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SEM surface and cross-sectional morphology of a and a1 cotton, b and b1 corn husk and c and c1 jute fibres
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An alkali based method has been optimised and proposed to extract the cellulosic fibres from the corn husks. Physicochemical and morphological properties of the fibres extracted from corn husk have been studied in detail, and compared with the well-explored cellulosic fibre, like cotton and ligno-cellulosic fibre, like jute. Scanning electron micro...
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The ligno-cellulosic Jute fiber, which holds the second largest volume among the natural cellulosic fibers after Cotton. This study focuses on the determination of the flame-retardance (FR) properties of pure Jute and Jute-Cotton fabrics treated with Pyrovatex CP New at concentrations of 90% (owf), M:L: 1:7. A significant improvement in flame-retar...
Citations
... The complex interaction of polymers gives rise to exceptional characteristics, including intrinsic robustness, notable biodegradability, and a remarkable ability to absorb water. The hidden potential of corn husk fiber positions it as a symbol of a future that is more environmentally friendly [9]. ...
... Following a meticulous purification procedure to remove all contaminants, the husks undergo a drying stage, accomplished by exposing them to sunlight in order to decrease their moisture content. Afterwards, the dried husks underwent mechanical processing to separate the fibers [9]. Raw fibers of aloe vera, banana, and corn husk are shown in Fig. 1. ...
This study investigates the feasibility of deploying aloe vera, banana, and corn husk fibers that have been treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as reinforcements in composites. The application of NaOH treatment resulted in a substantial enhancement in the tensile strength of all fibers. Among them, banana fibers exhibited the greatest value, reaching 189.7 MPa. The fibers that were treated also showed elevated aspect ratios, especially in the case of banana fibers (178.57), indicating an increased potential for reinforcing. The use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the treatment resulted in a surface morphology that was roughened. The fibers that were treated showed enhanced thermal stability, as determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). FT-IR spectroscopy verified changes in the chemical composition of the fibers, while XRD examination revealed that both untreated and treated fibers had a structure that was both amorphous and polycrystalline. The results emphasize the potential of NaOH-treated natural fibers, particularly banana fibers due to their exceptional strength, as eco-friendly substitutes for synthetic reinforcements in composites.
... As a result, the present researchers are showing increasing interest in emerging bio-composite materials reinforced with natural resins especially those produced from plants. 14 Bio-polymer composites which are more environmentally friendly and recyclable materials offer less weight, high strength, anti-corrosion, etc. 15,16 The plant resins are such as tamarind, 17 soy protein, 18 wheat protein, 19 banana sap, 20 corn, 21 catechu, 22 karaya, 23 guar, 24 kondagogu gum, etc. [25][26][27][28] These resins have resulted in improved mechanical properties and reduced overall weight, which enhances the ease of production and decreases the cost. These materials are used widely in fabricating biocomposites for many industrial applications such as packaging, textiles, etc. 29 To classify the suitable biodegradable resin for composite materials, several investigations have been performed. ...
... Most of the biodegradable resins are observed to be non-toxic in nature and generally used in the food industry and pharmaceutics. Several researchers work done and proved that biodegradable resins such as banana sap, 20 wheat protein, 19 soya protein, 18 tamarind seed, 17 corn, 21 and gums [23][24][25][26][27][28] are suitable for structural and non-structural composites manufacturing. ...
... The following parameters observed: It was about 1.95 times that of CG matrix composites in untreated composites; 2.27 times that of 5%; 3.33 times that of 10%; and 4.82 times that of 15%; and 1.20 times that of 10% and 2.44 times that of 15% in treated composites. Suresh et al. 66 reviewed the weight percentage of reinforcing particles in the range of composite materials (5,10,15,20, and 25 wt.%) and their influence on mechanical characteristics. Compared to hybrid composites, this natural fibre composite yields the same results. ...
