Figure - uploaded by Laura S Abrams
Content may be subject to copyright.
Sample characteristics (n ¼ 28).
Source publication
The rate of criminal recidivism in the United States peaks among young adult men (ages 18–24), suggesting this population needs extra support during reentry. Government and nonprofit reentry programs have expanded over the past two decades, but little is known about the core qualities of reentry services that young men view as beneficial. This stud...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... sample was predominantly African American and Latino (see Table 2). Similarly, the adult probation population of the urban study area is 28% African American, 47% Latino, 17% White, and 8% Other; the juvenile probation population is 36% African American, 56% Latino, 6% White, and 2% Other ( Bennett et al., 2018). ...Similar publications
Public goods and services such as prisons are often underfunded compared with private goods and services. Social impact bonds (SIBs) are a new financial vehicle to increase the use of private funds for public good. SIBs use a paid‐for‐success, performance‐based structure to reallocate risk and reward. In the current case, the SIB changes a critical...
Citations
... Despite this, educationfocused alternative schools that are structured to meet these young men's intersectional needs and experiences are one setting that can help promote their successful transition to employment. They use a strength-based approach, have a flexible structure, and include career and technical education (CTE) services and other social supports (Bird et al., 2020;Carver et al., 2010;Choi et al., 2019;Hirsch, 2017;Ladson-Billings, 2022;Lea et al., 2019Lea et al., , 2020Mizel & Abrams, 2019;Nygreen, 2013; U.S. Government Accountability Office (USGAO), 2019). However, little knowledge exists concerning what alternative schools are, how they function, and their role and impact on the employment experiences and outcomes of emerging adult Black men in reentry. ...
... Moreover, because alternative schools commonly serve students with multiple needs, many collaborate with a variety of systems (e.g., mental health, carceral, job placement centers, health care) and offer a range of social supports, such as life skills training, CTE, case management and coaching, and post-secondary enrollment and job search assistance (Cable et al., 2009;Carver et al., 2010;Porowski et al., 2014; U.S. Government Accountability Office (USGAO), 2019). Among these services and support, CTE is a critical mechanism that can promote school completion and employment, as well as protect against the risk of arrest, incarceration, and recidivism (Bird et al., 2020;Blowe & Price, 2012;Brand et al., 2013;Brunner et al., 2019;Mizel & Abrams, 2019;Pager & Western, 2009). ...
... It can also protect against the risk of arrest, incarceration, and recidivism (Bullis et al., 2002), as theory and empirical studies find that young Black men in high-stress environments often use street-life orientation (i.e., networking behaviors that manifest through bonding and legal and illegal activities) to cope with blocked and limited economic opportunities (Lea et al., 2020;Payne, 2011;Payne & Brown, 2010, 2021. Work-based learning opportunities that include adults who have shared lived experiences and represent their racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds are significant because these adults, often referred to as credible messengers, foster and cultivate more positive, meaningful, caring, and supportive relationships that promote improved outcomes (Abrams & Terry, 2017;Chowdhury et al., 2019;Lopez-Humphreys & Teater, 2019;Mizel & Abrams, 2019). ...
Employment is identified as a key factor that supports emerging adult Black men in reentry with making a successful the transition to adulthood. Although anti-Black racism creates barriers to them securing and maintaining legitimate employment, strength-based, education-focused alternative schools that are structured to meet their intersectional needs and experiences can help to promote their transition to employment. Yet, little is known about how these schools promote resilience and career readiness among this population and the ways in which they perceive these strategies to support their transition to employment. As such, this single, exploratory qualitative case study, which included observations, interviews, and focus groups sought to better understand how, if at all, an alternative school promotes resilience and career readiness among emerging adult Black men in reentry. Work readiness training, internships, and job search and placement assistance emerged as meaningful career and technical services and support that the young men with making the transition into employment. While working and attending school simultaneously posed challenges to school engagement and completion, the findings highlight the important promotive and protective role strength-based alternative schools can play in promoting positive educational and employment-related experiences and outcomes among emerging adult Black men in reentry.
... U.S. jails typically provide scant reentry, employment, or behavioral health services (Freudenberg et al., 2005;Scheyett et al., 2009), and individuals with unmet health, mental health, and psychosocial needs repeatedly find themselves trapped in cycles with the criminal legal system (Fazel et al., 2016;Jones, 2020). Research has found that access to and utilization of community and social services (such as employment, education, and other programs) during reentry can reduce recidivism and provide a variety of prosocial supports to young adults (Mizel & Abrams, 2020;White et al., 2008). However, the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated lockdowns reduced the availability and accessibility of needed services, leaving young adults to manage their needs without adequate supports. ...
... In this longitudinal study of reentry during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, the young adults perceived connections to friends, family, and supportive programs as beneficial to their health and reentry success. While this is not a new finding around young adults and reentry (Martinez & Abrams, 2013;Mizel & Abrams, 2020), it emphasizes the importance of social support during reentry, particularly for the young adult population where reentry plans and services do not always integrate developmental considerations or acknowledge the importance of parental and/ or caregiver ties (Uggen & Wakefield, 2008). ...
