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"Sustainable livelihood (SL) approaches provide a fresh optic in poverty analysis. This paper reports on work carried out with partners in Zimbabwe, Zambia and South Africa by Khanya-- managing rural change and funded by the UK's Department for International Development. Paper 49 in this series addresses the conceptual issues and methodological lea...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... different elements in the framework can be summarised as the Context --in which exist --assets --access to which is critically influenced by --policies and institutions -- which also serve to influence the --strategies - -which people adopt in pursuit of livelihoods and eventual --poverty elimination. The Khanya version of the Framework is shown in Figure 1. ...
Context 2
... adapted the framework diagram used by DFID and the adapted version is shown in Figure 1. The major difference in the approach taken by Khanya was; ...
Context 3
... second tension is about time, where the state has to balance satisfying the needs of the present (eg for housing) with the needs of the future (eg through education). He expresses these roles in a diagram which is shown below (Figure 8.1). ...
Context 4
... current focus on narrow management issues (often borrowed uncritically from the corporate sector), acquiring skills valued by donors, and traditional concepts of lobbying need to be replaced by a broader base of capacities which include the ability to listen to, to learn from and work with others at both local and global levels and outside the development sector.... ways of working that are less concerned with promoting their own profile and more concerned with building alliances, working with others and dividing up roles and responsibilities in a collaborative way". (Edwards op cit, p 131-132). ...
Citations
... Hal ini disebabkan karena responden merasa kurang terlibat dalam keputusan politik, dan lebih terlibat dalam forum-forum lokal, seperti pertemuan-pertemuan paguyuban dan pertemuan yang diadakan oleh LMDH Sengkuyung Makmur.Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan teori tentang sustainable livelihood, yang menyatakan bahwa modal kelembagaan memiliki kontribusi yang penting terhadap hasil mata pencaharian. Hasil ini juga mendukung penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya dari(Goldman et al., 2000) ,(Lowe & Schilderman, 2001) &(Lowe & Schilderman, 2001),(Afandi et al., 2014),(Badola et al., 2018) dan (Umar et al., 2020) menunjukkan bahwa modal kelembagaan (institutional capital) berpengaruh terhadap hasil mata pencaharian (livelihood outcomes). f. ...
Perkembangan literatur sustainable livelihood for tourism telah semakin pesat seiring dengan adanya sustainable development goals. Buku ini menyajikan perkembangan mutakhir pemikiran-pemikiran terkait sustainable livelihood for tourism di beberapa obyek wisata di beberapa negara. Monograf ini mencoba memberikan perspektif berbeda tentang konsep sustainable livelihood for tourism sebagai bentuk kontribusi pada ilmu pengetahuan, yaitu penerapan sustainable livelihood for tourism pada wisata pantai. Sustainable livelihood for tourism adalah matapencaharian berkelanjutan yang tertanam dalam sektor pariwisata, di mana matapencaharian tersebut dapat mengatasi kerentanan serta dapat menghasilkan penghidupan yang secara ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan berkelanjutan, tanpa merusak matapencaharian orang lain. Hasil observasi pada destinasi wisata Pantai Menganti Kebumen memperoleh hasil bahwa keberadaan destinasi wisata tersebut mampu menjadi sumber matapencaharian berkelanjutan bagi masyarakat di sekitarnya, meskipun masih perlu peningkatan dari sisi modal alam dan modal sosial.
... Murombedzi (1999) argues that participatory development is a mortar which accelerates community development. Local economic development within Zimbabwe relative to South Africa has been curtailed by passive participation of citizens whose voices have not been recognized (Goldman et al., 2000). Despite integrated area planning being a variant of local economic development, resources conservation has remained linear dominated by the central government through the Parks and Wildlife management and Tsholotsho through a horizontal linkages. ...
