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Saccular toadfish otolith from a female (55 g, 150 mm TL) which displays annual increments utilized for age determination: A, observation of three annuli seen with a dissection microscope with transmitted light; B, concave surface of the same otolith when viewed by scanning electron microscopy which shows three ridges.
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Otoliths from oyster toadfish were measured and examined for annuli and daily increments. Distinct annual increments made it feasible to determine growth parameters which demonstrated sexual dimorphism in growth. Microincrements, judged to be daily on the basis of two separate criteria, were enumerated and measured to provide verification of annuli...
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Context 1
... body length-body weight relationship of toadfish conformed to the power curve model wt = alb (Fig. 1). There was no significant difference in slopes when analyzed by sex (P > 0.05), consequently all data were combined. The model, weight = 6.098 length3 l8 was an excellent predictor curve (I = 0.99) for the present toadfish popu- lation. The saccular otoliths (sagittae) displayed definite hyaline and opaque zones when viewed with transmitted light ( Fig. 2A). The wider hyaline areas conceivably correspond to periods of fast growth which occur in the summer, while the thinner opaque areas are related to periods of slow growth which occur in the winter. An incremental area (which consisted of one opaque and one hyaline zone) was interpreted to be yearly in occurrence and incremental numbers increased in number with an increase in fish size. Examination of the distal surface of the otoliths by SEM demonstrated that the opaque areas formed ridges on the concave surface of the sagitta (Fig. 2B). The number of ridges viewed by SEM techniques corresponded to light microscope counts. The assignment of incremental areas as being yearly made it possible to estimate the age of toadfish in the present ...
Context 2
... body length-body weight relationship of toadfish conformed to the power curve model wt = alb (Fig. 1). There was no significant difference in slopes when analyzed by sex (P > 0.05), consequently all data were combined. The model, weight = 6.098 length3 l8 was an excellent predictor curve (I = 0.99) for the present toadfish popu- lation. The saccular otoliths (sagittae) displayed definite hyaline and opaque zones when viewed with transmitted light ( Fig. 2A). The wider hyaline areas conceivably correspond to periods of fast growth which occur in the summer, while the thinner opaque areas are related to periods of slow growth which occur in the winter. An incremental area (which consisted of one opaque and one hyaline zone) was interpreted to be yearly in occurrence and incremental numbers increased in number with an increase in fish size. Examination of the distal surface of the otoliths by SEM demonstrated that the opaque areas formed ridges on the concave surface of the sagitta (Fig. 2B). The number of ridges viewed by SEM techniques corresponded to light microscope counts. The assignment of incremental areas as being yearly made it possible to estimate the age of toadfish in the present ...
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Little is known about the potential impact of habitat modification by bottom fishing gear on the growth of demersal fishes. An analysis is presented for the growth of blue cod in Foveaux Strait, southern New Zealand, based on otoliths of fish captured from two sites in Foveaux Strait in 1999.
Each site contained two distinct areas of contrasting be...
Citations
... Another highlight with Ross McClung, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, was the first demonstration of sexual dimorphism in a fish brain (Fine et al., 1984). Neurons in the toadfish sonic motor nucleus increase in number and size for 7-8 years based on aging using annual rings on saccular otoliths (Radtke et al., 1985). Furthermore, males have two forms, one with large neurons and another with small neurons (now known as type I and II males). ...
... Intrinsic toadfish muscle fibers do not have a standard origin or insertion; rather each muscle fiber attaches to the swim bladder at its dorsal and ventral ends. The muscle grows like an onion adding most new fibers, which have small diameters, at the muscle periphery (Fine et al., 1990a) Both the swim bladder and sonic muscles increase in size with fish growth (Fine et al., 1990a) although males grow larger and live longer than females (Radtke et al., 1985). Regression data indicate that the swim bladder and sonic muscles are, respectively, 20% and 44% heavier in males than in females. ...
