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Benzoyl peroxide is used as an oxidant for the oxidation of aniline to polyaniline salt via interfacial polymerization pathway (IP) for the first time in presence of sodium lauryl sulfate as emulsifier and 5-sulfophthalic acid as protonic acid. Polyaniline salt is also synthesized by interfacial polymerization using higher amount of reactants and e...
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... electron microscopic images of IP-H, EP and IP sam- ples are shown in Fig. 3. In the interfacial polymerization when using SLS in high concentration, polyaniline sample (IP-H) show uniform nanotubes formation with diameters of 400 to 500 nm (Fig. 3a). When decreasing the concentration of SLS, polyaniline nanotubes are converting into agglomerated nanowires of diameters 60 to 70 nm (Fig. 3c). However, sample ...
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... electron microscopic images of IP-H, EP and IP sam- ples are shown in Fig. 3. In the interfacial polymerization when using SLS in high concentration, polyaniline sample (IP-H) show uniform nanotubes formation with diameters of 400 to 500 nm (Fig. 3a). When decreasing the concentration of SLS, polyaniline nanotubes are converting into agglomerated nanowires of diameters 60 to 70 nm (Fig. 3c). However, sample prepared by emulsion polymerization (EP) show uniform nanowires (Fig. ...
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... EP and IP sam- ples are shown in Fig. 3. In the interfacial polymerization when using SLS in high concentration, polyaniline sample (IP-H) show uniform nanotubes formation with diameters of 400 to 500 nm (Fig. 3a). When decreasing the concentration of SLS, polyaniline nanotubes are converting into agglomerated nanowires of diameters 60 to 70 nm (Fig. 3c). However, sample prepared by emulsion polymerization (EP) show uniform nanowires (Fig. ...
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... in high concentration, polyaniline sample (IP-H) show uniform nanotubes formation with diameters of 400 to 500 nm (Fig. 3a). When decreasing the concentration of SLS, polyaniline nanotubes are converting into agglomerated nanowires of diameters 60 to 70 nm (Fig. 3c). However, sample prepared by emulsion polymerization (EP) show uniform nanowires (Fig. ...
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Flexible electrode with high electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance are desirable today to meet the energy demand in portable electronics. Here we designed a flexible electrode, polyaniline‐sulfate‐titanium dioxide‐multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PANI‐SA⋅TiO2⋅MWCNT) to improve the electrochemical performance. This is achieved by foll...
Citations
... The spectral band at 1274 cm − 1 corresponds to the π-electron delocalization in the polymer via protonation or C-N-C stretching vibration. The peak at around 1246 cm − 1 is attributed to the C-N + stretching vibration in the polaron structure of polyaniline [24]. From this characterization, it can be concluded that PANI and rGO were successfully synthesized via in situ oxidative polymerization and the Modified Hummers Method, respectively. ...
Analysis of physicochemical properties and water treatment is vital for the environment and societal living standards. In this study, polyaniline (PANI)/enset fiber (EF), reduced graphene oxide/EF, and PANI/rGO/EF composites as adsorbent materials were prepared via facile in-situ chemical oxidative polymerization techniques. The as-synthesized materials were characterized using XRD, FTIR, UV-VIS, TGA, and SEM spectroscopy. Physical characterization revealed the deposition of PANI and rGO on the surface of EF, confirmed by the cloudy and wrinkled fibrous morphology observed in the SEM images. After physical characterization, the adsorption performance of the proposed materials was tested using the batch method. The results showed a maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions by PANI/rGO-coated EF was 10.11 mg/g and 13.4 mg/g, respectively, which is higher than that of pristine EF, PANI/EF, and rGO/EF. When all parameters were optimized, the adsorptive removal efficiency of PANI/rGO/EF composite material towards Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions was 99% and 97.77%, respectively. The Freundlich isotherm data for Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ showed a good fit with the experimental data (R² = 0.99 and 0.98), and Langmuir isotherm data for Cu²⁺ and Pb²⁺ (RL = 0.18 and 0.19), respectively. The pseudo-second-order kinetic isotherm was a better fit for physisorption, with R² = 0.99 for Cu2 + and R² = 1 for Pb²⁺. Therefore, the synthesized novel material PANI/rGO/EF shows remarkable adsorption performance compared to EF, PANI/EF, and rGO/EF, due to the doping-induced abundant active sites of the composite material, making it a promising candidate for wastewater treatment techniques.
