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Background:
Depression, one of the most frequent mental disorders, affects more than 350 million people of all ages worldwide, with China facing an increased prevalence of depression. Childhood depression is on the rise; globally, and in China. This study estimates the hospitalization costs and the financial burden on families with children suffer...
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Context 1
... based on the regional economic development of Shandong Province, the province was divided into three regions: eastern, middle and western. As shown in Figure 1, two cities were selected in each region, with Qingdao and Weifang in the eastern region, Jinan and Linyi in the middle region and Dezhou and Jining in the western region. By drawing four districts or counties in each extracted city, the second stage sampling balanced urban and rural areas. ...
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Citations
... analyzed and estimated healthcare expenditures for depression in China based on information from different databases, but it is likely that each study used a different estimation model, which is less informative for assessing overall expenditures for depression in China. Currently, a study in Shandong Province analyzed hospitalization costs for childhood depression (Guo et al., 2019), but to our knowledge, no studies have been found that provide a systematic accounting framework for subnational depression costs, and the lack of analysis of the costs of different dimensions, such as the extent and type of depression healthcare institutions, financing structure, and disease type, reduces the accuracy of the measurements and the different countries' Comparability. ...
... This is consistent with significant agerelated trends in the prevalence of depression that have been shown to increase gradually from the youngest to the higher ages and then decrease in the older age groups, with the prevalence consistently being lowest in the oldest age group (≥60) (Kessler et al., 2005). At the same time, it has been shown that the highest lifetime prevalence of lifelong illness is seen in adolescence with approximately 50% of lifetime illnesses being concomitant affective disorders, including depression (Guo et al., 2019). Among all cases of lifelong illness with psychiatric disorders, 50% start at age 14% and 75% at age 24 and in older stages, there is mostly co-morbidity of depression with other disorders (Kessler et al., 2005). ...
Introduction: Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide and has become a health issue of global concern. Based on the “System of Health Accounts 2011” (SHA 2011) for patients with depression, this paper studies the changes in the current curative expenditure (CCE) of outpatient depression in Liaoning Province, China, and provides policy recommendations.
Method: A stratified multistage random sample of 56,994 patients with depression included from 1,227 healthcare facilities in Liaoning Province were included. The significance of differences in variables within groups was analyzed by univariate analysis (including descriptive statistics analysis, Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis H test), and factors influencing depression outpatient CCE were analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis and constructing structural equation models (SEM).
Results: The CCE of outpatient depression was ranging from CNY 75.57 million to CNY 100.53 million in 2015–2020, with the highest of CNY 100.53 million in 2018, CNY 103.28 million in 2019. Medical expenditures are mainly concentrated in general hospitals and provincial healthcare institutions, accounting for about 90% of all provincial scope expenditures. The multiple regression results show that provincial healthcare institutions, purchase of drug, select medical treatment for depression, general hospitals and urban employees’ health insurance are the main influencing factors for depression outpatient CCE. The results of SEM show that insurance status negative impact outpatient expenditure.
Conclusion: Health insurance is an important factor in equitable access to healthcare resources for patients, and medication expenditure is the influential factor affecting the high expenditure of outpatient clinics. It is of great importance to reduce the medical burden of patients by increasing the coverage of medical insurance, increasing the proportion of bills that are eligible for reimbursement, and improving the system by guaranteeing the supply of psychotropic medication.
... A large body of prior research has investigated the negative impact of adolescent depression on families. Long-term hospitalization places a heavy financial burden on families, especially for some low-income families [6]. In addition, families face long-term caregiving burdens, family dysfunction, and breakdown of family relationships, severely reducing the quality of life of family members [7][8][9]. ...
Background
Family resilience plays a crucial role in helping depressed adolescents overcome challenges. However, studies examining family resilience in depressed adolescents are currently scarce. This study, guided by the family resilience framework, aimed to investigate the serial-multiple mediation of social support and psychological resilience between family communication and family resilience in Chinese families of depressed adolescents.