In this research, a complete systematic technique for fabricating and characterising the various properties of Cochlospermum Gossypium (CG) and oil palm mesocarp fibre (OPMF) reinforced composites are reported. Following the hand lay-up method for manufacturing composites with varying OPMF weight percentages (5, 10, and 15), the composites were subjected to a variety of characterisation tests. To improve the interfacial bonding, capabilities of OPM fibre surfaces were treated with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Microstructural studies, such as scanning electron microscopy, were performed on the produced samples, followed by mechanical characteristics like tensile, flexural, and impact tests. Furthermore, the TGA (thermogravimetric analysis) test was performed as part of the thermal tests. The treated composites were found to be increased by 69.64% in tensile strength and 38.37% in flexural strength when compared with untreated composites and neat matrix in the tensile test. Thermal study revealed that 15% of fibre content outperforms the other weight fractions of the composites under investigation, as evidenced by TGA, microstructural, and mechanical testing.
... Meanwhile, this hardness value was closely related to the specific wear as indicated by the fact that composite with harder resistance to friction had better wear. This was associated with the results of a previous study that good wear-resistance properties of composite could be influenced by the hard and abrasion-resistant properties of carbon powder [47]. The result also agreed with the findings of [48] that the coefficient of friction (CoF) for the glass-epoxy composite was reduced due to the addition of carbon. ...
... This means that in breaking down the same amount of fibre, maize fibre requires a lower concentration of lye and a lower heating temperature. It does not require particularly high concentrations of sodium hydroxide when extracted with alkaline reagents [12]. ...
The research demonstrates a novel approach to using various parts of maize plants (leaves, fruits, and kernels) to create building materials that can be modularized for construction purposes. Corn is widely grown as an agricultural crop, but after the removal of the fruit, the remaining parts are often discarded and contribute significantly to environmental pollution. Currently, only a few companies are engaged in the recycling of maize into building materials. However, existing methods of recycling corn have various limitations such as high energy consumption, a requirement for skilled workers on-site, and extensive equipment needs. In this project, we aim to reduce reliance on equipment, skilled craftsmanship and material resources to make the design compatible with traditional building methods for low-income areas. We first analyzed the material properties of each part of the corn and found corn husks to be the most efficient for extraction. Additionally, we obtained adhesives from the waste fruit. Finally, we designed assembly units and assembled two sturdy and reliable chairs to verify the feasibility of our workflow. The low technical, equipment, and cost requirements of this material make it possible for modular construction to be replicated in local communities, thus promoting community participation and self-management in construction.
... The exponential weight decline till 250 °C was attributed to volatilization of absorbed humidity (moisture evaporation) or surface hydroxyls (Kumar, 2018). The biomass was dried before examination, although removing the water content is difficult due to its hydrophilic character (Kambli et al., 2018). Both BFA and MBFA samples show significant mass loss from 350 °C to 500 °C. ...
... Several reports extracted biomaterials such as DNA (Ortelli et al. 2019;Yu et al. 2021), phytic acid (Li et al. 2022a), and a hydrophobic protein to be directly used as flame retardants (Leong et al. 2021;Tawiah et al. 2019a). Some biomass materials can be used to synthesize flame retardants, such as amino acid (Chen et al. 2021), protein (Bosco et al. 2013), banana pseudostem (Kambli et al. 2018), polysaccharides (Li et al. 2022b), and lignosulfonates (Angelini et al. 2019;Li et al. 2020;Padhi et al. 2022;Tawiah et al. 2019b). In fact, most of the treated cotton fabrics were not durable because of the lack of reactive groups in the molecules to react with cellulose to form covalent bonds (Fan et al. 2022;Khan et al. 2023;Wang et al. 2022). ...
