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This study was conducted to estimate the total daily dietary intakes of the five heavy metals As, Cd, Cr, Hg, and Pb for residents living in five villages located in the Zhejiang province of China. The highest dietary intakes of the five heavy metals were all observed in the four e-waste disassembly localities. These findings suggested that these m...
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... function. [13,14] The four e-waste disassembly sites, which each repre- sented a large section of one of the towns (villages) Pan- lang, Tongshan, Xiazheng, and Xinqiu, were often collec- tively referred to as the e-waste recycling center in Zhejiang. These towns are located near the city of Wenling, which is on the southeast side of Zhejiang (Fig. 1). The town Yan- dang, located in a remote mountainous area 30 km SW of the recycling cluster, was used as a non-disassembly ...
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... Where: EDI = Estimated Daily Intake Cbread = average trace metal concentration in bread (mg/kg dry weight) Dbread = average daily bread consumption (kg/day) in Nigeria which is 0.170 kg/person (Akpambang and Onifade, 2020) BW = average body weight (kg). US-EPA risk analysis, considering an adult average body weight of 70 kg (Gaofeng et al., 2010). ...
... Health risk associated with consumption of the bread was determined considering estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard Quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). EDI was estimated based on concentration of each metal measured in bread, average daily bread consumption of 0.17 kg/day (Akpambang and Onifade, 2020) and average body weight of 70 Kg (Gaofeng et al., 2010) Hazard quotient (HQ) values were determined based on the oral reference dose (mg/kg/day) of Cd (0.001), Zn (0.3), Pb (0.004) and Fe (0.007) as given by USEPA IRIS (2011). Hazard index (HI) was calculated by the summation of hazard quotients (HQ) of all the metals studied. ...
This study determined the concentration of some heavy metals including lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) and physicochemical parameters (pH and moisture content) in bread from ten different bakeries in Zaria, Nigeria. The different bread samples were prepared for analysis by wet digestion. Concentrations of the heavy metals were determined using Microwave Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer (MPAES) model 4200. The concentrations (mg/kg) were in the range 0.03-0.240 (Cd), 64.68-76.00 (Zn), 0.12-2.74 (Pb) and 21.04-44.96 (Fe). Ni was not detected in any of the bread samples. The average heavy metals levels (mg/kg) followed the order: Zn (67.38) > Fe (32.90) > Pb (1.53) > Cd (0.14). Concentrations (mg/kg) obtained for each of the metals in bread samples were higher than the 1.000, 0.003, 0.025 and 5.000 WHO permissible limits for Zn, Cd, Pb and Fe respectively. The pH content of the ten bread samples were between the range of 5.14-5.74. Moisture content of the bread samples ranged from 22.47-41.81%. This study revealed that some bread in Zaria contained heavy metals at levels that could threaten the health of consumers over prolonged regular consumption as the hazard index (HI) was far greater than 1.
... The Yangtze River Delta is one of the most developed and densely-populated regions in China and the main productive region of rice (Wu 2017). The soil pollution and food contamination by heavy metals has been frequently reported in the Yangtze River Delta region (Liu et al. 2006;Huang et al. 2007;Cao et al. 2010;Zhao et al. 2010), but these studies were only conducted in a small region, very close to the industrial area. ...
Dietary exposure to heavy metals is threatening human health worldwide. In this study, the concentration of cadmium, mercury, arsenic and chromium in 258 samples of brown rice, grown in Yangtze River Delta where the soils were low-level contaminated, were investigated. In 12 (4.6%) and 10 (3.9%) rice samples the concentrations of Cd and Hg, respectively, exceeded the limit for food. ANOVA showed that Cd and Hg concentrations in rice grains collected from Nanjing and Jiaxing were higher than in the less developed city Yancheng. Students’ t-test showed Cd and Hg were accumulated in hybrid rice higher than in conventional rice. The hazard quotients (HQs) showed a low risk from rice consumption. Conventional rice was recommended to cultivate to reduce the current risk in the soil defined as safe use level in Yangtze River Delta.
... [7] Tang et al. [8] found that the concentration of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) reached 1336 g/kg in agricultural soil near the cycling plants of e-waste in Taizhou town, China compared with 466.5 g/kg in the agricultural soils of other villages of the same town. Zhao et al. [9] established that the dietary intakes of five heavy metals for residents living in villages located in the Zhejiang province of China was 1.3 to 3.4 times higher than the provisional tolerance daily intake (pTDI) of 140 g/day. They attributed their findings to the entrance of these metals to the food chain from e-waste. ...
... [8] The recycling of e-waste need to conduct a feasibility study and home sorting in addition to the availability of investment. [9] The researchers recommend preventing the importing of e-waste bale from China. ...
