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Sampling sites located at different areas from the Mexican Pacific. 1) Bahía de La Paz, 2) Los Cabos region, 3) Loreto, 4) Bahía de Los Ángeles, 5) Bahía Magdalena, 6) Bahía de Mazatlán, 7) Bahía de Acapulco, and 8) Salina Cruz.
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In this paper the distribution of the dinoflagellate Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca in different areas of the Mexican Pacific is depicted based on samples gathered during 2005-2010. This species is first recorded for Bahía de los Ángeles, Loreto and Bahía de Mazatlán in the Gulf of California, and in the southwest portion of the Mexican Pacific at B...
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... were collected at eight sites at the Pacific coast of Mexico ( Fig. 1): Bahía de La Paz, Los Cabos region, off Bahía Magda- lena, Loreto (Baja California Sur), Bahía de Los Ángeles (western Baja California), Bahía de Mazatlán (southeastern Gulf of Califor- nia), Bahía de Acapulco (central Mexican Pa- cific), and Salina Cruz (Gulf of Tehuantepec). However, this study was principally done at 2 sampling ...
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... and Spatulodinium have been reported (Okolodkov & Gárate-Lizárraga, 2006;GárateLizárraga et al., 2007GárateLizárraga et al., , 2009). The immature morphotype of S. pseudonoctiluca has the epicone, hypocone, cingulum and the sulcus well-differentiated (Figs. 3-8). Some gymno- dinioid stages of S. pseudonoctiluca showed a well-developed tentacle (Figs. 9-10). Mature morphotype of S. pseudonoctiluca has a ten- a ten- tacle that resembles that of Noctiluca (Figs. 11- 14). The mature cell of S. pseudonoctiluca has a subconical to round shape, deformed into a shallow cone by pushing in the left side so that the right side became somewhat convex. Ac- cording to Pouchet (1885), the entire ...
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... et al., , 2009). The immature morphotype of S. pseudonoctiluca has the epicone, hypocone, cingulum and the sulcus well-differentiated (Figs. 3-8). Some gymno- dinioid stages of S. pseudonoctiluca showed a well-developed tentacle (Figs. 9-10). Mature morphotype of S. pseudonoctiluca has a ten- a ten- tacle that resembles that of Noctiluca (Figs. 11- 14). The mature cell of S. pseudonoctiluca has a subconical to round shape, deformed into a shallow cone by pushing in the left side so that the right side became somewhat convex. Ac- cording to Pouchet (1885), the entire epicone is retractile and may almost completely disappear within the body, which is striated with radiating fibrils ...
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... (Figs. 11- 14). The mature cell of S. pseudonoctiluca has a subconical to round shape, deformed into a shallow cone by pushing in the left side so that the right side became somewhat convex. Ac- cording to Pouchet (1885), the entire epicone is retractile and may almost completely disappear within the body, which is striated with radiating fibrils (Figs. 11 and 13). This species is char- (Figs. 11 and 13). This species is char- . This species is char- This species is char- acterized by a very small epicone and in the noctilucoid or mature stage has a long unstri- ated tentacle projecting at a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the body, in the sulcal re- gion. The highly transparent ...
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... has a subconical to round shape, deformed into a shallow cone by pushing in the left side so that the right side became somewhat convex. Ac- cording to Pouchet (1885), the entire epicone is retractile and may almost completely disappear within the body, which is striated with radiating fibrils (Figs. 11 and 13). This species is char- (Figs. 11 and 13). This species is char- . This species is char- This species is char- acterized by a very small epicone and in the noctilucoid or mature stage has a long unstri- ated tentacle projecting at a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the body, in the sulcal re- gion. The highly transparent extracellular hemi- highly transparent ...
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... a very small epicone and in the noctilucoid or mature stage has a long unstri- ated tentacle projecting at a right angle to the longitudinal axis of the body, in the sulcal re- gion. The highly transparent extracellular hemi- highly transparent extracellular hemi- spherical dome, known as shell or 'coque' that emerges from the epicone is shown in Fig. 12. Some mature specimens tend to be round and others are slightly oval. The nucleus is round, and appeared as a pale area in the center of the cell (Fig. 14). In some specimens it was not easy to observe the undulated flagellum. Some Lugol-fixed mature stages of S. pseu- donoctiluca clearly showed the flagellum (Figs. 16, 21, 22, and ...