My research has been devoted to neuromuscular control of sound production in toadfish, catfish, and other species along with an occasional foray into hearing. Toadfish utilize a heart shaped swim bladder and superfast muscles with small fibers and an unusual ultrastructure. Both sonic motor neurons and muscle fibers increase in size and number for multiple years, and large muscle fibers fragment and likely divide, maintaining energetic efficiency. Toadfish sonic muscles drive the swim bladder directly (a forced response), and the sound waveform parallels bladder movement. The forced response differs from traditional interpretations of swim bladders as underwater resonant bubbles. High water content in the swim bladder wall inhibits resonance by viscous damping at shallow but likely less effectively at deeper depths, suggesting both notions might apply. Catfish produce sounds with their pectoral spines by rubbing a ridged surface on the dorsal process against a rough surface on the cleithrum: a series of quick jerks produce sounds via a slip-stick mechanism. Recent discoveries on other species reveal novel adaptations for sound production and suggestions are made for future work.
... There are few descriptions of the otolith microstructure in carangid species, other than the study of Waldron (2001), confirming the presence of resolvable microincrements to at least the first translucent zone, despite the allometry that seem to occur at the end of the first year of life. Such a pattern is opposite to that of slow-growing species where micro-increments in the translucent zone become unresolvable after approximately the sixth month of YOY life (Waldron, 1994, Radtke et al., 1985, Beckman and Calfee, 2014. A noticeable finding was the early formation of a first translucent zone between days 100 and 180, after a phase of accelerated growth. ...
Ages of Chilean jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi) in the southern Pacific Ocean were validated using three methods: 1) daily microincrement readings in sagittal otoliths of young-of-the year (YOY) fish to validate the first annulus; 2) modal progression of strong year-classes (PSYC) to validate the first, second and third annuli, and 3) bomb radiocarbon analysis of otolith cores to validate the absolute age in older fish >38 cm fork length (FL). A Laird-Gompertz (LG) model was fitted to fork length (cm) at age (days) relationship in fish ranging from 3.4 to 25.0 cm FL and from 56 to 550 days in age. The LG model estimated a mean FL of 22 cm at the end of the first year of life, which was large compared with the mean FL estimated through conventional ageing in whole otoliths. The comparison between daily age with annual growth bands from whole otoliths, showed a false increment formed at 185 ± 34 days and a second translucent increment formed at 352 ± 79 days, corresponding to the first annulus for fish with the mean FL of 21.4 ± 1.8 cm. The PSYC coinciding with the recruits of 2008 (age 0), was tracked through three subsequent years with high accuracy, attaining 23, 27 and 30 cm FL in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. These modes identified as age 1, age 2 and age 3 in the PSYC, matched to the mean length of fish with 2, 4 and 5 translucent increments in sagittal otoliths. Results from bomb radiocarbon analysis confirmed that most of the ages were correct, because the Δ14C content of adult otolith core matched the reference chronology. The absolute mean ages for the assayed otoliths, based on the comparison with the reference chronology, ranged from 7 to 13 years for sizes between 39 and 60 cm FL. The age validation for T. murphy as addressed in the current study provided crucial information for enhancing stock assessment output of this important transboundary commercial species.
... The smolts with one winter band internal from the ridge of scale or two winter bands were considered as age-1 migrants (Supporting Information Figure S2). We also conducted age determination by counting translucent areas in the otoliths (n = 79), which is also a common technique to identify the age of fish (Radtke et al., 1985), and confirmed that the evaluated ages matched completely between the two methods. ...
... This is because a high Sr/Ca concentration ratio is sometimes observed early with a freshwater life history (<80 μm from the core) likely owing to physiological causes in salmonids (Arai & Tsukamoto, 1998;Kalish, 1990). The sea age was judged to be less than 1 year when an Sr/Ca concentration ratio above 4.0 Â 10 À3 was observed in the radial width of 80-140 μm in the otolith (Umino et al., 2001), without signs of overwintering (hyaline/opaque pair: Radtke et al., 1985). ...
