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This study’s main goal was to analyse the impact of specific innovative design
features in nuclear control room digital interfaces. A within-subject experimental
approach was used, where the same participants responded to the same blocks of
questions in two conditions: with innovative designs – including bar graphs, minitrends,
pie-charts, etc. – a...
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Touch displays moving autonomously, i.e., being self-actuated, are starting to be part of system prototypes reported in the literature. In the future, user interactions with such prototypes may take place while the display is moving. However, since current prototypes do not yet require this type of interaction, there is a lack of empirical evidence...
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... Additionally, the field has benefited from the versatility of available eyetracking systems, including portable, glasses-based trackers that can connect to wearable recording systems. The advantages afforded by portable eye-tracking are significant in that such systems enable highly situated studies to be conducted of eye movements in complex, realworld environments, such as when process-control personnel view multiple interfaces in the control room of a nuclear power station (Fernandes et al., 2017). Contemporary eye-tracking systems have also gained more purchase in UX research because of major advances in the mapping of fixation points to dynamic stimuli, including the rapidly changing visual displays that characterize current interfaces (e.g., those driven via touchscreens) that allow for very quick on-screen navigation by means of scrolling, swiping and option selection. ...
... In complex real-world environments, eye-movements have been used to analyse the impact of innovative interface design features on safety-critical activity, such as in the control room of a nuclear power station. In an example of such as study, Fernandes et al. (2017) compared the efficacy of an interface involving innovative graphical designs (e.g., bar graphs, mini-trends and pie-charts) with a control condition where the same information was presented solely in a standard format as numerical data. Participants were presented with consecutive questions regarding the status of the energy-production process and were required to scan the process displays and report values of target information sources. ...
Eye-tracking and physiological measurements are central to research concerned with evaluating user experience in the context of human-computer interaction. Eye-tracking is especially valuable for understanding where people’s attention is being deployed during interface search and interaction, thereby providing insights into factors that hinder the usability of computer-based technologies. Physiological measurements, in contrast, are attuned to indexing the affective aspects of user experience (e.g., levels of arousal) as well the cognitive workload associated with an interaction task. This chapter will enable readers to gain a detailed understanding of a range of eye-tracking and physiological measurements and how they are interpreted when evaluating user experience. The value of these measurement techniques will be illustrated through studies drawn from both pioneering and recent research. The chapter will also consider the limitations of eye-tracking and physiological measurements in usability research as well as ways to mitigate such limitations. The final section of the chapter will discuss key trends and directions in the use of such measurements in user experience studies, including the use of eye-movement traces to elicit retrospective reports of interface problems, and the potential for automated identification and categorisation of eye-movement and physiological patterns that are diagnostic of interaction difficulties.
... Human-computer interaction (HCI) research has studied how to design, evaluate and improve such frameworks [22][23][24]. The usual user interface design process involves a human designer mapping one particular problem to propose a solution [22]. ...
... The resulting user interfaces were generalizable, following clearly defined guidelines for designing user interfaces. The effectiveness of such approaches of UI design has been illustrated through empirical evidence using subjective measures such as NASA-TLX and eye-tracking measures such as fixation duration, fixation count, and dwell time in nuclear control room interfaces [24]. ...
Control rooms are essential for the functioning of critical infrastructure, and thus for the economy and society as a whole. Since disruptions in control rooms can have severe cascading effects, it is of utmost importance that control rooms are designed in a way that contributes to the resilience of the cyber-physical system they are monitoring. Even though the importance of resilience for control rooms is generally acknowledged, cognitive resilience is often not taken into account properly during control room design. This vision paper aims at improving the cognitive resilience in control rooms through advancements in three key research areas: 1) automated detection of upcoming disruptions, 2) visualization of spatio-temporal uncertainty, 3) cognition-aware interaction design. The paper then discusses challenges related to our vision and the crucial advancements required to overcome these challenges.