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... in the sulcal re- gion. The highly transparent extracellular hemi- highly transparent extracellular hemi- spherical dome, known as shell or 'coque' that emerges from the epicone is shown in Fig. 12. Some mature specimens tend to be round and others are slightly oval. The nucleus is round, and appeared as a pale area in the center of the cell (Fig. 14). In some specimens it was not easy to observe the undulated flagellum. Some Lugol-fixed mature stages of S. pseu- donoctiluca clearly showed the flagellum (Figs. 16, 21, 22, and 25). This species present an elongate tentacle which varied in length in the specimens observed in this study. Anterior to the tentacle, a small lip is ...
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... (Fig. 14). In some specimens it was not easy to observe the undulated flagellum. Some Lugol-fixed mature stages of S. pseu- donoctiluca clearly showed the flagellum (Figs. 16, 21, 22, and 25). This species present an elongate tentacle which varied in length in the specimens observed in this study. Anterior to the tentacle, a small lip is observed (Fig. 18). In general, length of mature stage cell of S. pseu- donoctiluca was 100-173 µm, and width was 89-120 µm; gymnodinioid stages observed in Bahía de La Paz were 90-190 µm ...
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... and from September through November 2010 in net phy- toplankton samples. Immature life stages of S. pseudonoctiluca were observed in March, April, and May 2009 and May, July and October 2010 (Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7-8, respectively). Mature specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca were first ob- served in this bay during a red tide occurred in June 2008 (Figs. 11 and 12). At Cuenca Alfon- At Cuenca Alfon- so, 18 mature specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca were identified from February through August and 4 and 2 cells in November and December 2010, respectively (Figs. 15 and 16). In the Los Cabos region, 6 and 8 mature specimens of this species were identified in July and Au- gust 2010, respectively (Figs. ...
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... 5, 6, and 7-8, respectively). Mature specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca were first ob- served in this bay during a red tide occurred in June 2008 (Figs. 11 and 12). At Cuenca Alfon- At Cuenca Alfon- so, 18 mature specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca were identified from February through August and 4 and 2 cells in November and December 2010, respectively (Figs. 15 and 16). In the Los Cabos region, 6 and 8 mature specimens of this species were identified in July and Au- gust 2010, respectively (Figs. 17 and 18). In Loreto, 2 mature specimens were observed in March 2008 and 2 in May, 2005. In Bahía de Los Ángeles 5 mature cells of S. pseudonocti- Fig. 23). In Bahía de Acapulco, 2 mature speci- mens were ...
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... (Figs. 11 and 12). At Cuenca Alfon- At Cuenca Alfon- so, 18 mature specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca were identified from February through August and 4 and 2 cells in November and December 2010, respectively (Figs. 15 and 16). In the Los Cabos region, 6 and 8 mature specimens of this species were identified in July and Au- gust 2010, respectively (Figs. 17 and 18). In Loreto, 2 mature specimens were observed in March 2008 and 2 in May, 2005. In Bahía de Los Ángeles 5 mature cells of S. pseudonocti- Fig. 23). In Bahía de Acapulco, 2 mature speci- mens were identified in November 2009 (Fig. 24). In Salina Cruz, 3 mature specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca and Spatulodinium sp. were identified from ...
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... general, in Bahía de La Paz, S. pseudonoctiluca occurred at temperatures Figs. 15-16 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca collected at Cuenca Alfonso. Figs. 17-18 show specimens from Los Cabos region. L in Fig. 18 indicates a small lip of S. pseudonoctiluca. Figs. 19-20 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca from Bahía de los Ángeles. Figs. 21-22 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca from Bahía Magdalena. Fig. 23 shows a ...
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... general, in Bahía de La Paz, S. pseudonoctiluca occurred at temperatures Figs. 15-16 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca collected at Cuenca Alfonso. Figs. 17-18 show specimens from Los Cabos region. L in Fig. 18 indicates a small lip of S. pseudonoctiluca. Figs. 19-20 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca from Bahía de los Ángeles. Figs. 21-22 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca from Bahía Magdalena. Fig. 23 shows a specimen of S. pseudonoctiluca found in Bahía de Mazatlán. Fig. 24 shows a ...