Given that many local authorities specifically in rural areas struggle to strengthen and boost their local economies despite having vast natural resources and as such ecotourism can be a potential backbone of Local Economic Development (LED). The research examines the role of tourism as a vehicle for improving and strengthening Local Economic Development Initiatives for Rural Local Authorities in Tsholotsho District, Matabeleland Province, Zimbabwe. The sample of the study consisted of 296 participants ranging from community members and selected stakeholders in ecotourism. Data were gathered through interviews and questionnaires. The data were analysed using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 and STATISTICA. Safari was the dominant tourism activity in Tsholotsho. There were significant variations (p < 0.05) in terms of incomes generated from ecotourism activities with craftwork selling being the most dominant. Results of the study showed that there is significant association (p < 0.05) between local economic development and tourism. The challenges faced in initiating LED are lack of funds, politicisation of natural resource governance and lack of community and traditional leadership engagement in key decision making by the Tsholotsho Rural District Council (RDC) and Safari Operators. The study recommends a grassroot-based approach to ecotourism development and strengthening of problem animal control by the RDC and that there is decentralisation and inclusivity in natural resource governance.
... Not only the government but also development partners can intervene to maintain rural development. For instance, according to Goldman et al. (2000), the private sector, parastatal operators, and churches provided many basic services, such as agricultural and marketing and finance at the district level in Zimbabwe at the time of decentralisation, as would happen in Rwanda. Therefore, the government of Rwanda is highly encouraged to establish public tertiary education institutions to remote areas in order for rural residents to benefit from opportunities brought about by these institutions. ...
Redistributing some public institutions to rural areas and developing secondary cities to support the capital city of Rwanda, Kigali, constitutes governmental policies. This paper identifies the opportunities and challenges of redistributing the University of Rwanda College of Education (UR-CE) to Rukara. The study used a mixed method involving 61 students randomly selected from UR-CE and 69 residents from around the UR-CE. Using a t-test, there was a highly statistically significant difference (p<.001) between students and residents, with residents benefiting most from UR-CE. A statistically significant difference (p<.05 at 95% confidence interval) also appeared for gender, which showed that male students preferred to study in a rural area. The opportunities and challenges brought by UR-CE to residents were found to be different from those brought to students. For instance, job opportunities are found by residents near the university, and concentration on studies is an opportunity gained by most students. However, hygiene, water and sanitation were considered the top challenges faced by students, while the rising cost of food and accommodation were claimed by residents of Rukara.
... land, information and credit (Carloni and Crowley 2005). Empirical evidence suggests that effective institutions contribute positively to sustainable livelihood and poverty reduction efforts (Goldman et al. 2000), asset accumulation (Abebe 2014) and effective climate adaptation strategies (Wang et al. 2016). This study believes that existing internal and external institutions (chieftaincy and kingship, local unit committee members, laws and regulations as well as structures, including various government agencies and offices) have potential not only to promote sustainable livelihood for the households in the study community, but can also stifle sustainable livelihood pursuits by regulations and restrictions. ...
This study seeks to extend the analytical utility of the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI). Four major contributions were made in this respect; (1) the study introduced institutional influence into the framework, (2) LVI was estimated for each household and results visually presented, making it possible to understand the spatial distribution, (3) it investigated spatial variation of households’ livelihood vulnerability and lastly, (4) results were analysed based on gender (household headship). Mixed methods, including personal observation, structured and unstructured interviews and questionnaire survey (N = 110) were utilized in collecting empirical data. Results show high households livelihood vulnerability, with institutional influence and socio-demographic profile recording the highest and lowest scores respectively. In terms of headship, male-headed households were likely to be more vulnerable than their female counterparts, although the difference were found not statistically significant (0.617 against 0.580). Spatial variation analysis shows differences in spatial distribution of livelihood vulnerability, albeit insignificant differences, indicating that social groups are likely to vary, hence, erroneous to assume homogeneity among study populations. Results clearly suggest rethinking of institutional roles in livelihood activities and mainstreaming of gender into rural development and livelihood policies.
... Comparing Zambia and Zimbabwe is not without precedent: In 2000, Goldman compared the two states, along with South Africa, for the purposes of poverty analysis and rural development (Goldman, 2000). Likewise, Thierfelder and Wall compared the two states for an investigation of conservation agriculture as a means to mitigate future effects of climate change, and specifically focused on maize production and productivity (Thierfelder & Wall, 2010 ...