The research aimed to study the status of electronic wastes in Mosul city as it is considered a new threat to the environment. The study involves composition, generation rate of electronic waste and its relationships with some of the creation source features. A questionnaire was prepared to collect the data, which was conducted through a 57 visits. The results showed that monitors and televisions represent the higher percentage among other types with a percentage of 51.4% according to weight. The electronic waste generation rate in Mo-sul city was 1.78 kg/capita/year for the period 2009-2014. It increased in families with high education level head and those with high income, while it decreased as family members increased. Additionally , families in the metropolitan quarters have higher generation rate than those in the mixed quarters. The environmental sense of the risk of electronic wastes ranged between 85.5-100% according to waste type. A regression model results showed that the education level of family head had the highest effect on the variation in electronic waste generation rate followed by quarter type and then number of family members. The research recommended to stop importing the electronic waste within the bales from China.
... [7] Tang et al. [8] found that the concentration of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) reached 1336 g/kg in agricultural soil near the cycling plants of e-waste in Taizhou town, China compared with 466.5 g/kg in the agricultural soils of other villages of the same town. Zhao et al. [9] established that the dietary intakes of five heavy metals for residents living in villages located in the Zhejiang province of China was 1.3 to 3.4 times higher than the provisional tolerance daily intake (pTDI) of 140 g/day. They attributed their findings to the entrance of these metals to the food chain from e-waste. ...
... [8] The recycling of e-waste need to conduct a feasibility study and home sorting in addition to the availability of investment. [9] The researchers recommend preventing the importing of e-waste bale from China. ...
الخلاصة
يهدف البحث الى التعرف على كمية ومكونات النفايات الالكترونية في مدينة الموصل وعلاقتها مع دخل الاسرة وعدد افرادها والمستوى الثقافي لرب الاسرة ومن ثم بيان الخطوات الاولية لاعادة تدويرها . تشكل النفايات الالكترونية تحديا جديدا للبيئة . ان زيادة معدل انتاج النفايات الالكترونية في الدول النامية وعدم توفر الطرق العلمية الملائمة للتخلص منها يُعد السبب الرئيسي للقلق في هذه الدول . كما ان استخدام طرق غير مناسبة للتخلص من النفايات الالكترونية يمكن ان يتسبب في مخاطر على الصحة والبيئة لكونها تحتوي على مواد سامة . تم اعداد استمارة خاصة لغرض جمع البيانات حول كمية ونوعية النفايات الالكترونية لمدينة الموصل ، وزعت الاستمارة على عينة مكونة من 57 عائلة في مناطق مختلفة من مدينة الموصل للحصول على البيانات الخاصة بالنفايات الالكترونية . وجرى تحليل البيانات الخاصة بالنفايات الالكترونية للتعرف على نوعية وكمية النفايات الالكترونية لمدينة الموصل . أظهرت النتائج ان التلفزيونات والشاشات تشكل النسبة الاكبر بين النفايات الالكترونية في مدينة الموصل من حيث الوزن . وبلغ معدل انتاج النفايات الالكترونية المدروسة في مدينة الموصل 1.78 كغم/شخص/سنة للفترة (2009-2014) ، كما لوحظ زيادة انتاج النفايات الالكترونية في الاسر التي يكون فيها رب الاسرة ذو مستوى ثقافي عالي وكذلك في الاسر ذات المستوى المعاشي العالي ، في حين ينخفض انتاج النفايات الالكترونية مع ازدياد عدد أفراد الاسرة . وامتازت الاحياء السكنية المحافظة بارتفاع معدل انتاج النفايات بالمقارنة مع الاحياء المختلطة. ويتم التخلص من النفايات الالكترونية ذات الوزن الواطئ مثل الموبايل والشاحنات والذكرة المحمولة وجهاز التحكم عن بعد مع النفايات المنزلية . كما وجد البحث ان هنالك وعي بيئي بمخاطر النفايات الالكترونية بنسبة تراوحت بين 85.5% الى 100% حسب نوع النفاية وبالإمكان اعادة تدوير النفايات الالكترونية على ان تعزل عن النفايات المنزلية من المصدر مع توفير التسهيلات اللازمة لاستخلاص المواد القيّمة والمهمة منها بعد دراسة الجدوى الاقتصادية . وأوصى الباحثون بمنع استيراد النفايات الالكترونية (البالة) لما لها من مخاطر على البيئة مع ضرورة تنبيه الناس بذلك .
... Other heavy metals, viz., Cu, Mn, Cd, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, Cr, Ni, and Se were accumulated in higher levels in human blood samples exposed groups as compared to the reference/control groups (Lin et al. 2017). Zhao et al. (2010) estimated relatively high dietary daily intake for heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, As) at different sites of Zhejiang. ...