We examined variations in age at seaward migration and sea age for the anadromous form of red‐spotted masu salmon (Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae) in two Japanese rivers. The anadromous form of red‐spotted masu salmon expressed only two sea migration patterns in the two rivers: (a) the majority of the salmon (95%, n = 81) were of age‐0, and age‐1 migrants were rare (n = 4); and (b) all the salmon examined (n = 22) made a return migration within a year, with 23% of the salmon exhibiting potamodromy in the river. Owing to low variation in their sea migratory patterns, the anadromous form of red‐spotted masu salmon is likely vulnerable to environmental fluctuations.
... Studies suggested that the morphometrics of otoliths may provide critical information for aging when annuli is less useful. Radtke (1985) explored the utility of otolith weight to estimate ages of fish [12], and otolith morphometrics have been successful applied to determine age of eels [13][14]. In addition, age and total length (TL) are usually correlated, so somatic morphometrics could also be used for age determination [15][16]. ...
... Studies suggested that the morphometrics of otoliths may provide critical information for aging when annuli is less useful. Radtke (1985) explored the utility of otolith weight to estimate ages of fish [12], and otolith morphometrics have been successful applied to determine age of eels [13][14]. In addition, age and total length (TL) are usually correlated, so somatic morphometrics could also be used for age determination [15][16]. ...
It is difficult to determine ages of eels via otoliths, because multiple alternating translucent and opaque zones in the otoliths are hard to identify. In this study, we developed an efficient age determination method for whitespotted conger (Conger myriaster), using random forest models with otolith weight and length, total body length, capture location and season as predictors. 409 specimens were collected from six locations in Yellow and East China Sea between October 2016 and December 2017. Overall OOB error rate was 17.36% compared with 16.26% for the external cross-validation dataset, and the error of age was within one year. Otolith weight and total length were the most important predictors, followed by otolith length, capture locations and seasons. There were no significant differences between the results derived from otolith/somatic morphometrics and otoliths annuli in the estimation of age composition and von Betalanffy Growth Functions growth curve. Our results demonstrated that random forest model with otolith and somatic morphometrics is an efficient and reliable approach for age determination of C. myriaster, which may also be applied to other eel species.
... (e.g. Radtke et al., 1985;Waldron, 1994;Waldron & Kerstan, 2001;Beckman & Calfee, 2014). Consequently, this seems to be true for cardinalfish, where the first annulus was correctly identified in the current study and where the mean radius (1.5 ± 0.15 mm) of the first annulus is similar to other species of the same genus, as reported for E. telescopus by Vieira et al. (2013). ...
Age and growth parameters were estimated for the deep-sea cardinalfish ( Epigonus crassicaudus ) from sagittal otoliths collected between 2012 and 2015 onboard commercial fishing vessels from the South-east Pacific off Chile between 33°04′S and 41°46′S. Von Bertalanffy growth parameters (VBGP) were estimated from assumed annual otolith growth zone counts. The verification of the first annulus of sagittal otoliths was determined by examining in detail daily micro-increments. These data helped inform the interpretation of the annual growth zones from transverse otolith sections. The von Bertalanffy growth model estimated to length-at-age data were asymptotic length ( L∞ ) of 34.1 cm fork length (FL), a growth coefficient ( k ) of 0.1 cm/year and a t -zero ( t0 ) of −0.85. The maximum ages observed were 67 and 65 years for female and male fish, respectively.
... The relationship between age and the different morphometric parameters of otoliths could change with time. Radtke et al. (1985) showed that age could be predicted by O L and O WI with good precision for early life stages. For older fish, O W was shown to be a better variable. ...
The ornate jobfish Pristipomoides argyrogrammicus Valenciennes 1832 occurs in the Indo-West Pacific Ocean, where it is harvested by small-scale coastal fisheries. Management of this species is hindered by lack of adequate biological data. We sampled a total of 113 individuals from the landings of local artisanal fishers on the island of Réunion (southwestern Indian Ocean), from March 2014 to March 2015. The relationships between two types of body length (total and standard length, cm) and total weight (g) were shown to be significant (p < 0.05). The length–weight relationship was described by a power function, with the scaling factor estimated to be 0.008 and the exponent 3.146. Age was determined using whole otoliths. The von Bertalanffy growth equation was estimated to be TLt = 30.68(1 – e−0.52(t)). Otolith morphometry variables (length, width and area) were significantly correlated with age estimates (p < 0.05). No significant difference in age estimates was observed between left and right otoliths used as predictors. Readings from observed age and the estimates from modelled age indicated relatively good agreement, suggesting the potential to use whole otoliths for age estimation.