... The C-N stretching vibration is what causes the peaks at 1600 and 1273 cm −1 . The maxima at 882 and 747 cm −1 , respectively, are caused by the amine's C-H bending vibration and N-H wagging vibration which are comparable to the standard PANI IR described in the literature [27]. This shows that the PANI was successfully synthesized on the surface of roasted neem powder. ...
Composites of roasted neem powder and polyaniline (PANI) were synthesized through chemical oxidative polymerization. The major elemental composition of roasted neem bark powder was carbon, oxygen followed by silicon. These prepared composites were subsequently integrated as fillers in an epoxy–polyamine. The formulations show excellent adhesion on mild steel with a rating of 5B. With the addition of roasted neem bark powder and roasted neem bark powder–PANI composite, the pencil hardness increased to 6H from 4H for blank epoxy. Epoxy roasted neem powder (EN)-4% and EN-PANI 2% formulations showed scratch hardness of 1800 kg. All the coatings showed enhanced mechanical properties as compared to blank epoxy coating, as aromatic PANI hinders the chain moment and roasted neem core provides additional strength. The studied variations show excellent acid, alkali, and solvent resistance. Anticorrosive properties were studied using salt spray and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The highest impedance value in terms of logZ is observed for EN-PANI 4% b1 in the range of 8.6, whereas the lowest is for blank epoxy, i.e. ~ 5 logZ. PANI improves the anticorrosive behaviour by forming an oxide layer on the substrate while roasted neem powder acts as a barrier and hinders the flow of moisture and oxygen to reach the substrate.
Graphical abstract
... PANI typically exhibited specific peaks related to its chemical structure, such as aromatic C-H stretching vibrations around 3000-3100 cm -1 , C=C stretching vibrations at approximately 1530-1600 cm -1 , C=N stretching vibrations around 1430-1480 cm -1 , and N-H bending vibrations around 1560-1630 cm -1 [27][28][29]. Graphene oxide (GO) characteristic peaks related to its oxygen functional groups were observed at 3200-3600 cm -1 , 1720-1740 cm -1 and 1050-1250 cm -1 which were attributed to O-H stretching vibration, C=O stretching vibration and C-O stretching vibrations [30,31]. Notably, by comparing the peaks corresponding to MoO3 and MnO2 in the nanocomposite spectrum to their individual spectra, significant shifts and changes were observed. ...
This study explores the potential of PANI-GO:MnO2/MoO3 nanocomposites as high-performance supercapacitors, addressing the increasing energy storage demands in portable electronics devices. By varying the amount of polyaniline (PANI) alongside a ternary composite of GO/MnO2/MoO3, the present study investigates their combined influence on electrochemical performance. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal phase with an average particle size of 19 nm, and FTIR analysis showed the functional groups associated with the title compound. FESEM images demonstrated the leaf-like structures, and the EDAX spectrum confirmed the presence of Mn and Mo elements in the as-prepared samples. Electrochemical analysis showed a maximum capacitance of 596 F/g. The unique blend of graphene, polyaniline, and ternary metal oxides in these nanocomposites holds great promise for advanced supercapacitors. The research aims to understand how different levels of polyaniline impact the overall composition, providing insights into the synergies between these components and their effects on energy storage capabilities.
... film appeared on the spectrum range 1600 -600 cm -1 which can be attributed to the polymer formation [22]. The appearance of a peak near 825 cm -1 corresponds to N-H, C-CL stretch, and the π to the localized polaron band transition [23]. As well as the C-C stretching vibration band appeared at 864 cm -1 . ...
... A sharp peak at 1717.87 cm -1 was assigned to the C=C stretching of the quinoid ring (N=Q=N)), the OH bending peak appeared at ≈1640 cm -1 , the peak appeared at 1470 cm -1 denotes the C=C stretching vibration of the benzenoid ring (N-B-N)), at the wavenumber ≈1240 cm -1 , the C -N stretching of the secondary aromatic ring appeared, where the aromatic C-H in-plane bending vibrations was shown at ≈1100 cm -1 , and at 804.32 cm -1 the aromatic C-H out-of-plane bending vibrations is obtained in the spectrum. These peaks match well with those mentioned in previous works [23][24][25]. The band at ≈ 1753 cm -1 corresponds to symmetric stretching vibrations of the C=O bond. ...
