problématiques liées à l'auto-fluorescence des produits pétroliers présents dans les eaux d'exploitation. Nous avons également étudié la dispersion de composés spécifiques dans des carburants, dans le but de proposer des nouveaux marqueurs anticontrefaçon pour le pétrole brut et ses dérivés. Enfin, nous avons cherché à améliorer la dispersion de nanoparticules de diamant dans des médias aqueux et ce afin d'optimiser l'efficacité des suspensions abrasives à base diamantées, utilisées pour le polissage du saphir plan a
A key part of the oilfield scale management toolbox is the ability to determine the concentration of residual scale inhibitors and scaling ions in produced waters. This data is essential to providing correct recommendations for how to manage and inhibit scale in a particular system, as well as monitoring the efficacy of scale management processes already in place.
The progression of analytical techniques over the last two decades has provided enhanced methods for accurate detection of ions and scale inhibitors to low limits of detection, however, correct detection of analytes present in a sample in the laboratory does not necessarily equal characterisation of the analytes in-system as they were present at the point of sampling.
The collation of a range of preservation techniques, each appropriate to a different group of analytes, forms the basis of this paper. The results of several field applications of incorrect sample preservation are outlined and the alternative preservation technique used to correct the analysis will be detailed.
The implication of using the correct preservation technique will be clearly shown to have an impact on scale management where it would lead to reduction of over treatment, leading to increased revenue, whilst also eliminating incorrectly scheduled early well interventions.
Environmental tracing applications require materials that can be detected in complex fluids composed of multiple phases and contaminants. Moreover, large libraries of tracers are necessary in order to mitigate memory effects and to deploy multiple tracers simultaneously in complex oil fields. Herein, we disclose a novel approach based on the thermal decomposition of polymeric nanoparticles comprised of styrenic and methacrylic monomers. Polymeric nanoparticles derived from these monomers cleanly decompose into their constituent monomers at elevated temperatures, thereby maximizing atom economy wherein the entire nanoparticle mass contributes to the generation of detectable units. A total of ten unique single monomer particles and three dual-monomer particles were synthesized using semi-continuous monomer starved addition polymerization. The pyrolysis gas chromatography – flame ionization detection/mass spectrometry (GC-FID/MS) behavior of these particles was studied using high pressure mass spectrometry. The programmable nature of our methodology permits simultaneous removal of contaminants and subsequent identification and quantification in a single analytical step.