... History Parameters of Recruitment Enhanced SpeciesPerez et al. 2006, Welsh and Breder 1923 Clemmer and Schwartz 1965, Kneib and Stiven 1978 heteroclitus as proxy) Robins and Ray 1986, Boschung, H.T., Jr., and R.L. Mayden. 2004, Hernaman and Munday 2005 (Istigobius goldmanni [M] Manooch and Matheson 1983, Bohnsack and Harper 1988, Manooch 1987 Mycteroperca microlepis Gag Grouper 0.18 118.0 0.17 -0.74 0.0093 3.059 0.18 Hood and Schlieder 1992, McGovern et al. 2005 Swartz and van Engle 1968,Radtke et al. 1985 Swartz and van Engle 1968, Radtke et al. 1985Stunz et al. 2000, Fischer and Thompson 2004Stunz et al. 2000, Fischer and Thompson 2004Richards et al. 1979, Robins & Ray 1986 Arreguin Sanchez 1999 (F. aztecus as proxy),Minello et al. 2008 ...
... History Parameters of Recruitment Enhanced SpeciesPerez et al. 2006, Welsh and Breder 1923 Clemmer and Schwartz 1965, Kneib and Stiven 1978 heteroclitus as proxy) Robins and Ray 1986, Boschung, H.T., Jr., and R.L. Mayden. 2004, Hernaman and Munday 2005 (Istigobius goldmanni [M] Manooch and Matheson 1983, Bohnsack and Harper 1988, Manooch 1987 Mycteroperca microlepis Gag Grouper 0.18 118.0 0.17 -0.74 0.0093 3.059 0.18 Hood and Schlieder 1992, McGovern et al. 2005 Swartz and van Engle 1968,Radtke et al. 1985 Swartz and van Engle 1968, Radtke et al. 1985Stunz et al. 2000, Fischer and Thompson 2004Stunz et al. 2000, Fischer and Thompson 2004Richards et al. 1979, Robins & Ray 1986 Arreguin Sanchez 1999 (F. aztecus as proxy),Minello et al. 2008 ...
http://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationPractices/Marine/Area-basedManagement/mow/mow-library/Documents/OysterHabitatRestoration_ManagersGuide.pdf
... Male toadfish ranged between 29 and 760 g and females between 52 and 567 g. The largest four fish were males, which grow to larger sizes than females (Radtke, Fine & Bell, 1985). SPL increased nonlinearly from 39 to 78 dB SPL in males and 26 to 78 dB in females. ...
... With the exception of SPL, grunt parameters were extremely variable but stable in fish from 29 to 760 g, equivalent to >100 to over 300 mm total length (Fine, 1975) and at least two to over 10 year-old individuals (Radtke, Fine & Bell, 1985). Although no juveniles were recorded in this study, we have heard grunts from fish <60 mm total length suggesting a lack of major changes in calls over most of the lifespan of the fish. ...
As in insects, frogs and birds, vocal activity in fishes tends to be more developed in males than in females, and sonic swimbladder muscles may be sexually dimorphic, i.e., either larger in males or present only in males. Male oyster toadfish
Opsanus tau
L produce a long duration, tonal boatwhistle advertisement call, and both sexes grunt, a short duration more pulsatile agonistic call. Sonic muscles are present in both sexes but larger in males. We tested the hypothesis that males would call more than females by inducing grunts in toadfish of various sizes held in a net and determined incidence of calling and developmental changes in grunt parameters. A small number of fish were recorded twice to examine call repeatability. Both sexes were equally likely to grunt, and grunt parameters (sound pressure level (SPL), individual range in SPL, number of grunts, and fundamental frequency) were similar in both sexes. SPL increased with fish size before leveling off in fish >200 g, and fundamental frequency and other parameters did not change with fish size. Number of grunts in a train, grunt duration and inter-grunt interval were highly variable in fish recorded twice suggesting that grunt parameters reflect internal motivation rather than different messages. Grunt production may explain the presence of well-developed sonic muscles in females and suggests that females have an active but unexplored vocal life.