E-waste is a growing and emerging global problem because plethora of toxic chemicals are released to the environment during dismantling, burning, and recycling processes. Therefore, for this purpose, the current chapter aims to investigate with special emphasis on e-waste associated impacts on the environmental and human health. Informal e-waste activities with no safety measures exist in the developing countries like China, India, Ghana, Vietnam, Pakistan, etc. The major e-waste producer like USA and Europe have been increased the e-waste transportation into the developing countries for further processing. Besides that, large quantities of e-waste are also produced and received by China. Toxic chemicals, viz., PBDEs, DPs, PCDD/Fs, PAHs, PCBs, and heavy metals are reported to be prevalent in the e-waste sites at environmental compartments (air, soil/dust, drinking water) and human samples (placenta, umbilical cords, blood, hair, urine, and other tissues). Most of the studies showed that an elevated hazardous effect of e-waste-derived toxic chemicals on human population (children, adults, male, and female) are mainly prevailed at e-waste exposure sites as compared to the non-e-waste exposure or reference sites. The current chapter overview suggests improving: novel dismantling and remediation technologies; illegal transportation; lack of proper stringent policies and regulations for its safety measures and implementation; and there is also need of awareness regarding the toxic chemicals in e-waste and its exposure with ill-health impacts on human.
... Other heavy metals, viz., Cu, Mn, Cd, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, Cr, Ni, and Se were accumulated in higher levels in human blood samples exposed groups as compared to the reference/control groups (Lin et al. 2017). Zhao et al. (2010) estimated relatively high dietary daily intake for heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, As) at different sites of Zhejiang. ...
E-waste is a growing and emerging global problem because plethora of
toxic chemicals are released to the environment during dismantling, burning, and
recycling processes. Therefore, for this purpose, the current chapter aims to investigate
with special emphasis on e-waste associated impacts on the environmental and human
health. Informal e-waste activities with no safety measures exist in the developing
countries like China, India, Ghana, Vietnam, Pakistan, etc. The major e-waste producer like USA and Europe have been increased the e-waste transportation into the
developing countries for further processing. Besides that, large quantities of e-waste
are also produced and received by China. Toxic chemicals, viz., PBDEs, DPs, PCDD/
Fs, PAHs, PCBs, and heavy metals are reported to be prevalent in the e-waste sites at
environmental compartments (air, soil/dust, drinking water) and human samples
(placenta, umbilical cords, blood, hair, urine, and other tissues). Most of the studies
showed that an elevated hazardous effect of e-waste-derived toxic chemicals on
human population (children, adults, male, and female) are mainly prevailed at
e-waste exposure sites as compared to the non-e-waste exposure or reference sites.
The current chapter overview suggests improving: novel dismantling and remediation
technologies; illegal transportation; lack of proper stringent policies and regulations for
its safety measures and implementation; and there is also need of awareness regarding
the toxic chemicals in e-waste and its exposure with ill-health impacts on human.
... Additionally, the mean rice THg in Sri Lanka was lower than those collected in worldwide markets: China (mean: 3.4 ng/g, range: undetected to 17.8 ng/g (Zhang et al., 2014), Europe (mean: 3.04 ± 2.7 ng/g, range: 0.53e11.1 ng/g) (Brombach et al., 2017), Spain (mean: 4.48 ng/g, range: 2.15e7.25 ng/g) (da Silva et al., 2013), Kuwait (6.4 ± 2.4 ng/g, range: 4e14 ng/g) (Jallad, 2015), and Cambodia (mean: 8.14 ng/g, range: 6.16e11.7 ng/g) (Cheng et al., 2013b). The mean THg levels of rice in Sri Lanka are definitely several times lower than those in Hg mining areas (Qiu et al., 2013;Xu et al., 2018), coal fired power plants (Xu et al., 2017), chemical plants (Cheng et al., 2013a), compact fluorescent lamp manufacturing areas (Liang et al., 2015), e-waste areas (Zhao et al., 2010), and industrial runoff areas (Cao et al., 2010). The mean rice MeHg in this study was slightly higher than that obtained from non-polluted sites in Madagascar (mean: 0.12 ng/g, range: 0.015e1.1 ng/g) but lower than that collected in commercial rice in worldwide markets: Europe (mean: 1.91 ± 1.07 ng/g, range: 0.110e6.45 ...