A flame retardant hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) diethylenetriamine ammonium phosphoric acid and phosphoric acid ester (HPDPP) with –N=P–(N)3–, –P(=O)(OCH3)2, and reactive –P(=O)(O⁻NH4⁺)2 groups was synthesized for cotton fabrics. The results showed that the cotton fabrics treated with HPDPP had high flame retardance and durability. The vertical flammability test (VFT), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, thermogravimetric-Fourier infrared spectrometer (TG-FTIR) and cone calorimetry tests showed that cotton fabrics treated with HPDPP had high flame resistance, displaying condensed phase flame retardance mechanism. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) implied that HPDPP molecular could enter the inner amorphous space and graft on cotton fibers. The mechanical properties of cotton fabrics treated with HPDPP were well sustained. Moreover, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of cotton fabrics treated with 40% HPDPP reached 41.3%, and after 50 laundering cycles (LCs), it reached 29.7% according to the AATCC 61-2013 3A washing standard (vigorous washing), which suggested the flame retardance and durability of treated cotton fabrics were improved significantly. And the EDS of washed cotton fabrics showed that the cotton fabrics treated with HPDPP combined the lowest metal ions compared with cotton fabrics treated with flame retardants with only reactive ammonium phosphoric acid group, because of the fact that besides the necessary reactive ammonium phosphoric groups, the phosphoric acid ester groups can not combine Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ etc. Thus, introducing –N=P–(N)3– groups and phosphoric acid ester groups is an efficient method to significantly increase the durability of the treated fabrics.
Graphical abstract
... Each spectrum and Fig show carbon and oxygen as major components of their composition hence it is observed that the prepared microcrystalline cellulose contains skeleton of carbon and oxygen with small number of impurities which disclosed that pure microcrystalline cellulose with small number of impurities is obtained, these impurities usually occur due to different chemical treatments, sulphur is detected as an impurity which came from sulphuric acid hydrolysis. Moreover, being agriculture residues small amount of trace elements were also found in MCC obtained from walnut almond and apricot stone shells [25][26][27] elemental analysis of each sample correlates with characteristics of cellulose nanocrystals [28][29][30][31]. ...
Walnut, Almond and Apricot stone shells are abundantly available agro wastes worldwide and are sources of cellulose. In this study microcrystalline cellulose were isolated from these renewable biomasses through acid hydrolysis method. Isolation of microcrystalline was performed due to its potential significance in cosmetics, medicine and food industries. Acid hydrolysis is carried out at different concentrations of sulphuric acid. Surface morphology and elemental composition of microcrystalline cellulose was characterized with Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy. SEM clearly showed that microcrystalline cellulose obtained through high acid concentration has better structural similarities with commercial microcrystalline cellulose However microcrystalline cellulose obtained with low concentration of acid showed lower fibrillation. Elemental analysis revealed that amount of Sulphur impurity (1.17-1.18) is present in microcrystalline cellulose when hydrolyzed with high H2SO4 concentration while negligible (0.10-0.72) in microcrystalline cellulose treated with low concentration of H2SO4. It is also found that carbon and oxygen contents range in Walnut, almond and Apricot C; 50.89-58.73, 54.07-55.58, 54.19-55.62, O; 39.72-48.01, 43.54-43.71 and 41.75-44.34 respectively while FT-IR shows required functional groups in prepared MCC specifically representing beta 1-4 glycosidic linkage at 849 cm-1 that depicts improved cellulose content with in the sample. Thus, this work confirms that Walnut, Almond and Apricot stone are promising sources for microcrystalline cellulose.
... Crystallinity index (CI) was calculated using the following expression: CI = [(I t -I a )/I t ] × 100, where I t is the total intensity of peak at 22.9º and I a is the amorphous peak intensity at 18.2º (Nam et al. 2016). The crystal size (D) was calculated using Debye -Scherrer formula: D= k λ/β cos θ, where K is known as the Scherer's constant (K = 0.94), λ is the X-ray wavelength (1.54 Å), β is full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the diffraction peak, and θ is the angle of diffraction (Kambli et al. 2018). ...
... Some other minerals like calcium, silicone, magnesium, etc are also present in minor quantity (2.62%) that might have come in the process of fiber retting and/or present in the plant body. Similar results were also observed in other plant fibers (Kambli et al. 2018;Roy, Samanta, and Patra 2019). The presence of small quantity of nitrogen and fluorine in the elemental analysis might has appeared due to the presence of other aromatic molecules in the plant/ fiber, in addition to cellulose, hemi-cellulose, and lignin. ...