Flexible nanocomposite thick films consisting of PVA 0.7 PANi 0. 3 polymer blend doped with different concentrations of functionalized Graphene (FGNPx) (where x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 wt.%) were synthesized using the solution cast technique. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy Analysis (EDX), and Fourier- Transform Infrared Spectra (FT-IR) were used to study the structure of the samples. The results showed that the ordered structure, its orientation, the PANIs' well dispersion, the 𝜋 − 𝜋 stacking, and the electrostatic forces play a significant role in enhancing the interfaces between the polymer blend and the FGNP. Thermogravimetric Analyses (TGA) and Thermoelectrical analyses (TE) showed that the PVA-PANI conducts a promised conjugated blend for thermoelectric applications. The introduction of the FGNP contents into the blend increased the TE measurements as the DC electrical conductivity ≈ 0.0114 ( S.cm −1 ) , power factor ≈ 3.93x10 − 3 ( W.m −1 .K −2 ) , and Z.T. ≈ 8.4x10 − 7 , for the 25 wt. % FGNP nanocomposite film. The effect of the polymers’ phonon contribution in the thermal conductivity controlling and enhancing the thermal stability of the prepared nanocomposite films.
... 38 The peaks at 1148 and 1577 cm −1 were due to the stretching of the C-C and C-C aromatic rings. 39 All the membrane OvSvO symmetric stretching and sulfonic acid OvS stretching caused the existence of strong bands in the wavelength range from 950 to 1100 cm −1 . 40 At 3400 cm −1 for the SPES membrane, a strong and broad band for the -OH group of sulfonic acid was clearly observed. ...
Polyaniline (PANI), being one of the best chemically stable conducting polymers endowed with coupled electron and proton transport, has been poorly evaluated in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) due to its poor processability. Here, we have reported the synthesis of processable poly(2-ethylaniline) (E-PANI) and its blend with sulphonated poly(ether sulfone) (SPES) with proposed applications in VRFBs. The synthesis of E-PANI was confirmed by ¹H-NMR, FT-IR, and powder XRD. Membranes EP1, EP2, and EP3 were prepared by solution blending of 5, 10, and 15 wt% E-PANI with 95, 90, and 85 wt% of SPES, respectively, in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The membrane with the highest loading of E-PANI, i.e., EP3, delivered the best VRFB performance of 99.5, 53.0, and 52.7% of CE, VE, and EE, respectively, at 140 mA cm⁻² current density for 300 charge/discharge cycles with 65% capacity retention for the initial 100 cycles. This performance is far better than that of Nafion 117 in identical experimental conditions, which exhibits merely 15% capacity retention in the initial 100 cycles at the same current density. The EP3 membrane delivered a peak power density of 266 mW cm⁻². The membrane analysis revealed no E-PANI leaching or fouling, indicating its potential utility in VRFB applications.
... The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns presented in Fig. 1 3.339 Å, and 2.90 Å, respectively. These peak closely match those of standard PANI synthesized using HCl [26], which is known to exist in the emeraldine salt state [27]. This observation suggests that the synthesized PANI possesses a semi-crystalline nature. ...
... (101) originates from graphite structure [46]. The diffraction pattern of pure PANI reveals broad peaks at 2θ = 9.5°, 15.8°, 20.83°, and 25.91°, which are characteristic of doped PANI [47,48] The composite also shows characteristic peaks of doped PANI that are absent in the XRD spectra of pure CDC, and these peaks are similar to those of the PANI/MWCNT composites we developed in our previous study [43]. When compared to the pristine PANI, the intensity of the diffraction peaks in the composites reduces with the inclusion of the CDC. ...