Methods
In 229 parents of adolescents with major depressive disorder, 20.1% comprises of fathers, while 79.9% comprises of mothers. The mean age of depressed adolescents was 14.84 (±1.76) years, and the mean age of parents of these depressed adolescents was 43.24 (±4.67) years. The Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS), the Psychological Resilience of Parents of Special Children Questionnaire, and the Social Support Rating Scale, Family Assessment Device (FAD) were used to collected data. Descriptive, univariate, and Pearson correlation analyses were used in preliminary analyses. To explore mediation, we employed a serial-multiple mediation model (PROCESS model 6).
Results
Family communication was positively correlated with family resilience, social support, and psychological resilience. Mediation analysis revealed indirect effects of family communication on family resilience, which were mediated solely by either social support or psychological resilience, or through multiple mediation pathways involving both social support and psychological resilience.
Conclusions
Family communication positively and directly affects the family resilience of depressed adolescents, and a higher level of social support and psychological resilience can help improve family resilience. These findings not only provide empirical evidence supporting the family resilience framework but also have practical implications for future family interventions targeting depressed adolescents.
... However, a series of problems have followed during the urbanization process (e.g., narrow living space, fast-paced life, high-intensity work and heavy life pressure). Consequently, a growing number of people face the disturbance of anxiety and depression disorders [1,8], which in turn has caused economic loss and social burden in China [9,10]. ...
Background
Early life in-utero can have long-term influence on the mental health status of individuals in adulthood, such as depression. Age, gender, socio-economic status, education, and geography are demographic factors shown to be particularly vulnerable towards the development of depressive symptoms. In addition, climate risks on depression include sunlight, rain, and temperature. However, whether climate factors in early life have a long-term influence on depression related to demographic vulnerability remains unknown. Here, the present study explored the association between birth seasonality and adulthood depressive symptoms.
Methods
We employed data from the project of Chinese Labour-forces Dynamic Survey (CLDS) 2016, containing the epidemiological data of depressive symptoms with a probability proportional to size cluster and random cluster sampling method in 29 provinces of China. A final sample size of 16,185 participants was included. Birth seasonality included spring (March, April, and May), summer (June, July, and August), autumn (September, October, and November), and winter (December, January, and February).
Results
We found that born in Autumn peaked lowest rate of having depressive symptoms (16.8%) and born in Summer (vs. Autumn) had a significant higher ratio (OR = 1.14, 95%CI = 1.02, 1.29) when controlling for demographic variables. In addition, demographic odds ratio of having depressive symptoms differed between people born in different seasons, particular for age and geography.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that birth seasonality influences the sensitive link of depressive symptoms with age and geography. It implicates early life climate environment may play a role in the development of adulthood depressive symptoms.
... Spending time with parents can effectively reduce the symptoms of adolescents with depression [10]. However, meeting the long-term care demands of adolescents with depression often brings too many challenges for the family system, such as the financial burden of treatment costs [11], more family arguments [12], and social stigma [13]. The recovery of adolescents with depression will be affected if those challenges are not well coped with. ...
Family resilience plays an important role in the healthy family development of adolescents with depression, but few studies have explored the specific process of family resilience. This study aims to explore the dynamic processes of family resilience from parents of adolescents with depression. Data were collected from 14 Chinese parents of adolescents with depression by interpretative phenomenological analysis method. Four themes and 12 sub-themes emerged: (1) decompensation phase: (i) misinterpretations of illness, (ii) heavy psychological burden, (iii) chaotic rhythms in family; (2) launch phase: (i) potential influences of labeling, (ii) we must cure my child anyway, (iii) begin adjusting to family roles; (3) recovery phase: (i) family reflection, (ii) subsequent reorganization of family resources, (iii) ultimately establishing a new balance; (4) normality phase: (i) adaption for medical seeking process, (ii) actively lower expectations, (iii) concerns of future needs. Mental health professionals could provide targeted suggestions to help the parents achieve family resilience by assessing its different phases.