In this study, the authors explore how young adults navigated the dual challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and jail reentry in a large urban environment. Fifteen young adults (aged 18-25) participated in up to nine monthly semi-structured interviews to discuss their experiences of reentry during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., spring and summer 2020). Participants held mixed attitudes and beliefs about COVID-19. Several participants viewed the pandemic as a hoax, while others took the pandemic more seriously, particularly if their friends and family members had contracted the virus. Yet nearly all participants viewed the pandemic as having a relatively minimal impact on their lives compared to the weight of their reentry challenges and probation requirements. Young adults described COVID-19 stay-at-home orders as limiting their exposure to negative influences and facilitating compliance with probation requirements. However, resource closures due to COVID-19, including schools, employment programs, and social services presented barriers to reentry success. The authors draw upon these findings to pose implications for interventions supporting young adult reentry.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12103-022-09683-8.
... Reentry programs assist individuals returning to the community from prison by providing services and making referrals designed to target various needs, including attitudes and behaviors, mental health, substance abuse, housing, education, and employment (Mizel & Abrams, 2019). To facilitate this work, reentry administrators commonly reference the Risk, Needs, Responsivity model (RNR) for corrections (Andrews et al., 2006). ...
This study utilized life story interviews with 21 formerly incarcerated individuals to examine the role vocational reentry programming played in the desistance process. We begin with a review of theories of desistance and the state of reentry programs. A thematic analysis revealed that providers assisted individuals to understand their behavioral trajectories and to take steps toward desistance. Further, participants felt empowered by program provided social support, developed strategies to overcome employment barriers, and held resilient and optimistic attitudes in changing their identities and behavioral trajectories. We conclude with a discussion on how these findings can inform desistance theory and reentry policy.
... Diversos estudios (Alós et al., 2015;Arditti y Few, 2006Bales y Mears, 2008;Jenson et al., 1986; Visher y Travis, 2011) destacan la importancia de la calidad de los víncu los sociales en los procesos de resocialización y reintegración en la sociedad. Dentro © Ediciones Pirámide de estos factores sociales que este colectivo destaca como importante para su reinserción en la sociedad encontramos el apoyo familiar y el acceso a redes de apoyo posteriores a la liberación (Clone y DeHart, 2014;Cobbina, 2010;Mizel y Abrams, 2019;Muentner y Charles, 2020;Sirois, 2019;Visher, 2013;Wyse, 2018). Las madres muestran una mayor necesidad de un enfoque comunitario dirigido a fortalecer los sistemas de apoyo requeridos ante situaciones (emocionales, financieras y sociales) derivadas del encarcelamiento materno Estos sistemas de apoyo disminuyen los riesgos para la salud consecuencia de la angustia materna ante los desafíos personales que supone para estas mujeres el reingreso en la familia y en la comunidad y favorecen que la reinserción tenga éxito (Arditti y Few, 2006 ...
... Los grupos de apoyo mutuo se proponen como una estrategia positiva y eficaz que apoya el reingreso con éxito desde centros de inserción social. Ofrece beneficios como las respuestas afectivas positivas a la participación grupal, la conexión emocional, la capacidad de asumir comportamientos prosociales y el apoyo entre los miembros, siendo estos resultados positivos derivados de acciones educativas incluidas en un programa educativo informal Mizel y Abrams, 2019). ...
... (Mizel and Abrams 2019, p.8) Building positive relationships with formal agents is favourable to the emergence of a (new) sense of self-worth, of purpose and of being important to someone, to be a source of pride and hope rather than disappointment (Barry 2013;Blagden, Winder and Hames 2016;Healy 2012;King 2014;Pannucio et al. 2012;Vanhooren, Leijssen and Dezutter 2017). Having someone believe in oneself can be a source of empowerment and enable the pursuit of conventional goals (Healy 2012;Mizel and Abrams 2019): ...
... Formal assistance in the early stages of desistance Of all sources, eight are related to the initial phases of desistance(Abrams and Terry 2017;Farrall 2002;Healy 2012;King 2014;Mizel and Abrams 2019;Panuccio et al. 2012;Radcliffe and Hunter 2016;Rowe and Soppitt 2014). Most studies were prospective, longitudinal studies, and observed, over a short period of time, changes in the narratives or the identities of would-be desisters, as well as the obstacles they faced and their strategies to overcome these. ...
Current research often relies on measures of recidivism to evaluate the effectiveness of formal criminal justice system interventions. Such studies, however, do not provide information on desistance from crime, that is, on how such interventions can help maintaining abstinence from offending and assist desisters in their efforts to change. This scoping review argues that formal agents (such as probation officers) can play a part in supporting desistance by providing practical help and resources based on desisters’ needs, and can assist in changes in self‐identity through sustained positive feedback and encouragement. We propose a model of assisted desistance to conceptualise the effects of formal agents on desistance processes. The mandatory context of interventions, the fragile balance between legalistic and therapeutic roles, as well as the processes of desistance outside of the criminal justice system are considered. Implications for future research, policy, and practice are discussed.