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... general, in Bahía de La Paz, S. pseudonoctiluca occurred at temperatures Figs. 15-16 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca collected at Cuenca Alfonso. Figs. 17-18 show specimens from Los Cabos region. L in Fig. 18 indicates a small lip of S. pseudonoctiluca. Figs. 19-20 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca from Bahía de los Ángeles. Figs. 21-22 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca from Bahía Magdalena. Fig. 23 shows a specimen of S. pseudonoctiluca found in Bahía de Mazatlán. Fig. 24 shows a specimen of S. pseudonoctiluca found in Bahía de ...
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... general, in Bahía de La Paz, S. pseudonoctiluca occurred at temperatures Figs. 15-16 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca collected at Cuenca Alfonso. Figs. 17-18 show specimens from Los Cabos region. L in Fig. 18 indicates a small lip of S. pseudonoctiluca. Figs. 19-20 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca from Bahía de los Ángeles. Figs. 21-22 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca from Bahía Magdalena. Fig. 23 shows a specimen of S. pseudonoctiluca found in Bahía de Mazatlán. Fig. 24 shows a specimen of S. pseudonoctiluca found in Bahía de Acapulco. Figs According to Gárate-Lizárraga et al. ...
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... general, in Bahía de La Paz, S. pseudonoctiluca occurred at temperatures Figs. 15-16 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca collected at Cuenca Alfonso. Figs. 17-18 show specimens from Los Cabos region. L in Fig. 18 indicates a small lip of S. pseudonoctiluca. Figs. 19-20 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca from Bahía de los Ángeles. Figs. 21-22 show specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca from Bahía Magdalena. Fig. 23 shows a specimen of S. pseudonoctiluca found in Bahía de Mazatlán. Fig. 24 shows a specimen of S. pseudonoctiluca found in Bahía de Acapulco. Figs According to Gárate-Lizárraga et al. (2009;2010a;2010b), heterotrophic dinoflagellates have become an important component ...
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... small unidentified cell of diatoms (not illustrated), a cell of Prorocentrum sp. (Fig. 26), and some other inclusions were observed in some specimens. Gómez et al. (2010) have shown chloroplasts in S. pseudonoctiluca us- ing epiflourescence microscopy. In our study, some spherical green inclusions were found in both immature and mature stages (Figs. 3-10). Some red spots were found in immature stages ( Fig. 9). Koike et al. (2005) suggest that stud- ies of the characteristics of Spatulodinium plas- tids are necessary to improve determination of whether their chloroplasts are keptoplastids or if they derive from ancient endosymbiosis, as had occurred in other dinoflagellates. Although ...
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... chloroplasts are keptoplastids or if they derive from ancient endosymbiosis, as had occurred in other dinoflagellates. Although the genus Spatulodinium is considered mono- typic, Gómez et al. (2010) found that molecular data indicate at least a second species within the genus. The specimen reported as Spatulo- dinium sp. ( Gómez et al., 2010; Fig. 1Q) is quite similar to findings in Salina Cruz in May 2008 (Fig. 26). The specimens of S. pseudonoctiluca found in this study showed great morphological variation and wide distribution in the Mexican Pacific. Molecular studies are needed to cor- roborate whether there is more than one spe- cies of the Spatulodinium genus. Some authors ...
Citations
... Abundance (0-95 cells l −1 ) of S. pseudonoctiluca was lower compare to studies conducted in Western English Channel (320 cells l −1 ) (Gómez and Souissi, 2007) and in Mexico (1000-2000 cells l −1 ) (Gárate-Lizárraga et al., 2009) with no available report for Black Sea to compare to. The highest abundance was detected in June-July in the study area, which is also in agreement with previous reports (Gómez and Souissi, 2007;Gárate-Lizárraga, 2011). S. pseudonoctiluca was reported to preferentially exist in the upper 75 m depth range in the Mediterranean Sea, (Gómez, 2010), however, we did not observe any vertical distribution trend. ...