... In recent years, with the accelerated pace of people's life and work, coupled with the aggravation of various stress factors, the prevalence of depression has increased year by year. Data show that there are more than 350 million patients with depression in the world [1]. In China, patients with depression account for 4% -8% of the total population, about 55 million people, and the annual economic burden is more than 60 billion yuan [2]. ...
... Depression is estimated to affect 322 million individuals worldwide, or 4.4% of the global population (1). The incidence of depression cases in China reached 90 million in 2020, making it the second-leading cause of human mortality, after cancer, with incidence numbers for depression cases in China reaching 90 million (2). ...
Background
The number of patients suffering from depression is continuously increasing in China. Demographic characteristics, physical health levels, and individual lifestyles/healthy behaviors are associated with the severity of depression. However, the major risk factor for depression remains unclear.
Materials and methods
In this investigation, 16,512 patients were screened using the CHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study) database after being determined to be eligible based on the inclusion criteria. Depressive symptoms were evaluated through the CESD-10 (10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale). Consequently, various models were developed based on potential predictive factors, employing stepwise LR (Logistic Regression)/RF (Random Forests) models to examine the influence and weighting of candidate factors that affect depression.
Results
Gender, residential address location, changes in health status following last interview, physical disabilities, chronic pain, childhood health status, ADL (activity of daily living), and social activity were all revealed to be independent risk factors for depression (p < 0.05) in this study. Depression has a synergic effect (across chronic pain and age groups). In comparison to other factors, RF results showed that chronic pain had a stronger impact on depression.
Conclusion
This preliminary study reveals that chronic pain is a major risk factor for depression.
... Existing studies have indicated that SES could affect an individual's health behaviors through various factors such as education, living environment, and receiving health care [46,47,52]. Indeed, in contrast to the prosperous eastern region and the industrial and agricultural central region, the western region, situated inland, is environmentally and economically underdeveloped [53]. Due to the diversity of Chinese geography, there is an imbalance in economic development between the eastern, central, and western regions, which also causes the inequality of accessible health resources and health care services, directly impacting the senior performance of the DHB. ...
... A similar trend has been reported by previous studies, which have explored the effects of multiple BMI categories on the performance of DHB in different population groups. For example, Luo L. and Du J. [58] found that adolescents with BMI values higher than 24.0 kg/m 2 had fewer physical activities; Li Y. et al. [53] observed that seniors with normal weight have better dietary habits, especially with greater awareness of intaking V.F.; and Visser et al. [32] found that older adults with a BMI value of less than 22 kg/m 2 engage in less healthy eating behaviors, such as eating less prior to the epidemic. The results could be explained by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), suggesting that the normal-weight group with better intentions and beliefs has more positive exercise and healthy eating attitudes and behaviors than the overweight/obese group. ...
For older adults, self-care begins with daily health behaviors (DHB), which refers to a series of basic behaviors beneficial to health in daily life; it is the foundation for promoting health, preventing disease, and maintaining health with or without the support of a healthcare provider. Thus, this study aimed to observe the changes in DHB among older adults when the COVID-19 pan-demic first erupted in China (at the beginning of 2020) and explore the impact factors on self-care routines in daily life. We applied a cross-sectional study among 1256 (83.7%) valid older Chinese from 19 February 2020 to 19 March 2020, the score of DHB changes (mean ± SD, 14.70 ± 2.140; range, 8–18) presented a significant growth (t1256 = 44.636, p < 0.001) during COVID-19. From 3 hierarchical linear regression models, the older Chinese who received a higher education include high school (β = 0.403, 95% CI [0.009, 0.797], p = 0.045) and college degree and above (β = 0.488, 95% CI [0.034, 0.943], p = 0.035), and lived in the eastern China (β = 0.771, 95% CI [0.392, 1.151], p < 0.001) took DHB more frequently. However, the high-risk infection (β = −0.740, 95% CI [−1.248, −0.231], p = 0.004), overweight/obese character (β = −0.265, 95% CI [−0.526, −0.004], p = 0.047), and alcohol consumption (β = −0.350, 95% CI [−0.634, −0.065], p = 0.016) are significant factors in decreasing a senior’s DHB performance. For China, self-care offers a straightforward strategy among the range of measures required to combat COVID-19 and future health threats. In summary, findings in this study can build a foundation for developing healthcare policy and services for the relevant government and departments on prompting DHB and the importance of self-care among the older population.