This paper examines why it is that Zambia and Zimbabwe, two states with similar background conditions and initial positions, arrived at differing policy decisions with regards to genetically modified organisms (GMO). The two neighboring Southern African states are economically dependent on their agricultural sector, share a common colonial legacy, rely heavily on maize as a subsistence crop and have struggled with issues of food security. Their decisions were shaped by their post-colonial legacy and differing conceptions of modernity. In the years following independence, Zambia sought to subsidize their agricultural sector through inputs and credit. Zimbabwe instead focused on land reform and reapportionment, and in so doing hampered their agricultural sector enough to necessitate GMO acceptance. An understanding of the motivations for rejection of GMO in Southern Africa has implications for future food relief programs within Africa and elsewhere.
... They are not only conventional disaster mitigation measures, such as public education about risk avoidance, evacuation plans and relief provision, but all kinds of development interventions that build up livelihood assets, for example, microcredit , insurance, health, agricultural extension and organisational development projects. Policies , institutions and processes (sometimes called transforming structures and processes) is stated by Goldman et al. (2000) to be the influences of different levels of government, non-governmental and community based organizations, private sector, traditional institutions, donors, which can be formal or informal on the livelihood of a population. World Bank (2002) ascertained that one in five people on the planet live in abject poverty. ...
Livelihoods are both economic activities (agricultural and non-agricultural) and non-economic activities that people know, own and undertake to earn income today and into the future. This study identifies livelihood activities, abilities, and assets in University of Ibadan social laboratory (Ileogbo community of Osun State, Nigeria). One hundred and eighty respondents were sampled through multistage sampling technique. Qualitative (In-depth Interview with Key Informants and Focus Group Discussion) and quantitative (Interview Schedule) surveys were conducted. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in analyzing the data collected. Result of analysis revealed that 85.8 percent were within ages 20-50 years, 51.7 percent were male, 80.1 percent were married, 54.0 percent were Muslims, 42.1 percent completed secondary school, and 60.2 percent were farmers. More than average of respondents (58.0 percent) had household size of between 1 -5, 36.9 percent travelled out of the community more than once a week, and 42.6 percent earned averagely between =N=5,000 -=N=15,000 monthly. 77.3 percent of respondents had a low level of livelihood abilities, 80.1 percent had low level of access to natural capital, 80.7 percent had an average level of access to physical capital, 60.2 percent had an average level of access to financial capital, 73.9 percent had a low level of access to human capital, and 79.0 percent had a low level of access to social capital. Result of analysis also showed that 66.5 percent, 55.1 percent and 72.1 percent of respondents had low socio-economic status (poor), access to capital assets, and level of livelihood activities respectively. Significant relationships exist between livelihood abilities (r=0.436, p=0.000), capital assets (r=0.194, p=0.027), socio-economic status (r=0.167, p=0.028), and livelihood activities of respondents. 24 percent of the level of livelihood activities of the respondents was accounted for by livelihood abilities (7.0%), capital assets (0.7 percent), and socio-economic status (1.8%). It is therefore concluded that livelihood abilities contribute more to livelihood activities than access to capital assets and socio-economic status. More so, socio-economic status is directly proportional to livelihood activities. It is recommended that provision of technical, and vocational education, as well as capacity building should be provided by government and non-governmental agencies in Ileogbo, Osun State.
... A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets and activities required for a means of living; a livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks, and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets, and provide sustainable livelihood opportunities for the next generation; and which contributes net benefits to other livelihoods at the local and global levels and in the short and long term. The idea of livelihood offers ways to link socio-economic and ecological aspects into a cohesive policy-relevant structure, and, the concept has being utilized as a tool for understanding the complex nature of poverty and for assessing communities' strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and prevailing threats under different social, economic and political circumstances [17,18]. The SLA became popular in terms of assessing poverty situations and providing a set of guiding principles that encapsulate the best way of planning, implementing and evaluating development initiatives at the ground level [1,19,20]. ...
