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Satureja parnassica subsp. sipylea (Marmara Island) A-B) Cross-section of stem, cu-cuticula, e-epidermis, co-collenchyma, p-parenchyma, c-cork, en-endodermis, ph-phloem, xy-xylem, ra-rays, pi-pith.
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Satureja. parnassica Heldr.et Sart. subsp. sipylea P.H. Davis is a subspecies endemic to Turkey. The anatomical, morphological, ecological and chemical features of S. parnassica subsp. sipylea have been investigated. Plant samples were collected from different regions in Turkey. The morphological features of various organs of the plant such as leaf...
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... The cambium is also not distinguishable. The xylem comprises of tracheas and tracheids. The tracheas are orbicular or ovoid while tracheids are poly- hedral. The xylem forms a large ring divided with uniseriate rays. The pith con- sists of large orbicular or polyhedral pa- renchymatous cells and the centre of pith often breaks into pieces (Figs. 8, 9). Leaves: Transverse sections of the leaf lamina (Figs. 10-13) and the midrib and surface preparations of both the epidermis layers (Fig. 7B) revealed the following ele- ...
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This study was designed to examine the in vitro antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanol extracts of Satureja macrosiphonia in pre-flowering and flowering stages. GC and GC-MS analyses of the essential oils resulted in the identification of 35 and 24 compounds, representing the 95.1% and 92.6% of the oils, respectively. Major consti...
Citations
... This information can be useful in identifying different species of Satureja plants, as well as understanding their adaptations to different environmental conditions. Several papers reported SEM analyses of Satureja species, mainly for S. hortensis L., and S. montana L. [26][27][28][29]. Indeed, these Satureja species are widely cultivated for their EO, which is synthesized and accumulated in glandular trichomes [6,30]. ...
Satureja pilosa Velen., S. coerulea Janka and S. kitaibelii Wierzb. ex Heuff. are Balkan endemic species, and they are distributed in restricted territories, primarily found in dry grasslands, rocky slopes, and stony habitats. This study presents the results of the first embryological and micromorphological analyses of three Satureja species (S. pilosa, S. kitaibelii, and S. coerulea) from the Bulgarian flora. The aim of this study was to establish the features of the male and female reproductive sphere, as well as surface characteristics of leaves, stem, and calyx in order to understand the mode of reproduction, character, size and state of species populations and delimitation. For the embryological study, flowers and flower buds in different developmental stages were collected from plants of natural populations and treated with the classic paraffin method. Reproductive capacity was assessed using the following approaches: (1) acetocarmine test for pollen viability, (2) tetrazolium test (TTZ) for seed viability, and (3) germination test. The surfaces characteristics of leaves, stem, and calyx were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result, the study revealed the structures of the male (M) and female (F) generative spheres as well as the processes of gamete development, pollination, and endosperm and embryo formation. It was found that the three Satureja species exhibited a high pollen viability but low seed viability and germination. The SEM analysis showed both common and distinct micromorphology features regarding epidermis, calyx and stem surfaces among the three Satureja species. Notably, the S. coerulea surfaces (leaves, calyx, stem) were clearly distinguishable from the other two Satureja species. Regarding the nutlet surfaces, it was observed that the exocarp surfaces of S. coerulea and S. kitaibelii have a reticulate convex type surface and comprise two types of cells: (1) highly bulging, bubble-like cells; and (2) flat cells with numerous striations. On the other hand, the exocarp of S. pilosa displayed rectangular or polygonal shapes without bubble-like cells, and it had a tabular to slightly convex type surface. Additionally, nutlets (seeds) of both S. coerulea and S. pilosa exhibited distinct papilla formations resembling non-glandular trichomes seen on the ends of the nutlets for S. coerulea and over the entire surface for S. pilosa. The characteristics of the embryological structures and processes, along with the absence of apomixis, characterized the three studied Satureja species as sexually reproducing. The established balanced processes and stable structures contribute to their high reproductive potential and population stability. However, these traits may also decrease their adaptability to environmental changes.
... Anatomical variations mainly concerned a loss in the regular arrangement of the leaf tissues, loss of the cell shape and chloroplast displacement (Figure 2). Fresh leaves showed the typical tissue layers (Figure 1, panel A), that is to say: upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis for mallow (Romitelli and Martins 2013), lemon balm (yen et al. 2017), mint (Oliveira et al. 2017) and upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, palisade mesophyll, lower epidermis for savory (Satil et al. 2002). In mallow leaves, after drying, tissues appeared disorganized with irregular cell shape and chloroplasts misplaced (Figure 2, panels B, C). ...
Herbs are processed by drying to decrease the moisture content and therefore to inhibit the growth of microorganisms, reducing the alterations during the storage and creating shelf-stable products. The drying of aromatic herbs has been carried out over the years as convective drying with hot air but information on the impact of this process at cellular level is still limited. In this work, conventional hot-air drying technique was compared to a cold drying method emerging in recent years to evaluate the cellular damages in four economically important aromatic herbs such as lemon balm, mint, mallow and savory. Results suggest that the two applied drying technologies differently affect the cellular structure in the diverse species, representing a basis for future researches in the optimization of the whole process and in decision making.