Polyaniline (PANI) / carbide-derived carbon (CDC) was synthesized by using in-situ chemical oxidation of PANI in presence of CDC. Conductive electrode ink materials were prepared by using eco-friendly chitosan binder in water media. In the following, symmetrical supercapacitors were fabricated by both doctor blade coating and screen printing technique. The electrical conductivity, morphology, specific capacitance, and energy density of these composites were evaluated for their applicability as supercapacitor electrodes. Pure PANI with chitosan binder was not printable because of its brittleness, however, the presence of CDC allows the preparation of smooth films which are suitable for electrode preparation. The fabricated composite electrode has a higher specific capacitance (up to 419 F g-1) and higher energy density (up to 6.7 W h kg-1) compared to the pristine CDC electrode. The capacitance of screen-printed supercapacitors was 440-470 mF with an ESR of about 27 Ω.
... peaks at 1582 cm −1 and 1497 cm −1 correspond to the stretching vibrations of quinoid and benzenoid rings, respectively(Sydulu Singu et al., 2011). The vibrational peak at 1308 cm −1 is assigned to the π-electron delocalization induced in the polymer chain either through protonation or C-N-Cstret vibrations. ...
... A peak at 1161.3 cm −1 is due to the C-O-C stretch. [43][44][45] UV-vis Spectrometry results.-The Fig. 5 shows the UV-visible spectra of PANI and Katira-cl-AAc/PANI hydrogel. ...
The increasing concentration of heavy metals in the water ecosystems has become a noteworthy concern. This has accounted for various diseases due to the bioaccumulation in the human body. We propose a biocompatible, non-toxic technique for the identification of heavy metal ions from the contaminated aquatic samples. A urease biosensor, having interpenetrating network of Katira-cl-Acrylic Acid (AAc)/Polyaniline (PANI) hydrogel composite deposited onto the indium tin oxide (ITO). Enhanced hydrogel conductivity due to the incorporation of PANI has been gained by the interfacial polymerization of katira gum and aniline monomer in the ratio of 2:1 using N,N’-MBA and APS as cross-linker and initiator respectively. Structural, morphological, and electrochemical characterization of PANI/ITO, Katira-cl-AAc/PANI/ITO and Urease/Katira-cl-AAc/PANI/ITO electrode conducted using SEM, FT-IR, TGA, UV spectrometry, and cyclic voltammetry. A comparative study of different concentrations of cadmium, cobalt and mercury, has been done. The inhibition rates were found to be in the order of Hg2+ > Cd2+ > Co2+. Enzyme inhibition observed in the concentration range from 1.8 to 5 mM, 0.1 mM to 2 mM and 0.1 mM to 5 mM respectively. Urease/Katira-cl-AAc/PANI/ITO, exhibits greater stability, enhanced sensitivity and wide-range of detection limit (200 to 270 ng L-1) with a shelf life.
... By applying Scherrer's equation [23] Te PANI IR spectra that are typically analyzed focus on higher frequency ranges, from 800 cm − 1 to 4000 cm − 1 , where signifcant interactions occur. Tese ranges often include the characteristic peaks of N-H stretching, C-H stretching, C=C stretching, and C-N stretching which are signifcant in determining the diferent forms of polyaniline [25]. In the wavelength range between 400 and 700 cm − 1 , it is usually associated with skeletal vibrations of the base structure, including bending, twisting, wagging, and rocking motions [26]. ...
The wide-ranging potential of polyaniline (PANI) composites in energy storage, electrochemical, sensing, and electromagnetic shielding applications emphasizes researchers to improve its properties. Here, the doping of ZnFe2O4 nRs by 1, 3, and 5 wt. % within polyaniline has been done. Then, we characterize the doped material using techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to verify the successful incorporation of polyaniline onto the nRs. TGA showed that doping of PANI with ZnFe2O4 nRs enhanced the interfacial interactions between the two components. This provided a more stable matrix structure and enhanced the thermal stability of the composite. The transmission of light has been increased by about 18% due to the increase in crystallinity accompanied by ZnFe2O4 doping. As the ZnFe2O4 nRs doping rose, our PANI samples’ optical band gap values slightly decreased by about 10%. In addition, it has been found that the optical characteristics such as refractive index, extension coefficient, surface, and volume energy loss function essentially showed ZnFe2O4 doping dependency. The nonlinear constants of the doped samples have increased due to the new charge carriers and altered the electronic and optical properties of the composite material. Our obtained results show that PANI@ ZnFe2O4 nRs have potential applications such as optical sensors, electrochemical, optoelectronics, and photocatalysis.
