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![SEM images of the HP CE320A toner material without a previous dissolving. Left: scale bar: 10μm\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$10~\upmu \hbox {m}$$\end{document}. Right: scale bar: 500 nm](publication/332653835/figure/fig14/AS:941945295757320@1601588667337/SEM-images-of-the-HP-CE320A-toner-material-without-a-previous-dissolving-Left-scale.jpg)
SEM images of the HP CE320A toner material without a previous dissolving. Left: scale bar: 10μm\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$10~\upmu \hbox {m}$$\end{document}. Right: scale bar: 500 nm
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Printer toner is a material in everyday life. It is a cheap material which is distributed by many companies. Each printer and copier require specific toner material. Therefore, differences in the consistence occur concerning the size and chemical composition of the toner particles. They are known as microscaled objects which are made up of nanopart...
Citations
... In some working environments, the potential of being exposed to NMPs generated during mechanical and environmental degradation of plastic goods or by NMPs being added as ingredients to, for example, printer inks, spray paints, injection mouldings, and abrasive may be enhanced (Murashov et al., 2020, https://blogs.cdc.gov/niosh-scienceblog/2020/02/19/microplastics/; Bitounis et al., 2022;Getzlaff et al., 2019). However, to date, the occurrence and emission sources of NMPs at workplaces have received little attention. ...
... Although it is currently unclear whether the particles consist purely of the bulk material of the filament, these numbers are alarming, especially given the duration of the printing processes. Next to 3D printers, laser toner printers are known to emit high numbers of nanoparticles, including NP (Bello et al., 2021;Getzlaff et al., 2019). As most of the printing devices are currently sold as standalone devices without any exhaust ventilation or filtering accessories, the results suggest that caution should be taken when operating in inadequately ventilated or unfiltered indoor environments. ...
Contamination of the environment with nano-and microplastic particles (NMPs) and its putative adverse effects on organisms, ecosystems, and human health is gaining increasing scientific and public attention. Various studies show that NMPs occur abundantly within the environment, leading to a high likelihood of human exposure to NMPs. Here, different exposure scenarios can occur. The most notable exposure routes of NMPs into the human body are via the airways and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) through inhalation or ingestion, but also via the skin due to the use of personal care products (PCPs) containing NMPs. Once NMPs have entered the human body, it is possible that they are translocated from the exposed organ to other body compartments. In our review article, we combine the current knowledge on the (1) exposure routes of NMPs to humans with the basic understanding of the potential (2) translocation mechanisms into human tissues and, consequently, their (3) fate within the human body. Regarding the (1) exposure routes, we reviewed the current knowledge on the occurrence of NMPs in food, beverages, personal care products and the air (focusing on indoors and workplaces) and found that the studies suggest an abundant presence of MPs within the exposure scenarios. The overall abundance of MPs in exposure matrices relevant to humans highlights the importance of understanding whether NMPs have the potential for tissue translocation. Therefore, we describe the current knowledge on the potential (2) translocation pathways of NMPs from the skin, GIT and respiratory systems to other body compartments. Here, particular attention was paid to how likely NMPs can translocate from the primary exposed organs to secondary organs due to naturally occurring defence mechanisms against tissue translocation. Based on the current understanding, we conclude that a dermal translocation of NMPs is rather unlikely. In contrast, small MPs and NPs can generally translocate from the GIT and respiratory system to other tissues. Thus, we reviewed the existing literature on the (3) fate of NMPs within the human body. Based on the current knowledge of the contamination of human exposure routes and the potential translocation mechanisms, we critically discuss the size of the detected particles reported in the fate studies. In some cases, the particles detected in human tissue samples exceed the size of a particle to overcome biological barriers allowing particle translocation into tissues. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of critically reading and discussing the presented results of NMP in human tissue samples.
... The size of particles has been directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. Many health effects like eye irritation, dry throat, runny nose, sneezing, cough, tiredness, irritability, difficulty concentrating, headache, dizziness, and skin irritation associated with these particulates reported (12).Particulates with diameter 10 μm emitted from printing inks pose health risks and can lead to lung inflammation and lung cancer due to the contamination of these molecules, which can have a toxic effect within cells and be mutagenic (13).The exposure to particulate matter and volatile organic compounds emitted from copying devices may cause lung problems, inflammation, DNA damage and genotoxicity (14).High levels of nanoparticles (PM0.1) emitted from photocopying toners contain organic and elemental carbon, metals including iron, zinc, titanium, chromium, nickel and manganese (15).Ultra fine particles are released during printing activities or arise from ozone reaction with volatile organic compounds emitted from printers .Ultra fine particles are influenced by indoor ventilation conditions as well as printer parameters such as printer type, age of printers and number of pages printed. ...