The reasons for the significance of cultural values are complex and many advocacy groups have not successfully provided clear explanations for and convincing arguments in favor of prioritizing cultural values in the development processes. The aim of this paper is to examine the roles played by culture in relation to livelihood resilience, posing the question of how cultural traditions might potentially offer alternatives/adaptive strategies, not only to strength livelihood assets of rural communities, but also in generating new opportunities during vulnerabilities caused by economic, social and political changes. Rural Kandyan communities afford us a good example of “cultural resilience”, relying on longstanding cultural traditions for their survival. This paper shows how culture and traditional values strengthen livelihood resilience and argues that while the impulse for change may come from external influences, adaptation comes from within, through dynamics, which are specific to values of the people.
... A 'sustainable livelihood' is one that uses the different forms of capital to maintain and enhance its capabilities and assets, to cope with and recover from stress and shock and to provide opportunities for the next generation. There have now been several attempts to apply these frameworks (Farrington et al. 1999; Budelman and Defoer 2000; Goldman et al. 2000 ; www.livelihoods .org). These have fuelled a debate in which some now argue that the capitals approach has severe drawbacks. ...
It is difficult to produce systems for judging sustainability, despite general enthusiasm for the concept. Here we evaluate the 'capitals' formulation for sustainability, which attempts to bring together the social and the environmental dimensions of the issue, and which has gained wide currency. We concentrate our attention on the 'natural capital' element in this framework, which has apparently been seen as its least problematical component. We use data on soil erosion from a Sahelian agricultural community in Niger. Despite apparently high rates of erosion, we find it difficult to decide whether the system is sustainable (using the capitals or any other framework). It is even dubious whether sustainability is an urgent concern. We caution against imposing yet another poorly formulated set of concepts on this and similar systems.
... SWAps need to be seen in this context as offering one approach to strengthening the role of the state in poverty reduction, but not the only one, and in many cases not the most effective one. To be effective, SWAps will need to be embedded in a supportive macroeconomic framework, and often in the enhanced capacity of decentralised local government (Goldman et al., 2000). The main features of the SWAp (i.e. ...
... With respect to reforms and strengthening of institutions, SLAs may also provide a means of enhancing impact on the poor by providing a way of assessing and enhancing accountability, transparency and effectiveness. Recent work in southern Africa (Goldman et al., 2000) has piloted the use of SLAs as a means of improving these aspects. This research has demonstrated that SLAs have been useful in generating a range of recommendations for institutions at micro, meso and macro levels, but it is less clear whether and how they will lead to improved implementation of pro-poor policies. ...
... First, they can be used in strengthening policy formulation; there is already a range of examples which illustrate that the livelihoods framework can highlight fundamental linkages which can be overlooked in conventional planning and policy-making processes (Ashley and Carney, 1999). Work in southern Africa (Goldman et al., 2000) has concluded that the livelihoods approach has been of assistance in identifying the support needed by the poor, strengthening the understanding of policy-makers about poverty reduction priorities and opportunities, and broadening the debate on rural development. SLAs draw attention to the cross-sectoral nature of livelihood opportunities, particularly for the rural poor. ...
Incl. abstract, bibl. This article examines the relationship between sector-wide approaches (SWAps), sustainable livelihoods approaches (SLAs) and rural poverty reduction. The authors suggest that SLAs provide one means by which SWAps can focus more effectively on poverty reduction, whilst SWAps provide an entry point via which government and donor initiatives can be made supportive of the livelihoods of the poor. The article puts forward guidelines indicating the core issues upon which donors should focus to enhance the poverty impact of sector-wide approaches.
The Sustainable Fisheries Livelihoods Programme (SFLP) works to reduce poverty in coastal and inland communities by improving the livelihoods of people dependent totally or partially on fisheries and aquatic resources. It does this primarily through the development of social and human capital in fisheries-dependent communities, by enhancing the natural assets of those communities, and by supporting the development of appropriate policy and institutional environments. Twenty-five countries1 in North, West and Central Africa (for short West African region) constitute the case-study area where the livelihoods of a large number of poor people (an estimated 5.3 million in direct employment) are dependent on the use of aquatic resources.