... De l'ensemble des sources analysées, huit portent sur les phases initiales du désistement (Abrams et Terry, 2017 ;Farrall, 2002 ;Healy, 2012 ;King, 2014 ;Mizel et Abrams, 2019 ;Panuccio et al., 2012 ;Radcliffe et Hunter, 2016 ;Rowe et Soppitt, 2014). Ces études sont généralement prospectives et longitudinales et observent, sur une plus courte période de temps, les changements qui se produisent sur le plan identitaire ou narratif et documentent les obstacles au désistement, ainsi que les éléments qui ont permis de les surmonter. ...
... Sept études primaires s'intéressent aux façons dont les intervenants aident les justiciables à trouver des ouvertures dans la structure sociale qui leur permettront d'endosser des identités sociales facilitant le désis- ≤5 (52,1 %) ; 6-10 (25,7 %) ; 11-15 (9,6 %) ; 16+ (9,6 %) ; n/a : (4,1 %) • Durée de l'ordonnance (mois) : <12 (46,5 %) ; 13-23 (5,5 %) ; 24+ (23,2 %) ; en cours/fin inconnue (11 %) ; n/a (13,7 %) • Délits : vols qualifiés (20,5 %) ; relatifs aux drogues (19,2 %) ; vols (17,8 %) ; agression (10,9 %) ; prise de véhicule sans consentement (8,2 %) ; introduction par effraction (5,5 %) ; liés à la conduite automobile (4,1 %) ; autres (13,6 %) (Abrams et Terry, 2017 ;Farrall, 2002 ;Halsey et al., 2017 ;McCulloch, 2005 ;Mizel et Abrams, 2019 ;Panuccio et al., 2012 ;Rex, 1999). Quatre recherches ont été réalisées sur ce même objet, mais de manière transversale et rétrospective, c'està-dire lorsque les changements identitaires et narratifs sont confirmés, en tentant de retracer comment les interventions formelles ont pu faciliter (ou non) ces changements (Barry, 2013 ;F.-Dufour et Brassard, 2014 ;Farmer et al., 2015 ;Harris, 2014). ...
... : Barry, 2013 ;Blagden et al., 2016 ;Farmer et al., 2015 ;Farrall, 2002 ;Healy, 2012 ;Panuccio et al., 2012 ;Rex, 1999). Les qualités et les attitudes des agents formels joueraient donc un rôle important pour soutenir le désistement puisque c'est par le biais de cette relation que le désisteur en devenir (re)découvre sa valeur personnelle, ce qui lui permet de poursuivre un but en ayant le sentiment d'être quelqu'un d'important aux yeux d'autrui (Barry, 2013 ;Blagden et al., 2016 ;Healy, 2012 ;King, 2014 ;Mizel et Abrams, 2019 ;Panuccio et al., 2012 ;Vanhooren et al., 2017) : ...
Les indicateurs de récidive sont souvent utilisés pour évaluer l’efficacité des interventions réalisées par les acteurs formels du système de justice pénale. Ces études permettent de déterminer « ce qui fonctionne » pour prévenir la récidive. Par contre, elles donnent peu d’information sur les processus de désistement du crime, c’est-à-dire sur comment ces interventions contribuent à l’arrêt de la criminalité et à soutenir les désisteurs dans leurs efforts de changement. Cette étude de la portée montre que des agents de désistement formels peuvent jouer un rôle de soutien en offrant de l’aide pratique et des ressources qui tiennent compte des besoins des désisteurs et en favorisant les changements cognitifs et identitaires en donnant des rétroactions positives et des encouragements constants. Un modèle est proposé pour conceptualiser les impacts des interventions formelles sur les processus de désistement. Le contexte non volontaire, l’équilibre fragile entre les rôles légal et thérapeutique des agents formels, ainsi que la fragilité inhérente aux processus de désistement sont importants à considérer pour offrir des interventions visant à promouvoir le désistement. Des pistes pour les recherches futures ainsi que les implications pour le développement de politiques et la pratique sont discutées.
Globally, at least half of the released prisoner population will return to incarceration before the end of their first year in society. Going against generally accepted notions, deliberation should be given to the existence of transience in habitual recidivists' or habitual convicted criminal offenders' (HCCOs') life course. The HCCO is habitually, chronically, or serially recidivistic (above the average recorded number of arrests and imprisonment, i.e., anything above or equal to five). Furthermore, transience can be considered as junctures of socio-cognitive unsteadiness, impermanence, and inconstancy that leads to the uncoupling of positive bonds within human and environmental relationships. Accordingly, this chapter discusses two outlooks of the transient state of HCCO: the habitual prisoner revolving door syndrome and habitual transient life course disconnect. Finally, this work concludes by promoting the reentry and rehabilitation of convicted criminal offenders based on conditions of productive law-abiding citizenship.