... Leaves of species classified in the subtribe Menthinae present indumentum characterized by the presence of glandular and non-glandular trichomes in both faces (Satil et al. 2002, Toledo et al. 2004, Novoa et al. 2005. In H. ringens diallelocytic, stomata were detected in both leaf faces in the blade and petiole. ...
... and Satureja L. genus. In the latter, stomata occur above epidermis level (Satil et al. 2002, Toledo et al. 2004, Novoa et al. 2005, Satil and Kaya 2007. Amphistomatic leaves are also found in Salvia nutans L. (Gürcan et al. 2016). ...
... A great overlap of characteristics is found in Lamiaceae genera, as mentioned for Salvia and Lamium (Bagherpour et al. 2010, Bercu et al. 2011, Erbano et al. 2012, Celep et al. 2014, Atalay et al. 2016, Özdemir et al. 2016. (Satil et al. 2002). Salvia divinorum Epling & Játiva stem presents degraded cells in pith centre forming a large cavity including internodes and being visible to the naked eye in adult organs (Kowalczuk et al. 2014). ...
The aim of this study was to describe the structural characterization of Hesperozygis ringens (Benth.) Epling vegetative organs. For this purpose, leaves, stems and roots of the endangered Lamiaceae were collected from a population located in Santo Antão, Santa Maria municipality, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Results demonstrated that the H. ringens leaf blade presents glandular and non-glandular trichomes as well as two morphs of diallelocytic stomata, which are usually found above the epidermis level. The petiole is concave on ventral face and convex on its dorsal face, containing glandular and non-glandular trichomes as well as stomata in the epidermis. These types of trichomes were also detected in the stem. In addition, the presence of intercellular spaces within the organ is highlighted. Stomata above epidermis level also occurred in the stem. Phenolic idioblasts were found in the cortical region of plant root and deposit of lipophilic substance was observed in phloem cells. Great amount of apparently two different crystals were detected in all organs. Information obtained in this study provides knowledge about the characterizationof H. ringens, which may be used to distinguish characters of taxa and can help understand the species survival in its occurrence sites.
... Our macro measurements of S. khuzestanica dried leaves (length and width), shown in Table 1, are similar to those previously described by Jamzad (1994) and Hadian et al. (2011), but different from the measurements reported by Kasyani Aval et al. (2012). Micromorphological analyses of Satureja species have been described in several publications (Satil et al., 2002(Satil et al., , 2003Redžić et al., 2006;Dunkić et al., 2007;Satil & Kaya, 2007;Marin et al., 2010Marin et al., , 2012. In all cases, Satureja species have non-glandular trichomes together with two types of glandular trichomes, classed as peltate and capitate, based on morphological characteristics (Fahn, 2000). ...
Dried leaves of Satureja khuzestanica Jamzad are a popular herbal medicine and dental anesthetic among the nomadic inhabitants of southwestern Iran. The present study establishes criteria for identification of S. khuzestanica dried whole, fragmented and powdered leaves for specification as a herbal substance using macroscopic and microscopic characterization. Quantitative microscopy techniques were also considered. Macroscopically leaves exhibit a grayish-green color, are broadly ovate in shape with an acute apex, attenuate base, and ciliate margin and have a surface covered by an indumentum of glandular and non-glandular trichomes. Microscopically leaves have an isobilateral amphistomatic structure containing peltate glandular trichomes consisting of a multiseriate stalk (five cells) and an enlarged secretory head composed of 12 cells, capitate glandular trichomes of variable morphology together with two types of non-glandular trichomes. Oval-shaped hygromorphic diacytic stomata with an adaxial stomatal index of 13.54, collateral vascular bundles consisting of xylem, and three layers of sclerenchymatous tissue close to phloem together with cluster, prismatic and raphide calcium oxalate crystals were also identified as useful pharmacognostic parameters for identification of S. khuzestanica dried leaves.
... The morphological characteristics of Satureja might be dependent on the type of habitat and due to the plasticity of their phenotypic characteristics and morphological similality, varying interpretation and evaluation of morphological characters lead to disagreement regarding the classification (Satil et al., 2002;Hadian et al.,2010). In such situations chemical characters may become very useful guides to taxonomists. ...
... Satureja species are used widely as a flavoring agent of food products and as a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The investigations of the essential oil composition and their antimicrobial activities are numerous, and has been done in some species in Croatia (Bezić et al., 2001;Dunkić et al., 2007;Husain et al., 1990), in Greece (Bosabalidis, 1990, and in Turkey (Dousti et al., 2009;Hadian et al., 2010;Satil et al., 2002), but morphological and ultrastructural studies are rare. Satureja montana L. savory is an aromatic species, used as a spice and as a traditional medicinal plant. ...