Seasonal and spatial distribution of Noctilucoid dinoflagellates collected from three stations (river mouth, coastal and offshore waters) were investigated between May 2015 and April 2016 in the SE Black Sea. Noctilucoid dinoflagellates were represented with four species, Noctiluca scintillans (Macartney) Kofoid & Swezy, 1921, Scaphodinium mirabile Margalef, 1963, Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca (Pouchet) J.Cachon & M.Cachon, 1968 and Pronoctiluca pelagica Fabre-Domergue 1889. The abundance of Noctilucoids ranged between 0 and 575 cells l⁻¹ in the first 100 m of the water column during study. Noctilucoid dinoflagellates comprised 0.0–48.5% of total dinoflagellate abundance in the study area with the highest percentages occurring in May 2016. Noctiluca scintillans was the most abundant species being associated with 45.6% of total Noctilucoids followed by P. pelagica (30.8%), S. mirabile (13.3%) and S. pseudonoctiluca (5.9%). There were no significant differences on Noctilucoid distribution between stations (p>0.05, one-way ANOVA), however significant differences were found between sampling dates with the highest in May (p<0.05, t-test). S. mirabile and S. pseudonoctiluca were reported for the first time from the Southeastern Black Sea.
Blooms of marine planktonic dinoflagellates are usual along the Pacific coast of Mexico, sometimes producing toxic red tides. The thecate dinoflagellate Gonyaulax areolata was found to produce a red tide event in the tropical Mexican Pacific. The species was originally described in 1911 by Kofoid and Michener without an illustration. The morphology of G. areolata was studied here by LM and SEM. Photosynthetic, solitary cells were fairly small, polyhedral, with a short apical protrusion and ‘shoulders’ on the epitheca, and two short, asymmetrical antapical spines. The cingulum was approximately median, cavozone, with the ends fairly displaced but with no, or only slight, overhang. The thecae were strongly ornamented with striae, areolae and pores. The plate formula was Po, 4ʹ, Q, 6ʹʹ, 6c, 4s, 6ʹʹʹ, 1p, 1ʹʹʹʹ, as recently attributed to some species of Gonyaulax. Details of important plates are given. Gonyaulax areolata seems to be morphologically closely related to other small species with a slight cingulum displacement and overhang, such as G. minima and G. striata, and more distantly related to G. spinifera. The maximum concentration of G. areolata was 1.74 × 10⁶ cells l–1, in association with lower numbers of other dinoflagellates and diatoms. Yessotoxins were not detected. Oceanographic conditions during the bloom indicated moderate to weak upwelling, confirmed by both relatively low surface temperature and high Chl a concentration (14 µg l–1).
Armored and unarmored dinoflagellates are common along the southern Baja California coast. Dinoflagellate blooms have been studied since 1980 in several areas from this Mexican state. However, systematic monitoring of these events has only been performed since 2001. Phytoplankton or algae blooms samples were collected with plastic or Van Dorn bottles. Samples were fixed with Lugol solution and were analyzed using 5 ml and 2 ml settling chambers or 1 ml Sedgewick-Rafter chambers. Samples blooms were also examined live. From the unarmored dinoflagellate group, 11 bloom-forming species have been recorded: Akashiwo sanguinea, Amphidinium carterae, Ceratoperidinium falcatum, Margalefidinium fulvescens, M. polykrikoides, Gymnodinium catenatum, Gyrodinium
spirale, Kapelodinium vestifici, Levanderina fissa, Noctiluca scintillans and Polykrikos hartmannii. Most blooms were innocuous; however, blooms of M. polykrikoides reached high densities of up to 8 x 106 cells L–1, causing caged-fish mortalities. Blooms of this
species have become recurrent in Bahía de La Paz. On the other hand, Gymnodinium catenatum is a paralytic toxin-producing species that has proliferated in several sites in the southern Baja California littoral. Blooms of this species have reached densities of up to 1 million cells L–1. Wild strains of G. catenatum had a toxin profile composed of 7-8 saxitoxin analogues. Blooms of this species showed a well-marked seasonal variation and occurred between April and June. Some dinoflagellates species are heterotrophs: N. scintillans, G. spirale and K. vestifici. The first two are voracious predators of dinoflagellates and diatoms. At present, the monitoring program of microalgal bloom species, particularly harmful or toxic species, is ongoing.
