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Salicornia europaea and Suaeda maritima (24/31), halophytes from coasts of north-western Europe. The annotation is one of the earliest containing information on the halophyte community: "They like very much saline soils and sea coasts, and grow in stable community, to such degree that many people considered, wrongly, there were not two, but one plant, and express such opinion". © Jagiellonian Library, Graphics Department, Cracow, Poland.
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During the Renaissance ecological thinking emerged both in printed scientific works and in pictures showing plants against the background of their natural environment. A unique source for the history of plant ecology is the Libri picturati A. 18–30 collection of water-colours kept at the Jagiellonian Library in Cracow (Poland). This collection cons...
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... Jego celem było opracowanie wyjątkowej kolekcji renesansowych rycin Libri picturati przechowywanych od zakończenia II wojny światowej w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej. W rezultacie powstało wiele artykułów analizujących ową kolekcję w różnych aspektach [241,244,258,257]. Ukoronowaniem tych prac było wydanie w Holandii obszernego opracowania autorstwa Jubilatki, prof. ...
The paper contains biography and bibliography of Professor Alicja Zemanek
... 27/folio 51, water-coloured) made in the Netherlands and stored in the Biblioteka Jagiello nska, Uniwersytet Jagiello nski, Krak ow, Poland. These paintings are from the second half of the 16th century and the beginnings of the 17th century and were annotated by the famous Flemish botanists like Charles de l' Ecluse (Carolus Clusius) (1526-1609) (Zemanek & Zemanek 2006;Zemanek, Ubrzizsy Savoia & Zemanek 2007). Recent examples include works by the Irish artist Patrick O'Hara, the print on postage stamps such as the 1967 Belgian one franc stamp (Robyns 1976), and the 1969 25 pfennig stamp in the former German Democratic Republic. ...
This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Eryngium maritimum L. (Sea Holly) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history and conservation.
Eryngium maritimum is a native perennial hemicryptophyte, with a large taproot, spiny and leathery leaves and a pale bluish inflorescence. It has a more or less continuous distribution in suitable habitats along the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland up to about 55° N, but it is more scattered further north. On the west coast, it is found south of the Hebrides, and on the east coast, with some exceptions, south of Yorkshire. In Europe, it has a wide, but mainly southern temperate, European distribution along the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean, the Baltic, the Mediterranean, and the Black and Azov Seas. Its northern distribution limit is at c. 60° N.
Eryngium maritimum grows typically on sand and shingle beaches, foredunes and yellow dunes, as well as in semi-fixed grey dunes. Its habitats have full sunlight and are more or less dry. It occurs in many coastal plant communities from the beach inland, and because of its wide European distribution, it occurs with members of several different biogeographical species groups.
Protected from grazing by its spininess and sclerophylly, E. maritimum is nevertheless vulnerable to direct damage by trampling. It supports few insect herbivores, probably because of chemical defences. Historically, it has had a great number of medicinal uses.
Eryngium maritimum is unable to withstand competition from faster and more densely growing plant species. In many coastal regions, in both temperate and mediterranean parts of Europe, it is one of the rarest and most threatened plant species, mainly because of habitat loss and land-use changes.
Cataloguing of the natural world was started by the 16th–century scholar Ulisses Aldrovandi, who was inspired by overseas expeditions. Collectors of specimens, among whom were many doctors of medicine and pharmacists, noticed the possibilities for using exotic plants and animals in medicine. The first pharmacopoeias, however, contained very few of the previously unknown raw materials and they did not have a great impact on the contemporary therapeutic possibilities. In the Polish territories, the raw materials from the New World had already been recorded in Jan Woyna’s Krakow Pharmacopoeia of 1683, in which five American species were identified. By contrast, in the 18th–century Jesuit pharmacies, 30 such materials were already used, although they were not pharmacopoeial. In the 18th century, in the Polish lands, an important role was played by duchess Anna Jabłonowska (1728–1800), who gathered one of the richest natural history collections in Europe in Siemiatycze in Podlasie. Thanks to her support, the Polish nature literature was enriched with numerous works that were of importance for the development of the natural sciences.