Nettle plants are grown naturally as forest weeds in Himalayan region without much explored economic value. The plant remains under-explored as far as extraction of fiber for textile and other industrial applications are concerned. Present study highlights a complete information, starting from fiber extraction, retting, production of blended yarns & fabrics, coloration and products development along with cost analysis. Himalayan nettle plant was considered for fiber extraction through microbial retting, yielded 1.25% dry fiber. Extracted fiber was characterized in details for physical, mechanical, chemical, thermal and morphological properties. Fiber having fineness of 2.2–2.4 tex, tenacity of 10–16 cN/tex, and elongation of 3% was blended with viscose fiber in 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75 ratios to produce blended yarns. Those yarns and bleached & dyed yarns were utilized as weft to produce fabric in handloom, keeping cotton yarn as warp. Yarns and fabrics properties were also evaluated in detail. Apparel textile products, like female fashion wear (cost $ 13) and “shawl” (cost $ 39), were produced. The developed products are not only be fashionable apparel but also be fully biodegradable. Research findings advocate that nettle plant may be considered as an untapped potential source for fiber extraction and application in apparel textile.
... The presence of lumens, its numbers and relative area are the key feature of distinguishing a plant fibre, as observed different in cotton, jute, flax, nettle, ramie, coir, corn-husk, and so forth plant fibres. 18,19 It can be seen that the numbers and volume of lumen present in the banana fibre are notably higher. It might be the possible reason for lower density (1.35 g/cm 3 ) and crystallinity (56%) of banana fibre as compared to jute fibre (density: 1.45-1.52 ...
Banana is an important commercially available natural fibre, suitable for making coarse yarns. It has also potential for making fine home and apparel textiles after requisite chemical intervention or blending with other fine fibres. For making such products, chemical processing viz., bleaching, colouration and finishing play an important role. Bleaching of fibre is generally carried out in highly alkaline condition and at high temperature of 85 °C using hydrogen peroxide to achieve whiteness index of >70 with about 25% loss in tensile strength. To achieve a similar whiteness index, while addressing strength loss, a fibre friendly low‐temperature low‐alkali based peracetic acid (PAA) bleaching of banana fibre been proposed in the present paper. Important bleaching process parameters, viz. PAA concentration (10 ‐ 30 g/l), time (60 ‐ 180 min) and temperature (60 ‐ 80 °C) has been varied for optimization of bleaching process. Banana fibre bleaching using PAA concentration of 20 g/l at 70 °C for 2 hours can produce fibre with whiteness index of >70, which is suitable for subsequent colouration. The PAA bleached banana fibre can retain 84% of its bundle strength and 95.6% of its weight. Physical (strength, fineness), chemical (ATR‐FTIR, EDX), optical (colour) and morphological (SEM) properties of banana fibres before and after bleaching were evaluated to study the efficacy of the process.
... The fiber-based acoustic materials are found to be lighter, easier to handle and many interesting properties for which industries and researchers have concentrate the works on it for further development. Although there are several biomaterials accessible in large quantities, none of them have good acoustic properties, such as corn husk (Kambli et al. 2018). Corn husks, which are lignocelluloses, are often discarded or utilized as compost fertilizer since the major component of the corn that is processed is either the kernel alone or the kernel with the cob. ...
The designing of acoustic material with high efficiency absorption is cutting edge research for acoustician as well as architectures’ in the acoustic industries attracts the material scientist due to its numerous significant characteristic properties. Nondestructive technique such as ultrasonic processing is employed for surface modification of corn husk which changes the interfacial as well as skeletal arrangement in interlocking of fibers with polymer chain. Tensile strength of single corn husk fiber before and after surface treatment was observed to be increasing from 332.57 MPa to 345.16 MPa, which confirms the strong fibrillation due to surface treatment. Further the hardness of the fabricated corn husk composite was found to be 23HV as observed in three different places. Thermal conductivity of the samples increases with temperature supporting the validation of the sample for acoustic application. The high sound absorption performance of the composite classified the material as Class-A type with 0.94 absorption coefficient supported by the different characterization and surface analysis of the composite.