KeywordsResilienceUncertainty visualizationControl roomsCognition awareness
... The burgeoning of eye-movement research in UX and HCI contexts seems to have been aided by the improved availability of eye trackers in both academic and commercial contexts, including relatively low-cost options than can provide good quality data in usability research. Additionally, the field has benefited from the versatility of available eye-tracking products, including highly portable, glasses-based trackers that connect to wearable recording systems, thereby enabling richer studies of eye movements in complex, real-world environments (e.g., viewing multiple interfaces in a control room [31]) and unconventional contexts (e.g., during time-trial cycling in a simulated laboratory set-up whilst viewing a display showing real-time performance feedback [32]). ...
... In more complex real-world environments, eye-movements have been used to analyse the impact of specific innovative design features in nuclear control room digital interfaces. In one such study [31], the researchers compared the efficacy of an interface involving innovative designs (e.g., bar graphs, minitrends and pie-charts) with a control condition where the same process-control information was presented through numerical information only. Participants were presented with consecutive questions regarding the status of the process and were required to scan the process displays and report values of targeted components. ...
Eye-movement measures are popular in User Experience (UX) and Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) research as a way to provide insights into the factors that hinder the usability of computer-based technologies. In this chapter we overview the various eye-movement metrics employed in UX and HCI research. In addition, we summarise studies that have used these metrics, focusing on examples of both pioneering research involving relatively simple and static interfaces as well as recent research involving more complex and dynamic interfaces (e.g., as arise in mobile computing). We also examine ongoing trends in eye-movement research in relation to UX and HCI, including the application of eye movements as an input mechanism, the use of eye-movement traces to elicit retrospective reports of interface problems, and the drive toward the automated identification and categorisation of eye-movement patterns that are diagnostic of interaction difficulties.
... Eye tracking provides insight into the mental processes of operators in control room environments. Eye tracking studies have previously been employed in the nuclear industry to study the how operators interact with different interfaces and to identify where improvements should be made to displays (Fernandes, Renganayagalu, & Eitrheim, 2016;Kovesdi, Spielman, Leblanc, & Rice, 2018). These methods should be used as a framework for evaluating preliminary interface designs for SMR MCRs from a human factors engineering (HFE) standpoint. ...
The nuclear industry is entering into a generation in which Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) could provide solutions to the worlds future energy needs. New technology and operations will be associated with new Human Factors (HF) design challenges. Operators may be faced with a higher cognitive workloads while monitoring several reactor units at once from a central main control room (MCR), or when monitoring units remotely. Automated processes may be implemented to mitigate human error, however may also result in a reduced sense of operator awareness in situations where operators fail to develop an accurate mental model of plant status. The present article highlights design recommendations that should be considered during the early stages of SMR MCR design to optimize human performance. Also discussed is the potential applications of eye tracking, and virtual reality (VR) to inform designers on best practices in display design and control room environments, respectively.
... These types of application can eventually be used in connection with the process control system that could read the operator status and provide them with feedback, cuing ideal break times, or re-distributing tasks when one of the operators is perceived as overloaded. The use of eye-trackers to analyze how operators search information in screens (e.g., Ha, Byon, Baek, & Seong, 2016) is the most common example, and has been used in relation to control room work (e.g., Tran, Boring, Dudenhoeffer, Hallbert, Keller, & Anderson 2007;Fernandes, Renganayagalu, & Eitrheim, 2017). The use of augmented reality applications in the energy sector has also been growing, focusing in the presentation of procedures, and maintenance work (e.g., Johnsen & Mark, 2014;Ishii, Bian, Fujino, & Morishita, 2007), allowing the field operators to have online assistance from the control room while keeping the hands free for task completion. ...
In energy, the main focus of human factors and ergonomics (HFE) has been towards improved safety. Initially, avoiding human error emerged as the most relevant topic of study in the sequence of accidents in the nuclear and petroleum industries. Later on, HFE contributions have expanded beyond human error approaches and focused on optimization of human-machine interfaces and efficiency of processes. In this chapter we highlight the contributions of different concepts and methodologies in HFE for the solution of human performance and organizational issues in the nuclear and petroleum industries. New areas of interest are also discussed, in relation to the role of humans in process control, the increased involvement of consumers, as well as the expected growing role of automation and augmented cognition.