Omstreeks 1759 hoopt de Britse prinses Augusta een tuin te creëren met alle planten van de hele wereld. Een dergelijke collectie verdient volgens haar raadgevers een plek in of nabij Londen, dat destijds als centrum van wereldoverheersing en financiële macht wordt beschouwd. Vanaf het einde van de achttiende eeuw worden deze Kew Gardens het “botanische wisselkantoor” van het Britse Rijk, waarbij een intensief transport van commercieel waardevolle planten plaatsvindt tussen de Oost-Indische en West-Indische regionen. Bijvoorbeeld van Mahonie uit Honduras (Swietenia macrophylla) naar Indië, Bangladesh, Indonesië en Fiji, waar vandaag het grootste deel van de wereldvoorraad echt Mahoniehout wordt geproduceerd. Of, in de andere richting, van Broodvrucht uit Tahiti (Artocarpus altilis) tot bij de slaven in Jamaica. In deze bijdrage keren we echter verder terug in de tijd, alsook dichterbij huis, om de belangstelling van de aristocratie in planten, hun schoonheid, bron van prestige én ecologie te belichten.
Innowacje chemiczne w odżywianiu roślin od starożytnej Grecji i Rzymu po czasy najnowsze. Praca przeglądowa Chemical innovation in plant nutrition in a historical continuum from ancient Greece and Rome until modern times. A review Streszczenie. W opracowaniu ukazano, jak kształtowały się poglądy dotyczące odżywiania roślin i jak powstawał fundament tej dziedziny wiedzy przyrodniczej. Przedstawiono także współczesne problemy i kierunki badań dotyczące odżywiania roślin, ukazując ich nowy wymiar, z jednej strony motywowany potrzebą wyżywienia zwiększającej się populacji, z drugiej narastającymi problemami środowiskowymi wywołanymi intensyfikacją produkcji rolniczej. Słowa kluczowe: innowacje chemiczne, odżywianie roślin, aspekty historyczne WSTĘP Odżywianie roślin początkowo znajdowało się w kręgu zainteresowań filozofów, a następnie badaczy. Historia odkryć przyrodniczych dotyczących sposobu odżywiania się roślin obfituje w wiele błędnych poglądów i teorii. Poznanie wielopokoleniowego trudu w dociekaniu wyjaśnienia tego fundamentalnego dla rolnictwa procesu ukazuje wytrwałość i pomysłowość wielu wybitnych osobowości i uczonych. Pozwala także na refleksję natury ogólnej, jak wielki, zbiorowy wysiłek nauki stoi za współczesną wiedzą, która często wydaje się nam oczywista. Niniejsze opracowanie stawia sobie za cel ukazanie, jak mozolnie na przestrzeni wieków kształtowały się poglądy dotyczące odżywiania roślin i powstawał fundament wiedzy przyrodniczej dotyczący tej problematyki. W publikacji przedstawiono także współczesne problemy i kierunki badań dotyczące odżywiania roślin, ukazując ich nowy wymiar, zdeterminowany z jednej strony potrzebą wyżywienia zwiększającej się w po-stępie geometrycznym populacji Ziemi, z drugiej narastającymi problemami środowi-skowymi z tytułu intensyfikacji produkcji rolniczej.
This monograph aims to present how arduously views on plant nutrition shaped over centuries and how the foundation of environmental knowledge concerning these issues was created. This publication also presents current problems and trends in studies concerning plant nutrition, showing their new dimension. This new dimension is determined, on one hand, by the need to feed the world population increasing in geometric progression, and on the other hand by growing environmental problems connected with intensification of agricultural production.
The research on fossil bones by Georges Cuvier (1769–1832) is an instructive example of the making of scientific knowledge in the indoor setting of a museum. The trajectory of his specimens can be followed all the way from their collection in the field to their publication as engravings with explanatory text. Cuvier's resources at the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris were greatly enlarged by his accumulation of a “paper museum”. He appealed to other naturalists to send him accurate drawings of fossil bones. These functioned as paper “proxies” for specimens that in reality remained elsewhere. Such visual “mobiles” were far from immutable, however, because they were transformed not only by the processes of drawing and engraving but also by Cuvier's use of visual rhetoric: he made them give persuasive support to his zoological and geological interpretations of fossil bones.
This review surveys recent scholarship on the history of natural history with special attention to the role of images in the Renaissance. It discusses how classicism, collecting and printing were important catalysts for the Renaissance study of nature. Classicism provided inspiration of how to study and what kind of object to examine in nature, and several images from the period can be shown to reflect these classical values. The development of the passion for collecting and the rise of commerce in nature's commodities led to the circulation of a large number of exotic flora and fauna. Pictures enabled scholars to access unobtainable objects, build up knowledge of rare objects over time, and study them long after the live specimens had died away. Printing replicated pictures alongside texts and enabled scholars to share and accumulate knowledge. Images, alongside objects and text, were an important means of studying nature. Naturalists' images, in turn, became part of a larger visual culture in which nature was regarded as a beautiful and fascinating object of admiration.