... [4] Every year, about 5.8% of males and 9.5 % of females experience depression episodes [5]. According to the WHO, depression is the fourth major cause of disability worldwide [6]. With thousands of studies published, neuroimaging has become one of the most fundamental approaches to understanding depression. ...
... In total, 5.8% of men and 9.5% of women experience depressive episodes in any year of their lifetime (Li et al., 2016). The WHO lists depression as the fourth leading cause of disability worldwide (Guo et al., 2019). China is also facing the challenge of a rising incidence of depression. ...
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore the current status and trends of acupuncture for depression in the last decade and provide new insights for researchers in future studies.
Methods: The articles regarding acupuncture treatment for depression published between 2011 and 2020 were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection. We used CiteSpace to analyze data on publications, countries, institutions, cited journals, cited authors, cited references, keywords, and citation bursts about acupuncture and depression.
Results: A total of 1,032 publications were obtained from 2011 to 2020. We identified the most prolific journals, countries, institutions, and authors in the field of acupuncture for depression in the last decade. The most prolific country and institutions were the People's Republic of China and KyungHee University, respectively. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine was the most prolific and cited journal. The author with the highest centrality was Zhangjin Zhang, and the author with the most publications was Park Hi-Joon. The keyword “cognitive behavioral therapy” was first for research developments with the highest citation burst. The five hot topics in acupuncture on depression were “acupuncture,” “depression,” “electro-acupuncture,” “quality of life,” and “anxiety.”
Conclusions: The results from this bibliometric study provide insight into the research trends in acupuncture therapy for depression, and the current status and trends of the past decade, which may help researchers determine the current status, hotspots, and frontier trends in this field.
... It is more likely for men to suffer from increased abdominal pressure as a result of lifestyle habits such as smoking and higher workloads, making them more susceptible to diseases than women [29] . In therapy [30] . Although we divided the IHR into different groups, we found that the median hospitalization costs of the different groups were almost concentrated at approximately US$580--870. ...
Background: Lancet gave a 99-point high score to the comprehensive level of diagnosis and treatment of inguinal hernia in China, and more than half of the inguinal hernia surgery procedures were completed in primary hospitals. At present, the hospitalization costs of inguinal hernia surgery patients in primary hospitals, the influencing factors, and the path between the factors are unclear. Innovative methods are needed to quantify the research and evaluation of hospitalization costs for inguinal hernia surgery patients to emphasise the impact of relevant measures on surgeons and hospital cost-control mechanisms.
Methods: A retrospective method was used to collect data from inguinal hernia surgery patients. The relationships between hospitalization costs and the following factors (age, gender, surgery, surgical method, surgical time, preoperative bed stay, postoperative bed stay, length of stay, and surgical costs) were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation analyzes, and how these factors influenced hospital expenditure was explored through structural equation modelling.
Results: According to Spearman’s rank correlation analysis, the hospitalization costs were related to the eight selected indicators (rs = -0.084 - 0.549, p < 0.01), and the surgical time was most relevant. The total effect of the surgical time on the hospitalization costs (total effect = 0.459) ranked first in the structural equation model, which means that the risk of hospitalization costs was higher with a longer surgical time.The choice of surgical method had a direct effect on the hospitalization costs (total effect = 0.291), and the effect was second only to the surgical time. Other research factors also had an indirect or direct impact on the hospitalization costs.
Conclusion: It is necessary to understand the hospitalization costs of inguinal hernia surgery patients and their influencing factors and interactions to form a scientific price incentive system and cost-control mechanism.