... History Parameters of Recruitment Enhanced SpeciesPerez et al. 2006, Welsh and Breder 1923 Clemmer and Schwartz 1965, Kneib and Stiven 1978 heteroclitus as proxy) Robins and Ray 1986, Boschung, H.T., Jr., and R.L. Mayden. 2004, Hernaman and Munday 2005 (Istigobius goldmanni [M] Manooch and Matheson 1983, Bohnsack and Harper 1988, Manooch 1987 Mycteroperca microlepis Gag Grouper 0.18 118.0 0.17 -0.74 0.0093 3.059 0.18 Hood and Schlieder 1992, McGovern et al. 2005 Swartz and van Engle 1968,Radtke et al. 1985 Swartz and van Engle 1968, Radtke et al. 1985Stunz et al. 2000, Fischer and Thompson 2004Stunz et al. 2000, Fischer and Thompson 2004Richards et al. 1979, Robins & Ray 1986 Arreguin Sanchez 1999 (F. aztecus as proxy),Minello et al. 2008 ...
... History Parameters of Recruitment Enhanced SpeciesPerez et al. 2006, Welsh and Breder 1923 Clemmer and Schwartz 1965, Kneib and Stiven 1978 heteroclitus as proxy) Robins and Ray 1986, Boschung, H.T., Jr., and R.L. Mayden. 2004, Hernaman and Munday 2005 (Istigobius goldmanni [M] Manooch and Matheson 1983, Bohnsack and Harper 1988, Manooch 1987 Mycteroperca microlepis Gag Grouper 0.18 118.0 0.17 -0.74 0.0093 3.059 0.18 Hood and Schlieder 1992, McGovern et al. 2005 Swartz and van Engle 1968,Radtke et al. 1985 Swartz and van Engle 1968, Radtke et al. 1985Stunz et al. 2000, Fischer and Thompson 2004Stunz et al. 2000, Fischer and Thompson 2004Richards et al. 1979, Robins & Ray 1986 Arreguin Sanchez 1999 (F. aztecus as proxy),Minello et al. 2008 ...
... Fisheries scientists have explored the utility of using otolith mass to estimate fish ages in the past. Otoliths provide a useful indicator of fish age because slow-growing, long-lived fish tend to have relatively heavy otoliths, while fast-growing, younger fish tend to have relatively light otoliths (Radtke et al. 1985). This method has potential benefits because it limits the amount of subjectivity in fish age interpretation and personnel training generally required when designating fish ages using hard structures. ...
... We selected a short-lived, fast-growing fish species for the analyses described here. Based on the observations of others, this species was an ideal candidate for this research (Radtke et al. 1985). The maximum age of kokanee salmon in our study was four, limiting the amount of possible categories to which a fish could be assigned. ...
Estimating ages of individuals in fish populations is crucial for determining characteristics necessary to effectively manage sport fisheries. Currently, the most accepted approach for fish age determination is using thin sectioned otoliths for interpretation. This method is labor-intensive, requires extensive training, and subjectively determines age. Several studies have shown that otolith mass increases with age, yet use of otolith weights to determine fish age is relatively underutilized. However, determining fish age using otolith weight requires relatively little training, is relatively non-subjective, and is faster compared to other aging techniques. We collected kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) in 2004 from four reservoirs, and from 2000 – 2009 in one reservoir, to evaluate the efficacy of using otolith weights to determine fish ages. We used a machine learning technique to predict kokanee salmon ages using otolith weight and various other covariates. Our findings suggest this method has potential to significantly reduce time and financial resources required to age fish. We conclude that using otolith weights to determine fish age may represent an efficient and accurate approach for some species.