Emissions of particulate matter from nanopapers as well as inks and organic solvents during the printing operation and copying machines constitute a threat to human health, especially with long time exposure in closed working environments. The present study was conducted in some printing houses and copying centers of Baghdad city during February and April. The study proved the occurrence of an air pollution problem concerning lead and zinc contents in all the study sites. The levels of Pb, Zn and Cu were collected by low volume sampler from the air of the study sites then filter papers digested and determined the heavy metals by flame atomic spectrophotometer. Particulate matter was measured by Aerocet, Microtector meter device was used to measure nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds . The highest concentrations of lead and zinc were recorded in the printing houses air (2.75μg/m3) and (51.95μg/m3) respectively. In contrast, copper concentration in the copying offices air recorded a significantly higher value (0.65μg/m3) (P>0.05) as compared to that in printing houses. Fine particulate matter(PM2.5)(particles diameter < 2.5 μm) has recorded the highest concentration (44.50μg/m3) in printing houses, followed by the highest concentrations of inhalable coarse particulate matter (PM10) (particles with diameter of 2.5 to 10 μm) and total suspended particulates (TSP)(the total of solid particles) (477.66 and 667.00μg/m3) respectively in printing houses. The results obviously showed the highest concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) (6.13 ppm) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (21.88 ppm) in printing houses, while nitrogen dioxide (NO2) recorded its highest concentration (1.44 ppm) in copy centers. Lead, zinc, copper, PM2.5, PM10 and TSP concentrations exceeded the permissble levels in all study sites conversely with the levels of carbon monoxide , nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide(SO2) and volatile organic compounds that were within permissible air quality standards.
... The incorporation of nanoparticles on the surfaces of the etched cone was carried out using the technique known as photodeposition [2,11,14]. Toner micro particles were used in the experiment, the particles without dissolving have a size between 3 and 30 m, after being dissolved their sizes range between 70 and 700 nm [17]. We employed black toner provided by Ricoh (product code C3503) whose chemical composition according to the safety data sheet (MSDS number 841,817) is a mixture of polyester resin (60-90 %), wax (1-20 %), carbon black (1-20 %), silica (<10 %) and titan oxide (0.1-1 %).The fiber tip was immersed in suspension of toner in water having 30 mgr of toner per 1.5 mL of water, after few seconds the particles stick on the fiber which is taken out of the suspension and dried. ...
A novel optical fiber probe has been developed to provide mechanical stability to microbubbles generated in fluids, the tip of the fiber is etched with hydrofluoric acid to pierce a truncated horn that fastens the microbubbles to the fiber tip and prevents misalignment or detachment caused by convection currents, vibrations or shocks in the liquid. Microbubbles are photo-thermally generated on the etched fiber and used as Fabry-Perot cavity sensor. Two methods were used to interrogate the probe: the first one, in the wavelength domain, is suitable for calibration in static or quasi static situations; the second one, in the time domain, can be used in dynamic environments. Experimental results in the wavelength domain show that the microbubble size rises linearly with temperature and decreases with the inverse of pressure; the average slopes are 27.1 μm/°C and 88.3 μm/bar respectively. Dynamic variations of temperature have been measured in the time domain, temperature changes down to 0.007 °C have been detected at a readout rate of 10 s-⁻¹. Bubbles have been subjected to pressure shocks of 2.4 bar at a speed of 25 bar/s, pressure changes of 3.4 mbar have been resolved in the time domain at a readout rate of 20,000 s⁻¹.
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are expected to be new energy supply devices for wearable electronics, which have been proven effective in converting biomechanical energy into electrical energy. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a ferroelectric and piezoelectric material for TENGs, with high crystallinity of which could improve the performance of TENGs. In this work, we have developed TENGs based on PVDF in nanofiber (NF) form, which have high crystallinity. Electro-spinning technique was used to grow PVDF NFs. Commercially available printer ink (PI) nano-fillers were added in PVDF NFs to further increase their crystallinity for enhanced output of PVDF-PI NFs based TENGs. Highest β phase crystallinity of 88%, as quantified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, was obtained for 5 h-grown PVDF-PI NFs, with a TENG performance of 22 W/m², more than double that of PVDF NFs counterpart, which is so far the highest recorded value for PVDF NFs based TENGs. This can be attributed to a competition among ferroelectric domain alignment, surface charge density, and NF medium properties. As printer ink contains magnetic materials, the relation of magnetic properties to the β phase and the power output as a function of growth time have been discussed. We have also demonstrated that PVDF-PI NFs based TENGs can be efficiently used in several potential applications, such as humidity sensors, and easily integrated into flexible electrical and optoelectronic systems, which may open a new avenue in the era of self-powered electronics.
Printers and copiers necessitate toner material which is device and therefore company dependent. These materials being part of everyday life and cheap exhibit different toner particles that are microscaled objects consisting of nanoparticles. The differences are related to the chemical composition, the shape and the size.
The first aim was to find toner material which contains magnetic substances. The subsequent goal of this investigation was a detailed examination of the material composition, the shape, the size, as well as a possible crystallinity of the micro- and nanoscaled particles from three different toner materials (distributed by Samsung, Hewlett–Packard, and Kyocera) all being commercially available. The background is aimed at the question whether these particles can be taken for magnetically related scientific investigations instead of carrying out complicated, long-lasting and expensive preparation procedures.
It could be demonstrated that cheap toner material can be used to obtain magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles of about 10 to 20 nm with a narrow size distribution using the investigated toner materials. With benzene, toluene, and n-hexane as organic solvent these nanoparticles are agglomerates of particles with a diameter being significantly below the micrometer size. Without dispersing one obtains large agglomerates of about 10μm.
Using the toner material of Hewlett–Packard and Kyocera the metallic nanoparticles themselves exclusively consist of crystalline magnetite. Taking that of Samsung two configurations are present with about two thirds of magnetite and one third of maghemite.