Methylmercury (MeHg) in rice has attracted growing health concern over the past decade, due to the accumulation of high MeHg levels, which may pose potential health risk to humans. Rice is the staple food in Sri Lanka; nevertheless, the presence of micro pollutants, such as MeHg has been not investigated. Therefore, commercial rice samples from the Sri Lankan market (n = 163) were measured to reveal the total mercury (THg) and MeHg levels. THg (mean: 1.73 ± 0.89 ng/g, range: 0.21-6.13 ng/g) and MeHg concentrations (mean: 0.51 ± 0.37 ng/g; range: 0.03 to 3.81 ng/g) were low. Compared to the fish MeHg exposure, the rice MeHg exposure was generally lower in different consumption groups, suggesting that rice plays a less role than fish in MeHg exposure in Sri Lanka. Babies (infants and toddlers) at one year old may face fish MeHg exposure (0.17 μg/kg bw/day) higher than the reference dose for MeHg (RfD)-0.1 μg/kg bw/day, which was more than 5 times that of rice MeHg exposure (0.031 μg/kg bw/day). Future studies in Sri Lanka should focus on health impacts under long-term overexposure of MeHg, especially in vulnerable populations. Some diet changes should be made to mitigate MeHg exposure levels in Sri Lankans.
... Humans can be exposed to metals from e-waste through multiple routes, including ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption. Elevated levels of metals have been found in the environment [5,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] and agricultural products near e-waste sites [17][18][19]. The tendency of workers to engage in e-waste recycling in informal settings, often near areas where they live or eat, suggests a variety of potential exposure pathways to metals from e-waste recycling [20,21]. ...
Electronic waste recycling presents workers and communities with a potential for exposures to dangerous chemicals, including metals. This review examines studies that report on blood, hair, and urine biomarkers of communities and workers exposed to metals from e-waste. Our results from the evaluation of 19 publications found that there are consistently elevated levels of lead found in occupationally and non-occupationally exposed populations, in both the formal and the informal e-waste recycling sectors. Various other metals were found to be elevated in different exposure groups assessed using various types of biomarkers, but with less consistency than found in lead. Antimony and cadmium generally showed higher concentrations in exposed groups compared to reference group(s). Mercury and arsenic did not show a trend among exposure groups due to the dietary and environmental considerations. Observed variations in trends amongst exposure groups within studies using multiple biomarkers highlights the need to carefully select appropriate biomarkers. Our study concludes that there is a need for more rigorous research that moves past cross-sectional study designs, involves more thoughtful and methodical selection of biomarkers, and a systematic reporting standard for exposure studies to ensure that results can be compared across studies.
... In addition, the effects of pollution can be amplified through HM migration, enrichment, and transformation, particularly via the food chain, and thus pose a great threat to human health (Fu et al., 2013;Zhao et al., 2015). It has been widely reported that HM concentrations in most cereal and vegetable samples collected from the WEEE-recycling areas exceeded the maximum allowable levels for food and the consumers have probably been exposed to potential health risks through the intake of HM via consumption of such foods (Fu et al., 2008;Luo et al., 2011;Zhao et al., 2010;Zheng et al., 2013). Therefore, it is important to develop mitigation measures to reduce HM accumulation in soil and crops in WEEErecycling areas. ...
... A study in Bangalore, India suggested that informal processing of e-waste is responsible for heavy metals contamination in nearby soil and in human tissues, because of high penetration rates into the soil and thence into plants, where it accumulates and is consumed by humans (Ha et al., 2009). Zhao et al. (2010) and Grant et al. (2013) determined that there is a high probability of transfer of heavy metals and PBDEs from contaminated food plant to human beings, where they pose health hazards such as lung, liver and kidney damage (Chan et al., 2013;Li et al., 2011). ...
... Improper handling and management of e-waste is one of the main causes of environmental pollution and degradation of several cities, particularly in developing countries, because of lack of regulations and appropriate treatment facilities. According to the many researchers, it can be known that the heavy metal pollution of e-waste in India has been spreaded from the informal activities to the surrounding environment (soil, air, dust and plants) (Ejiogu, 2013;Fujimori et al., 2012;Ha et al., 2009;Islam et al., 2015;Terazono et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2012;Zhao et al., 2010). Therefore, some effective measures should be carried out to relieve the environmental pollution of heavy metals. ...
Informal recycling of waste (including e-waste) is an emerging source of environmental pollution in India. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and heavy metals, among other substances, are a major health concern for workers engaged in waste disposal and processing, and for residents living near these facilities, and are also a detriment to the natural environment. The main objective of this review article was to evaluate the status of these impacts. The review found that, huge quantity of e-waste/waste generated, only a small amount is treated formally; the remainder is processed through the informal sector. We also evaluated the exposure pathways, both direct and indirect, and the human body load markers (e.g., serum, blood, breast milk, urine, and hair), and assessed the evidence for the association between these markers and e-waste exposure. Our results indicated that the open dumping and informal e-waste recycling systems should be replaced by the best available technology and environmental practices, with proper monitoring and regular awareness programs for workers and residents. Further and more detailed investigation in this area is also recommended.