Considering the importance of S. montana L. as a medicinal plant, due to the essential oils produced in its glandular trichomes, and the lack of data about the leaf ultrastructure and micromorphology, we have carried out a comprehensive study of trichomes distributed in the vegetative and reproductive organs. Micromorphological and ultrastructural investigations of the glandular trichomes of Satureja montana L. and autofluorescence analyses of their secreted products were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal laser scanning electron microscopy (CLSM) and light fluorescence microscope. The leaves, stem and calyx bear numerous non-glandular, unbranched trichomes and two types of glandular trichomes - peltate and capitate. Ultrastructural analyses showed the presence of mitochondria, plastids and proliferations of the granular endoplasmatic reticulum in secretory phases of the heads of glandular trichomes. Strong red autofluorescence of the lipophilic and hydrophilic secreted material was observed with CLSM. Green-yellow autofluorescence of secreted material were noticed in peltate and capitate trichomes observed with a fluorescence microscope.
... Different types of markers have been used for taxonomic identification within the genus Satureja . The morphology and anatomy of different Satureja species have been examined for systematic purposes and to help separate similar species [15, 18,2021222324. Satil and Kaya [20] determined some distinguishing characters for Satureja species such as hair characteristics, protrusion (or lack thereof) of the midrib, vascular bundle structure , and mesophyll structure. ...
... This is a copy of the authorʼs personal reprint This is a copy of the authorʼs personal reprint b nificance of nutlet features in the genus Satureja has already been pointed out by Kaya et al. [18] and Husain et al. [21] . Also, the essential oil profiles and internal transcribed sequences (ITS) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA have been used for phylogenetic analysis of the Satureja species [23]. Furthermore, some Satureja species have been investigated by Oz-Aydin [24] using RAPD molecular markers. ...
The different species of the genus Satureja are known as "Marze Kohi" in Iran. Herbal drugs of these plants have long been used in traditional medicine, and some species are currently used in food and pharmaceutical industries. In the present work, the genetic diversity and affinities of several Satureja species were studied based on Selectively Amplified Microsatellite Polymorphic Loci (SAMPL) using five primer combinations. A total of 515 polymorphic DNA fragments were amplified, with a mean of 103 bands per assay. Among the species the maximum distance was observed between S. hortensis and S. Isophylla, while the maximum degree of similarity was obtained between S. rechingeri and S. khuzistanica. Cluster analysis was performed for all SAMPL data using the neighbor-joining method. All species for which multiple accessions were sampled were monophyletic with maximum bootstrap support. The investigated species were clustered in three main groups. In general, the relationships among Satureja species revealed by the cluster analysis were somewhat congruent with their geographical distributions.
Lavender (Lavandula sp.), thyme (Thymus sp. and Thymbra sp.), oregano (Origanum sp.), savory (Satureja sp.), mints (Mentha sp.), sage (Salvia officinalis and S. sclarea), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), rose (Rosa sp.), citrus (Citrus sp.), and bay laurel (Laurus nobilis) are species widely used as medicinal and aromatic plants. Their essential oils are a well-known resource of biological activities, applicable in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, as well as in agriculture. Due to developments in ecology and sustainability during the past two decades, hydrolates, which were considered waste material for a long time, are viewed as by-products with promising activity and applications. This chapter provides a review of these ten hydrolates, their chemical composition, and potential use.
Hymenocrater bituminosus Fissch. & C.A.Mey. is the only species of the genus Hymenocrater Fisch. & C.A-Mey. in Turkey. In this study, the morphological features of the species, such as stem, leaf, flower, and nutlet, are described in detail. The morphological results were compared to the Flora of Turkey, Flora Iranica, and Flora of the USSR. As a result of this study, the description of this species has been expanded, contributing to the knowledge of the flora of Turkey. In anatomical studies, transverse sections of stems and leaves were examined and are supported by illustrations and photographs. Furthermore, trichomes in stems, leaves, and calyces wqre investigated. Anatomical characters of the species were observed to be similar to the usual features of Lamiaceae anatomy.
Light yellowish, pleasant-smelling essential oils were obtained in 0.3%, 1.3%, and 0.8% yields from the aerial parts of S. cuneifolia Ten., M. thymifolia (Scop.) Fritsch., and M. dalmatica Benth, respectively. Thirty-four compounds were identified in the oil of M. dalmatica representing 98.7% of total oil composition, while in the oil of M. thymifolia, 21 were identified representing 78.2% of total oil composition. The major compounds in the oil of M. thymifolia included pulegone (50.4%), piperitenone (10.3%) and piperitenone oxide (4.3%), while the oil of M. dalmatica was rich in pulegone (26.7%), piperitenone (21.8%) and piperitenone oxide (25.4%). Fifty-five compounds were characterized in the oil of S. cuneifolia, representing 92.1% of total oil composition. Linalool (19.9%) and α-pinene (12.3%) were found to be the dominant compounds. Antimicrobial activity was noticed in all examined oils with MIC values ranging from 5.6–54 μg/mL. The most active was the oil of S. cuneifolia, which completely inhibited the growth of mostly all tested microorganisms at the lowest supplied concentration. Glandular trichomes (both peltate and capitate) and nonglandular, uniseriate, simple hairs were distributed on abaxial and adaxial surface of the leaves, calyces and stem in all examined species.