Athecate dinoflagellates have been poorly studied in the plankton of Mexican marine waters, mainly because of their fragility, as they may become deformed using nets and strong fixatives. However, their biodiversity and ecological role might be important in the planktonic realm. As part of routine phytoplankton monitoring in the Chiapas coasts, Mexico, in the southern Mexican Pacific, samples were obtained during 2009 by net (20 mu m mesh) in vertical hauls (up to 15 m), fixed with Lugol's solution and studied by light microscope (bright field and phase contrast). Athecate dinoflagellates species were identified using morphological characters such as shape and size, nucleus position, chloroplasts number and position, and particular characters ('arms', 'carina', etc.). Twenty-seven species were documented to be present in the study area, with 3 species considered to be new records for the Mexican Pacific Ocean: Cochlodinium pulchellum, Karenia bicuneiformis (= K. bidigitata) and K. papilionacea. Few species studied here have historically been reported as 'bloom-forming' species in other parts of the Mexican Pacific. It is clear that more studies should be systematically done to assess the present biodiversity of these dinoflagellates groups in Mexican waters.
During a sampling on 16-17 January 2013 in the southwest part of Bahía de La Paz, a moderate bloom of the dinoflagellate Ceratoperidinium falcatum was detected. Its abundance varied from 11,200 to 145,400 cells L-1 during this period in seawater temperature at 23°C and salinity of 35.42. The specimens were solitary cells. Few two-celled chains were observed. Young cells were relatively small, 30-70 m long; 17-36 m wide, from ovately elongate to fusiform. Mature individuals were 40-190 m long and 20-36 m wide. Including C. falcatum, 21 species belonging to 5 orders of unarmored dinoflagellates were identified during this bloom. Four species are new records for the Gulf of California and three are new records for the Pacific coast of Mexico.
During a sampling on 16-17 January 2013 in the southwest part of Bahía de La Paz, a moderate bloom of the dinoflagellate Ceratoperidinium falcatum was detected. Its abundance varied from 11,200 to 145,400 cells L–1 during this period in seawater temperature at 23°C and salinity of 35.42. The specimens were solitary cells. Few two-celled chains were observed. Young cells were relatively small, 30-70 µm long; 17-36 µm wide, from ovately elongate to fusiform. Mature individuals were 40-190 µm long and 20-36 µm wide. Including C. falcatum, 21 species belonging to 5 orders of unarmored dinoflagellates were identified during this bloom. Four species are new records for the Gulf of California and three are new records for the Pacific coast of Mexico.
Athecate dinoflagellates have been poorly studied in the plankton of Mexican marine waters, mainly because of their fragility, as they may become deformed using nets and strong fixatives. However, their biodiversity and ecological role might be important in the planktonic realm. As part of routine phytoplankton monitoring in the Chiapas coasts, Mexico, in the southern Mexican Pacific, samples were obtained during 2009 by net (20 µm mesh) in vertical hauls (up to 15 m), fixed with Lugol's solution and studied by light microscope (bright field and phase contrast). Athecate dinoflagellates species were identified using morphological characters such as shape and size, nucleus position, chloroplasts number and position, and particular characters (`arms', `carina', etc.). Twenty-seven species were documented to be present in the study area, with 3 species considered to be new records for the Mexican Pacific Ocean: Cochlodinium pulchellum, Karenia bicuneiformis (= K. bidigitata) and K. papilionacea. Few species studied here have historically been reported as `bloom-forming' species in other parts of the Mexican Pacific. It is clear that more studies should be systematically done to assess the present biodiversity of these dinoflagellates groups in Mexican waters.
The naked marine dinoflagellates Proterythropsis vigilans, Nematodinium armatum, and Nematodinium torpedo are reported for the first time in the Gulf of California. The first and the third species are also recorded for the first time on the Pacific coast of Mexico. They were recorded during winter-spring in seawater at 20-26.5°C. Nematodinium armatum was the most frequent species. Proterythropsis vigilans was less frequent. The 3 species were found in phytoplankton net samples. No quantitative data are reported here. A short description is given for each species, and micrographs provide information about the main morphological characteristics.
